The document provides an introduction and history of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet originated from ARPANET in the late 1950s and 1960s and key developments like the first email in 1976 and creation of the World Wide Web in 1990. The document also covers basics of how data is transmitted over the Internet using protocols like TCP/IP and defines common terms like URLs, domain names, and IP addresses.

1. Introduction to the Internet A Historical Perspective CIS 101

2. This is a visual representation of the Global Internet

3. The Ever-changing Internet The Global Nature of the Internet http://visual.ly/global-internet-map-2011

4. What is the Internet? WWW Video conferencing E-commerce Email Social Networking A communication infrastructure Usefulness is in exchanging information

5. Early History of the Internet 1957 – USSR launches Sputnik - First artificial satellite to be put into Earth's orbit 1958 – US forms ARPA - Advanced Research Projects Agency 1960 – J.C.R. Licklider publishes his landmark paper - “Man-Computer Symbiosis” 1961 – Leonard Kleinrock, MIT, writes paper on packet-switching theory “Information Flow in Large Communication Nets” 1962 – Licklider becomes the first head of the computer research program at ARPA 1966 – Larry Roberts, MIT, writes the first ARPANET plan "Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers "

6. Early History of the Internet 1974 – The “Fathers of the Internet” Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish a paper titled “A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection” TCP – Transmission Control Protocol 1976 – Queen Elizabeth sends an e-mail! 1979 – emoticons were born :-) 1990 – World Wide Web (WWW) is developed by Tim Berners-Lee at Swiss-based CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), thus the first web page ( http://info.cern.ch ) Proposal for WWW in 1990 First web page on November 13, 1990 Hypertext - Text that contains links to other text in 1990 1 992 – Internet Society is chartered, # of hosts breaks 1,000,000 & the term “Surfing the Internet” is coined by Jean Armour Polly

7. Where Did It Come From? The Internet has only been around 40 years or so! Today, modern society has become i nextricably connected to the Internet . To get a historical perspective on the evolution of this phenomenon take the links below:: Internet Society Brief History of the Internet – http://www.internetsociety.org//internet/internet-51/history-internet http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml Hobbe’s Internet Timeline v8.2 – http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline Nerds 2.0.1 Timeline – http://www.pbs.org/opb/nerds2.0.1/timeline

8. ARPANET, 1980 http://mappa.mundi.net/maps/maps_001/

9. Bits and Bytes Computer Data is stored in Binary Binary Digits (bits) Base 2 representation 1011100001101010 Every 8 bits == 1 Byte 10111000 01101010 (2 bytes (once known as octet)) Hexadecimal == Base 16 representation 1011 1000 0110 1010 B 8 6 A

10. Bits and Bytes Kilobyte (2^10=1024 Bytes, 10^3=1000 Bytes in networking) Megabyte (2^20 Bytes, 10^6 in Networking) Gigabyte (2^30 Bytes, 10^9 in Networking) Terabyte (2^40, 10^12) Petabyte (2^50, 10^15)

11. Units of Memory

12. The Internet is a network of networks that are spread all over the world Networks that are geographically close are called Local Area Networks (LANs) Often in the same building The university’s network is a prime example The Internet is a largely heterarchical network containing many individual LANs The Internet

13. TCP/IP Protocol TCP/IP is the underlying protocol of the Internet It defines how data travels TCP - Guarantees the delivery of packets Delivers and reassembles packets in order to be viewed by recipient IP - Defines the way packets travel across the Internet Sends packets to correct destination A packet is the unit of data that is routed between an origin and a destination on the Internet.(1500 bytes)

14. Network Network Network TCP/IP TCP/IP TCP/IP TCP/IP Network Internet

15. Defining the World Wide Web URL: Uniform Resource Locator i.e, http://www.pace.edu/index.html includes protocol, domain name, and file Domain Name: An address for an entity on the WWW www.pace.edu

16. A domain name is simply an alias for an IP address IP address is a unique 32 bit number that identifies a specific system on the Internet i.e., - 198.105.44.27= pace.edu The reason we use domain names is because they are easy to remember. Analogous to phone system 1-800-dominos vs. 1-800-366-4667 IP Addresses

17. http://www.pace.edu/index.html 198.105.44.27 URL DNS IP Address URL’s/Domain Names/IP Addresses DNS: Domain Name Server Translates a domain name into an IP address for routing across the Internet.