The document summarizes the origins and evolution of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how the ARPANET was developed in the 1960s and 1970s to enable communication between computers over decentralized networks. Key developments included packet switching, TCP/IP protocols, DNS, email, and file transfer capabilities. In the 1980s, networks expanded through technologies like USENET, BBS systems, MUDs/MUSHs/MOOs, and IRC chat. The introduction of commercial internet service providers in the 1990s opened the network to the public. The World Wide Web was invented in the late 1980s and early 1990s at CERN, pioneered by Tim Berners-Lee, utilizing HTTP and early web browsers
These are the complete notes of computer hardware which are usefull in project reports & synopsis while submitting also help in studying.provided by the technical zone
- History of the Internet
- What the Internet is
- The Audience
- How does the Internet affect people?
- Why is it used?
- Advantages and disadvantages
- The value of the internet for media institutions
- Convergence
- Implications for the future
Each month we select a topic then trawl the trove of Slideshare to find the best presentations and explanation of the topics we advocate for. Sometimes the material will be dry, heavy and other times the presentation might be a pretty dam fine bit of art. This month we have concentrated on Privacy.
In this presentation, we will identify and pay tribute to several of the people who .... been having grand ideas but has never seen them through to completed projects. ... But possess the technical ... the first node on the ARPANET, and the first computer ever on the Internet.
THE ORIGINS OF THE INTERNET The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA...ZymyraCanillas
The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA of the 1950s. The Cold War was at its height and huge tensions existed between North America and the Soviet Union. Both superpowers were in possession of deadly nuclear weapons, and people lived in fear of long-range surprise attacks. The US realized it needed a communications system that could not be affected by a Soviet nuclear attack.
At this time, computers were large, expensive machines exclusively used by military scientists and university staff.
These machines were powerful but limited in numbers, and researchers grew increasingly frustrated: they required access to the technology, but had to travel great distances to use it.
To solve this problem, researchers started ‘time-sharing’. This meant that users could simultaneously access a mainframe computer through a series of terminals, although individually they had only a fraction of the computer’s actual power at their command.
The difficulty of using such systems led various scientists, engineers and organizations to research the possibility of a large-scale computer network.
No one person invented the internet. When networking technology was first developed, a number of scientists and engineers brought their research together to create the ARPANET. Later, other inventors’ creations paved the way for the web as we know it today.
In 1965, Lawrence Roberts made two separate computers in different places ‘talk’ to each other for the first time. This experimental link used a telephone line with an acoustically coupled modem, and transferred digital data using packets.
When the first packet-switching network was developed, Leonard Kleinrock was the first person to use it to send a message. He used a computer at UCLA to send a message to a computer at Stanford. Kleinrock tried to type ‘login’ but the system crashed after the letters ‘L’ and ‘O’ had appeared on the Stanford monitor.
A second attempt proved successful and more messages were exchanged between the two sites. The ARPANET was born.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1958, bringing together some of the best scientific minds in the country. Their aim was to help American military technology stay ahead of its enemies and prevent surprises, such as the launch of the satellite Sputnik 1, happening again. Among ARPA’s projects was a remit to test the feasibility of a large-scale computer network.
Lawrence Roberts was responsible for developing computer networks at ARPA, working with scientist Leonard Kleinrock.
Roberts was the first person to connect two computers. When the first packet-switching network was developed in 1969, Kleinrock successfully used it to send messages to another site, and the ARPA Network—or ARPANET—was born.
Once ARPANET was up and running, it quickly expanded. By 1973, 30 academic, military and research institutions had joined the network, connecting locations including Hawaii, Norway and the UK.
As ARPANET grew
Design and development of a web-based data visualization software for politic...Alexandros Britzolakis
Presenting a tool for identifying political popularity over Twitter. AthPPA (which stands for Athena Political Popularity Analysis) is a tool for identifying how popular a political leader is over Twitter. For the purposes of this dissertation the Twitter accounts of the most prominent Greek political leaders have been identified. Structured data such as likes, re-tweets, text-length per tweet as well as the number of subscribers per account have been visualized. Furthermore, sentiment analysis is calculated and visualized using spaCy module and a sentiment lexicon which contains a set of emotion based labeled words.
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The Internet and the World Wide Web [Fall 2012 RTF 319 Session 04]
1. The Internet &
World Wide Web
William J. Moner
September 12, 2012
RTF 319 – Intro to Digital Media
2. Agenda
• Lab notes & other administrivia
• The origins and evolution of the Internet
• The origins and evolution of “nerd culture”
• The emergence of the World Wide Web
3. Reading Due Today
• Manovich, L. (2002). The Language of New
Media. pp. 115 – 160
• Kleinrock, L. (2010). An Early History of the
Internet.
RECOMMENDED
• Okin, JR. (2005). The Internet Revolution: The
Not-For-Dummies Guide to the
History, Technology, and Use of the Internet.
Chapter 3.
• Jordan, T. (1999). Cyberpower: The culture and
politics of cyberspace and the Internet. Chapter
2.
4. The Internet
A NETWORK OF NETWORKS
• Emerged from a peculiar combination of
government research, commercial
interest, and enthusiastic early adopters
who shaped the medium to include many
forms of communication
5. ARPANET
• Funded by the U.S. Department of Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency
• Basic premise:
• Decentralize information resources
• Provide failsafe message routing (if a
network connection fails or is breached for
any reason)
• Based on pioneering research at Xerox
PARC (JCR Licklider & Robert Taylor)
6. THE MYTH
• ARPANET exists to provide for information
resources to be available in the case of
nuclear attack…
7. THE REALITY
In case of nuclear attack … boom.
Bob Taylor, Xerox PARC (2009)
• Programmers really just wanted to be able
to see information from multiple resources
on one screen
• Many of the early experiments were
“bottom up” innovations
[Taylor is a UT grad. See Kleinrock (2010) for full
details on the early Internet!]
8. ARPANET’s Beginnings
• Started with four nodes on the West Coast
• UCLA // SRI (Menlo Park, CA)
• Expanded to University of Utah & UC
Santa Barbara
10. Core concept: Packet Switching
• As opposed to circuit switching via analog
phone lines or telegraphs
• Circuit switching : direct line, point to point
• Packet switching
• Takes the contents of a data
message, breaks it into evenly-segmented
packets, and distributes it via the best
route possible
• Message is assembled at the receiving
end
12. TCP/IP (1970s)
• Introduced as the official Internet transfer
protocol in 1983; developed throughout 70s
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Handles the “breaking apart” of messages
into packets for transport
• Handles routing through the best possible
route
13. TCP/IP
Internet Protocol (IP)
• Handles addressing
• 127.0.0.1 is an IP address
• Go to http://whatismyip.com to find out
your own IP address for your current
Internet session
14. TCP/IP
• Imagine a thousand UPS trucks taking a
thousand different packets through
hundreds of different routes
• Each time a packet hits a router, the router
determines the next best path for the data to
take
• The receiving computer re-assembles the
packets, in order, to form the complete
message
15. DNS (1983)
• Domain Name Servers
• Provide translation from numeric IP
addresses to “plain language” addresses
• e.g. 206.76.109.52 might translate to
nameserver.utexas.edu
• We use the name // the computer uses the
numbers
16. Email (early 1970s)
• Ray Tomlinson
• Introduced the @ symbol to common
vernacular
• First “killer app” for the Internet
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?s
toryId=120364591
17. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• Early file transfer mechanism for moving files
over a network from peer to peer or from
client to server
18. What about Bob?
• Bob Metcalfe (now a UT prof in engineering)
• Invented Ethernet (the world’s most
popular network topology)
• Founded 3COM, now Linksys
19. FIDONET & BBS (late 1970s)
BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEMS
• Dial-in to a private telephone number with a
modem attached
• Log-in with a username and password (if at all)
• Exchange files, messages, play online
games, tie up phone lines
• Later: mostly online via TELNET
FIDONET
• Mapped network replication of data onto peer to
peer dialup connections
20. Two Basic Forms of Network
Communications
Client/Server Technology
• Requires centralized server and attached
nodes
Peer to Peer Technology (P2P)
• Every computer is both client and server;
nodes are “equal”
21. USENET (early 1980s)
Unix Users Group
• Hierarchal system for conversation and file
sharing
• Still is part of the Internet (albeit rarely
utilized)
• Google Groups is one organizing structure
22. USENET Hierarchy
comp.* – computer-related discussions
humanities.* – fine arts, literature, and philosophy
misc.* – miscellaneous topics
news.* – discussions and announcements about
news
rec.* – recreation and entertainment
(rec.music, rec.arts.movies)
sci.* – science related discussions
(sci.psychology, sci.research)
soc.* – social discussions
talk.* – talk about various controversial topics
(talk.religion, talk.politics, talk.origins)
23. alt.binaries
• The USENET “alt” hierarchy existed outside
of strict regulation
• Became an early form of Internet-based file
sharing
• Messages would need to be broken apart
into smaller file sizes and reassembled due
to file size limitations
IN COMPUTING:
A WORKAROUND ALWAYS EXISTS
24. MUDs/MUSHs/MOOs
Accessed via TELNET
MUD: Multi-User Dungeons (for D&D-style role
playing games)
MUSH: Multi-User Shared Hallucinations
• expanded MUD structure with user-
customizable rooms and areas through a
shared scripting language
MOO: Multi-user Object Oriented (expanded
MUSH structure with more robust features)
25. IRC (late 1980s)
• Chat-based system organized into
#channels
• Peer to peer file sharing capabilities
• Organized chat, use of bots and other
automated tools to provide for basic games
26. Internet Service Providers
emerge
• When the Internet passed through various
steps towards commercialization (due to
federal policy changes), the ISP could now
connect services to a public backbone
• Several hundred ISPs emerged in the early
1990s
27. World Wide Web
HYPERTEXT
• Everything on the World Wide Web is rooted
in a webpage that describes how content is
to appear
• Hyperlinks allow for pages to link to each
other on both the same server and remote
servers & allows for links to content within a
given page
28. World Wide Web
• Invented at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee
• Based on theory by Vannevar Bush, “As We
May Think” and the work of Ted Nelson
(coined the term hypertext in 1965) and
Doug Englebart (worked at SRI, admired by
early Internet pioneers for work on the
mouse and an early hypertext system)
29. World Wide Web
The original proposal:
• http://www.w3.org/Proposal.html
• Pioneering work on HTTP protocol
• HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL
• Uses a client/server based mechanism for
sending and receiving documents
• Browser = client; “website” = server
• Pages can be assembled from many different
information sources or servers
30. The Web Browser
• Innovated first at CERN, then opened up to
other research institutions
• Marc Andreessen, at UIUC, worked on a
research team to develop a web browser
called NCSA Mosaic
• First web browser to include images
31. The Web Browser (pre-2000)
• Allows for display of text with markup
• Allows robust linking between documents
• Allows inclusion of images, some audio
formats
• Allows for third-party plugins to play
video, animations, interactive games, and
applets
• Includes scripting capabilities via
Javascript
32. The Web Browser (post-2000)
• Includes the markup language (HTML)
• Hypertext markup language
• Includes a style language (CSS)
• Allows flexible description of
colors, fonts, layout grids, multiple
backgrounds, multiple layers
• Most recent version (CSS 3) includes
support for basic
animation, transitions, and other visual
elements
34. Due Monday…
READING
• Burgess, J., and Green, J. (2009). YouTube: Online Video and
Participatory Culture. Chs. 1 – 2
• O’Reilly, T. (2005). “Web 2.0.”
LABS & BLOG DUE BY MONDAY @ NOON
RECOMMENDED
BBS Textfiles: http://www.textfiles.com/ (explore at your own risk;
vetted info here: http://pdf.textfiles.com/academics/
Internet pioneers:http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/index.html
For fun: Open Terminal, type telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl and
watch…