This study investigated building functional failures in 150 residential buildings ranging from 3-30 million naira in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Questionnaires were distributed to building owners and real estate agents to identify factors influencing failures. The findings showed that none of the buildings fully met occupier expectations. Artisans in Warri lacked sufficient skills to handle professional jobs properly, contributing to functional failures. The study recommends retraining artisans to improve building quality and reduce failures imposed on owners.
From Technical to Social Debt: Analyzing Software Development Communities usi...Damian Tamburri
An established body of knowledge discusses the importance of technical debt for product quality. In layman’s terms, Technical debt represents the current state of a software product as a result of accumulated technical decisions (e.g., architecture decisions, etc.). Techniques to study product quality limitations inherent to technical debt include technical data mining, code-analysis.
Nevertheless, quite recently we figured out that technical debt is only one face of the coin. In fact, social debt, the social and organisational counterpart to technical debt, plays a pivotal role in determining software product and process quality. Social debt reflects the social and organisational problems occurring in software development communities. Social debt reflects socio-technical decisions (e.g., adopting agile methods or outsourcing) and can compromise the quality of software development communities, eventually leading to software failure.
Studying and harnessing social debt is paramount to ensure successful software engineering in large-scale software development communities. This talk will focus on explaining the relations between technical and social debt while delineating techniques inherited from technical debt, organisational research and social networks research that could be rephrased to investigate social debt in software engineering (e.g., socio-technical code analysis, social-code graphs, socio-technical debt patterns, etc.).
From Technical to Social Debt: Analyzing Software Development Communities usi...Damian Tamburri
An established body of knowledge discusses the importance of technical debt for product quality. In layman’s terms, Technical debt represents the current state of a software product as a result of accumulated technical decisions (e.g., architecture decisions, etc.). Techniques to study product quality limitations inherent to technical debt include technical data mining, code-analysis.
Nevertheless, quite recently we figured out that technical debt is only one face of the coin. In fact, social debt, the social and organisational counterpart to technical debt, plays a pivotal role in determining software product and process quality. Social debt reflects the social and organisational problems occurring in software development communities. Social debt reflects socio-technical decisions (e.g., adopting agile methods or outsourcing) and can compromise the quality of software development communities, eventually leading to software failure.
Studying and harnessing social debt is paramount to ensure successful software engineering in large-scale software development communities. This talk will focus on explaining the relations between technical and social debt while delineating techniques inherited from technical debt, organisational research and social networks research that could be rephrased to investigate social debt in software engineering (e.g., socio-technical code analysis, social-code graphs, socio-technical debt patterns, etc.).
Most of construction projects posses a project based organizational structure, where knowledge
acquired by humans migrate with them outside their organizational bodies once they leave their employer.
Hence, organizational learning and building corporate knowledge that has a life span greater than the
employees‟ turnover are of paramount importance to construction firms. It is considered the means by which
previously acquired experiences from previous projects can be used in decision making processes in similar
projects, wherever similar contexts and conditions are encountered.
The Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs) is an initiative to standardize communication between multidisciplinary
software applications through the use of a common Building Information Model (BIM). It facilitates data
communication between software applications and heterogeneous IT platforms, without human intervention.
This paper addresses the problem of organizational learning within the AEC-FM (Architectural, Engineering,
Construction and Facilities Management) domain. It focuses on the design process and its activities. It proposes
a novel approach for utilizing the object oriented features of the IFC/BIM model to structure captured contextual
information about such objects in a manner that facilitates organizational learning. Furthermore, advanced
object versioning techniques are implemented to capture contextual snapshots of design phases at certain stages
within a well defined workflow. This leads to a BIM based information management system that can achieve a
competitive advantage through organizational learning.
Construction industry is one of the largest and most important industries in Nepal. Construction safety in
the industry still suffers from ignorance and lack of supervision and accident rate on construction projects
is very high. The objective of this study is to identify the awareness lunched in the construction industries
that relate to safety, problems related ergonomic health and safety, and the status of safety engineering
management as perceived by construction and consultancies to help reduction of accidents. A survey
was conducted by using a numbers of questionnaires which was distributed to 38 respondents. Analysis
of the responses found the most important factors that included: “Awareness programs are lunching in
construction industries about health, safety and environment “Weather Construction firms are managing
problems related ergonomic health and safety in construction sites? How well is the management of safety
engineering in construction projects by every firm of Nepal?
Reasons for Delaying the Constriction Projects in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
This article dealt with construction projects in Iraq, and the research focused on the risks that may affect these projects. The purpose of this study is to determine the risks that construction projects are exposed to in Iraq and the methods of dealing in order to reduce these risks. Sometimes, if the construction projects are similar to each other in terms of configuration, requirements and purpose, then changing the project site is very sufficient to make these projects differ from each other and thus may be exposed to different risks. These are risks that negatively affect the implementation of these projects and may lead to delay or increase in their cost. Here a questionnaire is designed to collect data to identify risks that may occur during the construction project phases. This questionnaire was distributed electronically to several samples in the public and private sectors within state institutions in Iraq. After completion, the risks that these projects may be exposed to were identified. This was done with engineers and managers of companies and projects working in the public, private and joint sectors, and then these risks were analyzed by the Social Sciences for Packet Statistical Test program(SPSS).
Rate of Occurrence of Fatal Accidents in Malaysian Construction Industry afte...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Construction industry impacts the health and safety of its workers tremendously. This study is aimed to determine the rate of occurrence of fatal accidents after BIM implementation in Malaysia. The data used for the research was obtained from the Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) website, and it was validated by the relevant professionals through interview. This descriptive analysis was grounded in 796 fatal accidents over the period of 2010-2018. Of those accidents, 38.16% were related to fall-related, 30.39% struck-by, 17.67% caught in-between, 9.89% drowning/asphyxiation and 3.89% others. The results indicate that the types of accidents identified are similar to that of most countries in the world. The findings also revealed that the accidents had occurred because one or combination of the following: management's failure, unsafe site conditions, workers behavior, and environmental factors. Future work will concentrate on the use of BIM-based tools for job hazard identification and safety training.
Most of construction projects posses a project based organizational structure, where knowledge
acquired by humans migrate with them outside their organizational bodies once they leave their employer.
Hence, organizational learning and building corporate knowledge that has a life span greater than the
employees‟ turnover are of paramount importance to construction firms. It is considered the means by which
previously acquired experiences from previous projects can be used in decision making processes in similar
projects, wherever similar contexts and conditions are encountered.
The Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs) is an initiative to standardize communication between multidisciplinary
software applications through the use of a common Building Information Model (BIM). It facilitates data
communication between software applications and heterogeneous IT platforms, without human intervention.
This paper addresses the problem of organizational learning within the AEC-FM (Architectural, Engineering,
Construction and Facilities Management) domain. It focuses on the design process and its activities. It proposes
a novel approach for utilizing the object oriented features of the IFC/BIM model to structure captured contextual
information about such objects in a manner that facilitates organizational learning. Furthermore, advanced
object versioning techniques are implemented to capture contextual snapshots of design phases at certain stages
within a well defined workflow. This leads to a BIM based information management system that can achieve a
competitive advantage through organizational learning.
Construction industry is one of the largest and most important industries in Nepal. Construction safety in
the industry still suffers from ignorance and lack of supervision and accident rate on construction projects
is very high. The objective of this study is to identify the awareness lunched in the construction industries
that relate to safety, problems related ergonomic health and safety, and the status of safety engineering
management as perceived by construction and consultancies to help reduction of accidents. A survey
was conducted by using a numbers of questionnaires which was distributed to 38 respondents. Analysis
of the responses found the most important factors that included: “Awareness programs are lunching in
construction industries about health, safety and environment “Weather Construction firms are managing
problems related ergonomic health and safety in construction sites? How well is the management of safety
engineering in construction projects by every firm of Nepal?
Reasons for Delaying the Constriction Projects in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
This article dealt with construction projects in Iraq, and the research focused on the risks that may affect these projects. The purpose of this study is to determine the risks that construction projects are exposed to in Iraq and the methods of dealing in order to reduce these risks. Sometimes, if the construction projects are similar to each other in terms of configuration, requirements and purpose, then changing the project site is very sufficient to make these projects differ from each other and thus may be exposed to different risks. These are risks that negatively affect the implementation of these projects and may lead to delay or increase in their cost. Here a questionnaire is designed to collect data to identify risks that may occur during the construction project phases. This questionnaire was distributed electronically to several samples in the public and private sectors within state institutions in Iraq. After completion, the risks that these projects may be exposed to were identified. This was done with engineers and managers of companies and projects working in the public, private and joint sectors, and then these risks were analyzed by the Social Sciences for Packet Statistical Test program(SPSS).
Rate of Occurrence of Fatal Accidents in Malaysian Construction Industry afte...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Construction industry impacts the health and safety of its workers tremendously. This study is aimed to determine the rate of occurrence of fatal accidents after BIM implementation in Malaysia. The data used for the research was obtained from the Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) website, and it was validated by the relevant professionals through interview. This descriptive analysis was grounded in 796 fatal accidents over the period of 2010-2018. Of those accidents, 38.16% were related to fall-related, 30.39% struck-by, 17.67% caught in-between, 9.89% drowning/asphyxiation and 3.89% others. The results indicate that the types of accidents identified are similar to that of most countries in the world. The findings also revealed that the accidents had occurred because one or combination of the following: management's failure, unsafe site conditions, workers behavior, and environmental factors. Future work will concentrate on the use of BIM-based tools for job hazard identification and safety training.
Annual report from the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. The Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission (NWIFC) is a support service organization for 20 treaty Indian tribes in western Washington. Headquartered in Olympia, the NWIFC employs approximately 65 people with satellite offices in Burlington and Forks.
It is the intention of this report to represent the experiences and needs of the western Washington treaty tribes. However, based on our communications and many shared priorities and interests, we believe these lessons and growth strategies can be useful to tribes across the nation.
The Nigerian construction industry is one of the largest construction markets in
Africa. It consists of foreign and indigenous contractors, construction professionals,
public and private clients and material manufacturers. However, gross dissatisfaction
of clients as a result of poor work quality, cost overruns and time overruns is
inhibiting the growth potentials of the industry. Innovation holds great potentials for
improvements in the industry. However, there is a need to understand the drivers and
barriers to innovation. This study assessed the drivers and barriers to innovation. This
study adopted a quantitative research design with questionnaires distributed to
construction professionals in consulting and contracting firms located in the Mainland
area of Lagos State. Data from the survey were analyzed by descriptive statistics and
presented in form of frequencies, charts and mean. The major drivers of innovation
from the survey were clients’ requirements, developments in ICT and design trends
while the main barriers to innovation as perceived by the respondents from the study
were lack of understanding of the benefits of innovation, perception that the industry
is doing well without innovation and cost of innovation. If the industry must improve
its growth potentials then, innovation is not negotiable. However, construction
stakeholder will need to address the barriers to innovation identified in this study
The Identification of Risks and its Criticality in the Nigeria Construction I...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Failure in project delivering can be attributed to many risk events in the Nigerian Construction Industry. This risk could be as a result of the dynamic, sensitivity, and complexity of the construction Industry towards its environment, socio-political, economic, technology, and cultural variables in Nigeria. Nevertheless, the low level of Risk Management in Nigeria construction Industry, and the little understanding and knowledge of the subject by Project Stakeholders prompt this study.
A quantitative method of research was carried out, and among the sixty (60) questionnaires administered to clients, consultants, and contractors in the Nigerian construction industry, thirty-one (31) valid responses were obtained. The questionnaires were designed on the twenty (20) types of risks that were identified by construction professionals which were categorized into five namely; Government and Politics; Finance and Economical; Management and Technology; social and Cultural; Natural and Environmental Risks. And, findings made revealed that economic and financial risks surpass all other types in the Nigeria Construction Industry.
FACTORS EFFECTING THE FAILURE ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSIAEME Publication
Objective: Aim to bring out the contributions of the major factors that are leading to
failure of the construction projects around the city thus providing a better understanding of
aspects to be considered while initiation of a construction projects. Methodology: The
survey was planned taking into account the all basic elements bringing about the
disappointment of development undertakings. The positioning depended on a sliding scale
from 1 to 5, where 1 was the slightest and 5 was the most genuine. Findings : This analysis
attempts to elicit the perceptions of construction professionals by revisiting some of these
critical factors causing the failure of construction projects. A triangulated data collection
approach involving some questionnaires was administered to construction professionals to
elicit their perceptions on the 20 factors causing the failure of the construction projects.
This paper will give an overview and status of construction project management.
Applications: This is applied to bring out the contributions of the major factors that are
leading to failure of the construction projects around. Thus providing a better
understanding of aspects to be considered while initiation of a construction projects in
future.
Construction industry before and after pandemicvivatechijri
: Since the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the coronavirus2019 (COVID-19) outbreak
as a pandemic, many countries have declared a complete national lockdown after a remarkable spike in COVID
19 cases. These decisions have restricted the movement of people and resulted in a complete shutdown of many
businesses across many sectors. The construction industry, as a significant growth driver of the economy with no
exception, has also been completely shut down. All the developments and projects were postponed until further
notice. It is, therefore, a prudent to address the impact of the pandemic at the outset and end of the crisis to
prepare for any future possibility and gain lessons for plans. This study aims to investigate the effect of COVID 19
on the construction industry’s survival. The impacts and fallout have been determined and evaluated through the
recruitment of construction experts and practitioners. The impacts have been classified into different groups
which include economic, human resources. The study implied two methods include exploratory interviews and
questionnaire surveys. The study found the most prominent impacts of COVID 19 are the suspension of projects,
labour impact and job loss, time overrun, cost overrun, and financial implications. The findings of this study shed
light on the consequences of the sudden occurrence of pandemic and raise awareness of the most critical impacts
which can’t be overlooked. The findings also help project stakeholders to realise the sequences of the sudden
epidemic and prepare for the worst-case scenario during the planning stage of the construction projects. The
problem for the construction and engineering sector in India is aggravated and difficult to address as there is no
standard form or format for contracts followed by the industry.To say that the companies engaged in the
construction and engineering sector, would be affected due to the current unprecedented situation would be an
understatement. The various restrictions put in place by the Governments to control the effects of the virus may
trigger shortage of raw material and manpower, disrupted supply chain, further creating handicaps in performing
contractual obligations. Contraction in consumption demand should be the least of the worries for the sector.
Some elements in construction and engineering are imported from countries, which may be more badly affected,
creating a domino effect on the entire sector
The infrastructure construction sectors are usually complex. Zero risk construction projects are only an
assumption. The objective of this paper is to identify the risks factor associated with the urban infrastructure
construction projects causing delay. The research found that those risks are directly associated to clients,
contractors, sub-contractors that would cause delay in the construction work. Other factors are also
identified such as project, financial, political, technical, market risk, managerial, resource risk, and force
majeure. All risk factors affect the time, cost and quality performance of the construction project. From risk
management perspective, it is the process on which identifies the risks and analyzed with qualitatively and
quantitatively. All associated risks can treat by various mitigation processes and then mitigating method are
monitored to control the risks. Risk management distinguishes between success and failure of a project.
So, Nepal could use it effectively to meet its growing need of infrastructure and job opportunity
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firm’s foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 5 ǁ May. 2013 ǁ PP.34-46
www.ijesi.org 34 | Page
An Investigation into Building Functional Failures in Delta State
(A Case Study of Warri Metropolis)
E.O. Aiyewalehinmi
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of a study of 150 commissioned residential buildings in Warri
ranging from 3million to 30million Naira. The study has identified factors influencing building functional
failures. While others factors are more visible, building functional failures remainundetectedproblem by the
building owners and the industry. Building owners and Real Estate Agents affected, do not perceive the amount
of money being wasted each year onmaintenance.The data used for this study were collected through the use of
questionnaires. All questionnaires were sent and also delivered by hand to the Real Estate managers and
building owners. The findings showed that none of the buildings investigated fully met the expectation of
occupiers. The study has also identified that Artisans in Warri are not professionally skilled to handle
professional jobs.Therefore the study recommends that Artisans in Warri be retrained to be able to handle
professional jobs.
Keywords: Functional failure, Industry, Owner & Agents, Qualified Professionals and Artisans.
Background
Warri Metropolitan (Delta State)
Delta State is a state in Nigeria, named afterRiver Niger. It was carved out of the former Bendel State
in 1991. The state has 25 local government areas. The State capital city is Asaba. Warri is the biggest
commercial city in the state. Other major towns are Agbor, Ughelli, Oghara, Sapele and Ogwashi-uku. The
figure below shows the map Delta States and its Local Governments.
Figure 1 The map of Warri Delta State.
I. INTRODUCTION
The panorama of building functional failures is not a topic that most engineers, builders and building
contractors aspire to acknowledge or discuss. In building and construction industry, building functional failures
is a physical reality and possibility. The complexity and fragmented nature of the industry and its highly casual
employment of labour makes it sensitive to building functional failures. Building and construction industry is
unique in characteristics, the uniqueness of the industry kept this problem under the red carpet. Moreover, it has
created a continuous serviceable maintenance economic glitch which the industry and building owners cannot
2. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 35 | Page
manage and at the same time the industry stakeholders do not know how to document the problem of building
functional failure for future reference. Mistakes of a lawyer or a Doctors can be covered up but problems but
created by an engineer cannot be covered up; they would be seen as National and International tragedy, a
professional failure which smears the reputation of the industry and engineering professions. Without crossing
the border of knowledge, to develop, improve and manage the industry successfully, the industry will continue
to face different challengesin Warri Delta State. Considering the line of previous studies, building functional
failure is associated with building collapsing, risk factors and project costs and time frame. In citation of
previous studies, little attention is being paid to building functional failure factors. The impact of building
functional failure factors have long been existing without being recognized. Building functional failures can be
described as economic taxing imposedon building owners by the industry or contractors. In this context, the
study will attempt to define investigate and identify the roles of artisans and other professionals contribution to
building functional failures in Warri Delta State.
Building Deficiency and Failure
Lee, (1987), showed that building defects can occur in one or more of the three subdivisions of a
building, foundation, wall and roof. According to this author construction industry defect is inherent in the
building and construction industry. In reality building and construction industry accommodate mistakes when
visible, it becomes human error and it can be corrected. Roddis (1993) described building failure as
imperfection, deficiency or fault found in a building element or component which adversely affects its
functional performance or appearance. Fakoalde (1994) investigated building failures factors. He found that the
major factor influencing building failures were inability of engineers’ failure to make right engineering
decisions and judgment. Normally the aim of most engineers is that faults and defect will be found before a
project is completed. If detected will be evident at the completion of the contract, if not, will be revealed some
time after completion (latent defects). Latent defects can be categorized into two ways the products and the
process of design and construction. Building Functional failure is worse than latent defects. Building Functional
failure is more related to performance failures, crime committed under building and construction contracts
which are not binding under any legislative building codes. Failure to make engineering decision does not create
building functional failures. Building functional failure is being created by their inability to control the work of
Artisans. Dovkaminetzky,(1991). Identified that the great liability of the engineers compared to men of other
profession is that they work out in the open where all men can see them. He/she cannot argue them into thin air
or blame the judge like lawyers; he cannot cover his failure with trees and vines like the architects, he cannot
screen his shortcomings by blaming his opponents and hope the people will forget like the politicians. The
engineers simply cannot deny he did it, if his works do not work. Building functional failures is being created
and transferred to building owners, Estate Agents and their tenants by local subcontractors or Artisans
supervised by engineers. Engineers cannot walkaway it is their duty to control Artisan’s work.
Causes of Failures
Failure is a human act and is defined as omission of occurrence or performance, lack of success, non-
performance, insufficiency, loss of strength and cessation of proper functioning of performance.The four
essential elements of a construction project include concept, design, performance and use of a successful
project. These elements are essentially defined as Knowledgeable (Training and Education), Competence
(Experience) and Care (Control). Nearly all construction failures are traceable to human errors; which are
unintended deviations from correct and acceptable practice and thus are avoidable. Human errors are associated
with Errors of performance (carelessness and negligence), Errors of intent (greed) and Errors of knowledge
(ignorance). Carelessness and negligence includes errors in calculations and detailing, incorrect reading of
drawings and specifications and defective construction. There are other errors like execution and lack of
care.Greed is another error committed with full a knowledge the offender deliberately using Worn-out and sub-
standard material, equipment and tools for construction just to reduce cost, taking short cuts and risk; accepting
work of poor standard to accelerate construction work.Ignorance is often the result of insufficient educations,
training and experience; lack of communication is another form of ignorance. Ignorance is also evidence when
we use bold new deigns on large-scale projects without thorough preparation, study and testing.
Maintenance of Building Functional Failures
The Industry has no statistically valid and proven method that accurately assessing the actual cost of
maintenance relating to building functional failures. A conservative estimate of maintenance cost imposed on
the building owners, Estate Agents and Occupiers on an annual basis may be run over to be more than a billion
of Naira. Building functional failure is not under legislative building code, hard data not available the extent of
costs of building functional failures cannot be analysed or estimated by mere observation. Building functional
Failure has become a problem for the industry, building owners, Restate Agents and occupiers. The purpose of
3. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 36 | Page
this study is to create awareness to alert building Industry and suggest a new guidelines for future
documentations specifically agreements between/among contractual parties (Owners, Builders/Artisans,
Designers and Project Managers). Also to devise effective systems to deliver quality projects on time and within
budget to meet owner’s needs.
Overview of Major Causes of Building Function Failure
Thirty two variables were developed, investigated and analysed. The analysis showed that only 13
variables were cleared to be majorly responsible for building functional failures in Warri Delta State. All
variables identified are listed in Table 1 blow and none of these variable scored less than 50% and above, except
Damp which scored 49.1%. Moreover, other variables that were not included in the Table none scored less than
40%, this indicates that all these variables were equally significant.
II. RESEARCH APPROACH
The study is limited to Warri Metropolis Business districts whereits commercial/residential buildings
were investigated. 150 questionnaires were mailed/ delivered by hand to commercial/residential buildings
owners and Real Estate Agents in Warri Metropolis in which 70 responses were collected and analysed using a
standard statistical package Microsoft Excel. Mail questionnaires were selected as a means of data collection
because of financial constraint and problems of distribution and follow up questionnaires, harassments at the
security post is very common in this area.
Data Analysis / Results
Table 1 shows the relative weight of 13 major factors identified in this study. Clearly these are the most
significant factors responsible for building functional failures in Warri. Of these factors there are other factors
not included in this table that are equally significant? However, the analysis of these factors reveals other
category of building functional failures.
Table 1: Factors of Functional Failures
Damp 49.1% Roof Defect 51.4% Roof gutter 60% Ventilation
problems 51.4%
Cracks 57.1%
Inadequate
maintenance 86%
Plumbing 70% Electrical Wiring
64.3%
Timber Defective
54%
Pest 70%
Interior defect 53% Windows 54.3% Doors 66%
Figure 1-13 present the variable lines. The Figure 1 shows the total number of participants responded to
the question of Damp. There were different views among building owners and Real Estate Agents respondents
(Importance to Highly Significant). However, the Figure 1 shows that 49.1% of the building owners Real Estate
Agency participants have indicated Damp contributed to the functional failure of their buildings. According to
respondentsmost of these buildings are newly completed buildings probably two to three years old but duration
of the buildings was not declared during the cause of the study. Most of building owners complained about the
skill quality of Artisans available in the job market during the time of the study. Nearly 50% of participants
complained about skill problems andcommented that is creating problems for building and construction industry
in the area. This problem may not be limited to Warri is yet to discover.
III. RESULTS
Figure 1 shows that 49.1% of respondents indicate that their buildings are experiencing Damp related
glitches. Both Building owners and Real Estate Agents in Warri indicated that DAMP related problems are
problems commonly found in residential buildings in Warri. As can be seen in the figure1 there are significance
differences in percentage scores indicating that the problem is spread all over Warri Metropolis. Plate 1&2
illustrate the extent of the problem.
4. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 37 | Page
Figure 1 Damp
Plate 1: Damp in the sitting room
Plate 2 Damp in the kitchen
Figure 2 show that only 51.4% of building owners and Real Estate indicated importance to highly
significant about roof defect related glitches. This problem may be linked skill artisans or material, it is beyond
this research boundary. The researcher was only given permission to verify their complaints and reproduce
images of the affected areas of the roof buildings. As can be seen in plate 3 & 4 below show the extent of the
glitch. However, the researcher was unable to validate whether it was human error or materials used.
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 4 7 101316192225283134374043464952555861646770
DAMP
DAMP
5. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 38 | Page
Figure 2 Roof Defect
Plate 3 Roof Defect
Plate 4 Roof defect
Figure 3 shows that only 60% of respondents indicate minor importance to highly significance of Roof
Gutter related problem, most of the roof gutters are not discharging rainwater as they supposed to discharge.
Specifically Flat Roofs if wrong Artisans and materials are used, the problem of retaining rainwater will surface.
The researcher was not given permission to examine this further.
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
ROOF DEFECT
ROOF DEFECT
6. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 39 | Page
Figure 3: Gutter
Figure 4 shows that 51.4% of the building owners participated in the study indicated minor Importance
to highly significance for ventilation related problems. This indicates that the problem is well spread.
Figure 4: Ventilation
Figure 5 shows pest related problems. From the figure 5 below it can be deduced that about 70% of
participants in the study complained on pest related glitch. It shows that most of the buildings in Warri have pest
problems.
Figure 5: Pest
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1 4 7 101316192225283134374043464952555861646770
GUTTER
GUTTER
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70
PEST
PEST
7. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 40 | Page
Figure 6 shows that about 70% of building owners and Real Estate Agents have specified plumbing
problems. It shows that there are common plumbing problems in Warri Metropolis. Plates 5-7 demonstrate the
extent of these problems.
Figure 6: Plumbing
Plate 5. Plumbing
Plate 6 Plumbing Toilet
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
PLUMBING
PLUMBING
8. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 41 | Page
Plate 7 Plumbing
Figure 7 shows about 64.3% of building owners and Real Estate Agents complained about electrical
wiring of their buildings. It shows that the problem is distributed over Warri. Plate 8 shows the extent of the
problem. Most of wall sockets in most buildings in the area not functioning.
Figure 7: Electrical Wiring
Plate 8 Electrical Wiring
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
ELECTRICAL WIRING
ELECTRICAL
WIRING
9. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 42 | Page
Figure 8 shows that 51.4 building owners and Real Estate Agents grumbled about storm water. As can
be seen from the figures, there are different opinions relating to Storm water showing from minor importance to
highly Significance.
Figure 8: Storm Water
Figure 9 presents the frequency distribution of complaints by the respondents. The figure shows the
spread of opinions from Minor Importance to Highly Significance. However, there are about 53% appellants.
This shows that majority of buildings investigated, appeared to have common problems of Interior defects. Note
that not all defects associated with the age of the buildings. Plates 9 and 10 showed the extent of Interior
Defect/ damage.
Figure 9: Interior Defect
Plate 10 Interior defect
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
STORM WATER
STORM WATER
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
INTERIOR DEFECT
INTERIORDEFECT
10. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 43 | Page
Plate 11 Interior defect
Figure 10 shows that about 66% of building owners and Real Estate Agents protested against the extent
of building doors defect in Warri (Delta state). As can been seen it seems to be a major problems as a big
population of about 66% of building owners and Real Estate Agents indicated this. The analysis shows that they
are not happy with the situation; however, the problem may be associated with both Artisans, Materials and
weather. Plate 12 shows the extent of the problems.
Figure 10: Doors
Plate 12 Damaged Doors
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 4 7 101316192225283134374043464952555861646770
DOORS
DOORS
11. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 44 | Page
Figure 11 presents the frequency distribution of problems relating to building windows. The figure 11
showed from Minor Importance to Highly Significant, indicating that about 54.3% of both Building Owners and
Real Estate Agents are highly affected. This problem may be associated with Artisans, Weather or Materials.
However, the researcher was not given the chance to explore further.
Figure 11: Window
Figure 12 shows that about 57.1% of building owners and Real Estate Agents indicated from Minor
Importance to Highly Significance. This shows that building owners are facing problems relating to cracks. This
problem may or not related to as design problems or contractorsincompetence but lack site investigations. Plate
13-15, show the extent of cracks damage in building in Warri Metropolitan.
Figure 12: Cracks
Plate 13 Building crack
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 4 7 101316192225283134374043464952555861646770
WINDOWS
WINDOWS
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 4 7 101316192225283134374043464952555861646770
CRACKS
CRACKS
12. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 45 | Page
Plate 14 Building Cracks
Plate 15 Acceptable Cracks.
Figure 13 shows inadequate maintenance as a major problem facing the industry in Warri Delta State.
The Figure 13 shows about 86% of both Building Owners and Real Estate Agents that inadequate maintenance
as common problem in Warri. This problem is associated with Nigerian maintenance attitudes to maintenance.
Most Nigerians do not care about their own properties, provided they are there to serve his/her needs. However,
maintenance of properties is very important. As it can be seen from the figure the respondents indicated from
minor importance to highly significant. As observed this a common all over the country it is not limited to
Warri.
Figure 13: Inadequate Maintenance
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 4 7 101316192225283134374043464952555861646770
INAD. MAINTENANCE
INAD.
MAINTENANCE
13. An Investigation Into Building Functional Failures In Delta State...
www.ijesi.org 46 | Page
III. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION CONCLUSION
There are various factors contributing to building functional failures in Warri, Delta State, predominant
factors are indicated in the Table 1 and Figures 1-13. At the same time there other factors that are not included
in the analysis that cannot be ignored, they also have direct impact to building functional failures. Most of these
factors are associated withArtisan professional skills, contractor professional skills and inadequate maintenance.
Cracks can be associated foundation underground movement or differential settlement andpredominantly poor
quality works.Roof failures are of two dimensions in Warri. It is either deterioration of roof members due to
defective overlong or total destruction under the effect of wind. Buildings that are mostly affected are those that
are badly handled by inexperience contractors and lacked maintenance.. The study also identifiedthat poor
design, poor supervision, poor workmanship, the use of substandard materials contribute to building functional
failures in Warri.
IV. RECOMMENDATION
The study has identified that Para-professional and contractorspoorly handling of the various building
construction projects has been the major cause of building functional failures in Warri Delta State. It is therefore
recommended that all building and construction projects works be undertaken by qualified engineers and other
related qualified professionals. Politically motivated economic contractors, or unqualified emergency
contractors, they are inexperienced they should be stopped. Furthermore, thosedraughtspersons claimed to be
engineers and handling professional structural designs, be stopped.The Design of proposed building project
should be adequately established including the functionality of the building before embarking on construction.
Finally, the study therefore recommends that construction industry should adopt and encouragedapprenticeship
to occupy certain percentages of their staff strength so that effective technical knowledge may be adequately
obtained.
REFERENCES
[1]. DovKaninctzy, D. (1991): Design and construction failure “Lessons from forensic
[2]. Investigation” McGraw-Hill Inc. USA.
[3]. Fakolade, A(1994): The Need to sensitize the public on the causes of failure in Nigeria,
[4]. (Published on Line).
[5]. Lee, R. (1987): Building Maintenance Management, London Crosby Lockwood Staples.
[6]. Roddis, W.M. K. (1993): Structural Failures and Engineering Ethics, American Society of Civil Engineers