The document describes the key components of the immune system, including cells, molecules, tissues and organs. It discusses how cells such as T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. It also outlines the major immune system molecules like cytokines, antibodies, and complement proteins. Key lymphoid organs that support immune responses are described, including the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. Both innate and adaptive immunity are summarized.
Immunology is the study of the immune system and how it protects us from infection and disease123. It is a branch of biology and medicine2. Are you looking for something specific about immunology?
Immune System - The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection.
The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated so it can recognize and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again.
Abnormalities of the immune system can lead to allergic disease, immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders.
Antigen - Any factors or agents that can enter the body and create an immune response are called antigen.
Formation of immune cells - Immune cells are produced by hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing and reside in the medulla of the bone ( bone marrow ).
HSCs are divided into two main lineages, lymphoid progenitor cells or myeloid progenitor cells.
Myeloid cells - Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cells, Monocyte, Macrophage, Dendritic Cell
Lymphoid cells - B Lymphocytes,
T Lymphocyte, NK Cells
Antigen presenting cells - Professional antigen presenting
cells : Macrophage, Dendritic cell, B Lymphocyte
Non professional antigen presenting cell: Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all nucleated cell types in the body.
Proteins of immune system - Set of serum proteins that co-operate with both Innate and adaptive immune system to eliminate blood and tissue pathogen.
Organs of immune cells - Spleen, Lymph node, Tonsils , MALT, Bone marrow, Thymus
Types of immunity -
Innate Immunity: Innate immune response is in born and is the first line of defense against pathogen
Adaptive immunity: Antigenic specificity. It have immunological memory
Immune Receptors - It is a specialized structures found in the cell membrane. They are mainly composed of proteins, which bind to pathogens and causes a response in immune system
This is the introductory immunology lecture that I created and presented as part of the Introductory Biology 10.010 course for Singapore University of Technology and Design. This presentation was for a 90 minute lecture for freshman non-major students.
Immunology is the study of the immune system and how it protects us from infection and disease123. It is a branch of biology and medicine2. Are you looking for something specific about immunology?
Immune System - The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection.
The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated so it can recognize and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again.
Abnormalities of the immune system can lead to allergic disease, immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders.
Antigen - Any factors or agents that can enter the body and create an immune response are called antigen.
Formation of immune cells - Immune cells are produced by hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing and reside in the medulla of the bone ( bone marrow ).
HSCs are divided into two main lineages, lymphoid progenitor cells or myeloid progenitor cells.
Myeloid cells - Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cells, Monocyte, Macrophage, Dendritic Cell
Lymphoid cells - B Lymphocytes,
T Lymphocyte, NK Cells
Antigen presenting cells - Professional antigen presenting
cells : Macrophage, Dendritic cell, B Lymphocyte
Non professional antigen presenting cell: Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all nucleated cell types in the body.
Proteins of immune system - Set of serum proteins that co-operate with both Innate and adaptive immune system to eliminate blood and tissue pathogen.
Organs of immune cells - Spleen, Lymph node, Tonsils , MALT, Bone marrow, Thymus
Types of immunity -
Innate Immunity: Innate immune response is in born and is the first line of defense against pathogen
Adaptive immunity: Antigenic specificity. It have immunological memory
Immune Receptors - It is a specialized structures found in the cell membrane. They are mainly composed of proteins, which bind to pathogens and causes a response in immune system
This is the introductory immunology lecture that I created and presented as part of the Introductory Biology 10.010 course for Singapore University of Technology and Design. This presentation was for a 90 minute lecture for freshman non-major students.
Introduction
History
Types of immunity
Tissues of immunity
Cells of immunity
Basic aspects of immunology
Major histocompatibility complex
Cytokines
Disorders of immune system
Immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis
Periodontal vaccine
Host modulation
Conclusion
References
immunity with cells and organs of the immune system. an insight on the mechanism of antigen presentation to the immune system and a little introduction to organ transplant.google and slideshare helped a lot in making this presentation
This is a powerpoint presentation on the Topic of Diseases of the immune system, part 1 - Chapter 6, based on Robbin's textbook of pathology. Prepared by Dr. Ashish Jawarkar, who is Assistant professor at Parul institute of medical sciences and research, Vadodara. Please subscribe to our youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwjkzK-YnJ-ra4HMOqq3Fkw . Our facebook page: facebook.com/pathologybasics. Instagram handle @pathologybasics
THIS SEMINAR HAS BRIEF ABOUT T CELLS , TYPES, FUNCTIONS, CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION, MHC MOLECULE, TOLERANCE , ROLE OF T CELLS IN PROGRESSION AND PREVENTION, T CELL IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against disease-causing organisms.
The immune system refers to a collection of cells, chemicals and processes that function to protect the body from foreign antigens, such as microbes (organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites), viruses, cancer cells, and toxins.
The structural and chemical barriers which protect us from infection, the immune system can be classified into two “lines of defense”: innate immunity and adaptive immunity
Introduction
History
Types of immunity
Tissues of immunity
Cells of immunity
Basic aspects of immunology
Major histocompatibility complex
Cytokines
Disorders of immune system
Immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis
Periodontal vaccine
Host modulation
Conclusion
References
immunity with cells and organs of the immune system. an insight on the mechanism of antigen presentation to the immune system and a little introduction to organ transplant.google and slideshare helped a lot in making this presentation
This is a powerpoint presentation on the Topic of Diseases of the immune system, part 1 - Chapter 6, based on Robbin's textbook of pathology. Prepared by Dr. Ashish Jawarkar, who is Assistant professor at Parul institute of medical sciences and research, Vadodara. Please subscribe to our youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwjkzK-YnJ-ra4HMOqq3Fkw . Our facebook page: facebook.com/pathologybasics. Instagram handle @pathologybasics
THIS SEMINAR HAS BRIEF ABOUT T CELLS , TYPES, FUNCTIONS, CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION, MHC MOLECULE, TOLERANCE , ROLE OF T CELLS IN PROGRESSION AND PREVENTION, T CELL IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against disease-causing organisms.
The immune system refers to a collection of cells, chemicals and processes that function to protect the body from foreign antigens, such as microbes (organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites), viruses, cancer cells, and toxins.
The structural and chemical barriers which protect us from infection, the immune system can be classified into two “lines of defense”: innate immunity and adaptive immunity
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
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ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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3. LEARNING OBJECTIVE
At the end of this session trainee will be able to;
• Describe the Components of Immune System in
term of Cells, Molecules, Tissues and Organs.
• Explain the mechanism of Immune response.
• Explain the Clinical significance of the
knowledge of immune system
4. INTRODUCTION
• The immune system is a complex network of
organs, cells and proteins that defends the body
against infection or foreign substance, whilst
protecting the body's own cells
• It includes white blood cells and lymph system
organs and tissues.
• Immune response is the coordinated reaction
of the cells of the immune system to a pathogen
as well as to foreign, regardless of the
physiologic or pathologic consequence.
5. Introduction Conti..
• The physiologic function of the immune system is
defense against infectious microbes;
• however, even noninfectious foreign substances
and products of damaged cells can elicit immune
responses
• The component of immune system originate from
Hematopoiesis
6. HEMATOPOIESIS
• All blood cells arise from a type of cell called the
hematopoietic stem cell (HSC).
• Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into
other cell types; they are self-renewing—they
maintain their population level by cell division.
• They are two, unipotent cell and multipotent, or
pluripotent cell,
• Cells of the Immune system were derived from the
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell which can
differentiate into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells.
9. COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
• Cells, Molecules, Tissues and Organs
provide non-specific and specific protection
against
– Microorganisms
– Microbial toxins
– Tumor cells
• Crucial to human survival
11. Comparison of T and B cells
T-cells B-cells
Responsible for cell mediated
immunity
Responsible for Humoral immunity
Differentiate inside Thymus Gland Differentiate inside Bone Marrow
No surface antibodies , have other T
cell receptors. E.g TCR
Surface Antibodies present
Transformed in small lymphocytes by
antigens
Transformed to plasma cells by
antigens
Secrete Lymphokines Secrete antibodies
Sub populations: Tc, Th and
suppressor cells
Sub populations: memory cells and
plasma cells
Activate phagocytes and B-cells B-cells or plasma cells produce
antibodies
12.
13. DENDRITIC CELLS (DC)
• Heterogeneous myeloid & lymphoid
origins
– Langerhans, interstitial, myeloid and
lymphoid DCs
• Best APC for presenting to naïve T-
cells
– express high levels of both MHC II
molecules and members of the co-
stimulatory B7 family
• Capture Ag in one place- then
migrate- present Ag in another
place to T lymphocytes.
• Immature to mature; change in
functionality from Ag capture to Ag
presentation
Kuby immunology
15. MOLECULES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
These are the major proteins of the immune system
are predominantly cytokines (a type of hormone
responsible for communication between cells of the
immune system), antibodies (immunoglobulins), and
complement proteins
Soluble molecules including Cytokines, Interleukins,
antibodies, Complements and metabolites.
Cell surface molecules including markers (CD),
receptors (BCR, TCR, MHCI, MHCII etc.), co stimulatory
molecules e.g. B7 family on DCs ,adhesion molecules
(integrins, selectins, mucins, etc.) and Tumour markers
e.g CEA 125
16. • Complements-A series of molecules or proteins
that work together to perform many immune
system functions
• Cytokines are secreted proteins that work as
mediators of immune and inflammatory reactions
– provide a mechanism of the immune system to
“talk” to one another to coordinate a response.
– Cytokines includes chemokines, interferons,
interleukins (ILs), lymphokines, and Tumor
necrosis factor
17.
18. THE CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION
(CD)
• Definition; CD is a group of cell surface marker
providing targets for immunophenotyping
• Importance of CD; as a cells marker used in immune
cell separation, identification and counting, also cell
receptors used in monitoring of the immune expression
profile of different CD antigens. For examples CD4
count marker of T-helper cell while CD8 counter of T-
cytotoxic cells.
• History; there was chaotic in naming monoclonal
antibodies(Mab) manufactured from different laboratories
before 1982.
19. CD cont..
Nomenclature;
• CD nomenclature was established in 1982 on 1st
International Workshop and Conference on Human
Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA) held in Paris
• Protocol for identification and investigation of cell surface
molecules
• CD for humans is numbered up to 371 most recently (as
of 2016), making a total CD 401 because some CD
share the common chain or the same family gene.
• If the molecule has not been well-characterized, or has
only one monoclonal Ab, it is usually given the
provisional indicator "w" (as in "CDw186")
24. Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
• Hematopoiesis/ development of myeloid and lymphoid
cells
• Origin and Maturation of B-cells
Thymus
• Epithelial cells (thymic stroma)
– forming a sponge-like meshwork of epithelial cells=
reticular epithelial cells
• T-cells- Lymphopoiesis (proliferate and mature)
• Mature T-lymphocytes leave via venules in the
medulla and travel through the blood to populate
peripheral organs
• If the thymus fails to form, T-cells do not develop and
no cell mediated immunity
26. Secondary lymphoid organs
• Specialized for trapping antigen, facilitating
presentation to lymphocytes
• Characterized by:
–Localized areas for T-cells and B-cells
–lymphoid Follicles where B cells mature
• Include; Lymph nodes, Spleen and
MALT(mucosal associated lymphoid tissue)
includes Peyer’s patches, the tonsils, and the
appendix, etc
27. Lymph nodes
• Sites where immune responses are mounted to
antigens in lymph
• Filter Ag from lymph, Ags are processed by APCs
and presented to Th cells which become activated
• Present everywhere, but large and numerous ones
are found in certain sites: Axillary, groin (inguinal
LNs), near the abdominal aorta (coeliac LNs), in the
neck (cervical LNs) and in the mesentery
(mesenteric LNs)
• Regional nodes: draining particular regions or
organs
29. Spleen
• Plays a major role in
mounting immune
responses to antigens in
the blood stream
• While lymph nodes are
specialized for trapping
antigen from local tissues,
the spleen specializes in
filtering blood and trapping
blood-borne antigens
• It is smooth surfaced except
for hilus, where blood
vessels enter and leave .
30.
31. TONSILS
• At entrance to GI tract:
• 1 pharangeal=
“adenoids”
• 2 tubal
• 2 palatine= “tonsils”
• 1 lingual
• Populated with
macrophages,
lymphocytes
granulocytes and mast
cells
• Defend against antigens
entering through the
nasal and oral epithelial
routes
32. • M cell (microfold cells) lining the surface of the
Peyer’s patch are specialized to uptake Ag from
the gut
• The lamina propria contains dense, diffuse
lymphoid tissue packed with some 200 lymphoid
follicles.
Peyer’s patch
33. Appendix
• Worm-like projection
of the human large
intestine, 10-15 cm
long and up to 8mm
in diameter.
• Store house for good
bacteria, rebooting
the digestive system
after diarrheal
illnesses.
34. Mucosal Immune System
MALT- Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
• Mucosal surfaces of mouth, respiratory and
reproductive tracts are colonized by
lymphocytes and accessory cells
• Respond to ingested, inhaled antigens
• Inlcudes:
– BALT (bronchial) :
– GALT (gut) :
• Tonsils
• Peyer’s Patches
• Appendix
35. Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
• skin is an important anatomic barrier to the external
environment
• keratinocytes- specialized epithelial cells on Outer
layer
– secrete a number of cytokines that may function
to induce a local inflammatory reaction
– can be induced to express MHC II molecules and
may function as APC
• Langerhans cells - a type of dendritic cell,
internalize antigen by phagocytosis or endocytosis
36. Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid
Tissue
• Intra epidermal lymphocytes are similar to the
intraepithelial lymphocytes of MALT in that most of
them are suppresor-cytotoxic (CD8) T cells
– play a role in combating antigens that enter
through the skin
• Underlying dermal layer of the skin contains
scattered CD4 and CD8 T cells and macrophages
37. IMMUNE RESPONSE
• Defense against microbes is mediated by
sequential and coordinated responses that are
called Innate immunity and Acquired immunity.
• Innate immunity (also called natural immunity) is
essential for defending against microbes in the
first few hours or days after infection, before
adaptive immune responses have developed. It is
present from the point of birth while
• Acquired or Adaptive immunity develops over
growth.
38. INNATE IMMUNITY
• The principal components of innate immunity
are
(1) Physical and chemical barriers, such as
epithelia and antimicrobial chemicals produced
at epithelial surfaces;
(2) Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages),
dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells, natural killer
(NK cells) and mast cells;
(3) Blood proteins, including components of the
complement system and other mediators of
inflammation
39. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
• The adaptive immune response is mediated by
cells called lymphocytes and their products.
• Lymphocytes express highly diverse receptors
that are capable of recognizing a vast number of
antigens.
• B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are two major
populations of lymphocytes which mediates
different types of adaptive immune responses.
• B lymphocytes mediates humoral adaptive
immunity and T lymphocytes mediates cell
mediated immunity
40.
41.
42.
43. Features of immune system
• Specificity, Ability to distinguish differences among various
foreign molecules.
• Diversity, Recognize a vast variety of foreign molecules
• Discrimination between self and non self, to recognize and
responds to molecules that are foreign or non self
• Memory, Once a immune system has responded to an
antigen it exhibits memory and the second encounter the
same antigen induces a highest state of immune response.
45. Significance of the immune system
• Development of Clinical laboratory techniques
for diagnosis and monitoring of various
diseases such as agglutination tests, flow
cytometry, immunoblotting etc
• Immunotherapy, new treatment strategies for
patients with immune disorders i.e cancer
• Immune system molecules such as cytokines
can serve as biomarkers of disease. For
example, the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in
the sera of patients with septic shock