The document outlines the fundamentals of communication, detailing its definition, process, and various models. It explains communication as the transmission of ideas and emotions between individuals, emphasizing the roles of sender, receiver, and the context of interaction. Additionally, it covers barriers to effective communication and introduces different communication models, including linear, interactive, and transactional models.

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF
COMMUNICATION

2. What is communication?

3. GROUP ACTIVITY
With your group, think of one fact that
you know about communication and
choose somebody to share it with
everyone. You can give any creative
way of citing concrete examples to the
class. Once you have shared
something, you can sit down and listen
to what the rest of the class has to
share.

4. Is effective communication
important? Why?

5. Definition of Communication
Communication is the transmission of ideas and
emotions between or among persons with the
use of verbal and non-verbal cues.
It is a process of sharing and conveying messages
or information from one person to another
within and across channels, contexts, media, and
cultures. There is a wide variety of contexts and
situations in which communication can be
manifested; it can be a face-to-face interaction, a
phone conversation, group discussion and many
others.

6. Nature of Communication
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two
or more people (the speaker and the
receiver)
3. Communication can be expressed
through words, actions, or both at the
same time.
4. Communication is stirring up ideas in
the mind of another.

7. Elements of Communication
Speaker- the source of information or
message
Message- the information, ideas, or thoughts
conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions
Encoding- the process of converting the
message into words, actions, or other forms
that the speaker understands
Channel- the medium or the means, such as
personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal,
in which the encoded message is conveyed

8. Elements of Communication
Decoding- the process of interpreting the
encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
Receiver- the recipient of the message, or
someone who decodes the message
Feedback- the reactions, responses, or
information provided by the receiver
Context- the environment where the
communication takes place
Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of
communication

9. Process of Communication

10. Communication is a 2-way process
Communication skills involve:
Listening to others (Receiving) message
Asserting/ Expressing (Sending)
Barriers to communication can lead to misunderstanding and confusion
sender
receiver
sender
receiver
values and attitudes
“generation gap”
Cultural differences
language
noise
hearing

11. Effective Communication Skills
Effective
Communication skills
Eye contact & visible mouth
Body language
Silence
Checking
for understanding
Smiling face
Summarising
what has been said
Encouragement
to continue
Some questions

12. Process of Communication
1. The speaker generates an
idea.
2. The speaker encodes and idea
or converts the idea into
words or actions.
3. The speaker transmits or
sends out a message.
4. The receiver gets the
message.
5. The receiver decodes or
interprets the message based
on the context.
6. The receiver sends or
provides feedback.
Example
1. Daphne loves Rico as a
friend.
2. She thinks of how to tell him
using their native language.
3. She tells him, “Rico, mahal
kita bilang kaibigan.”
4. Rico hears what Daphne says.
5. He tries to analyze what she
means, and he is
heartbroken.
6. He frowns and does not say
something because he is in
pain.

13. Group Activity
Make your own example of the
process of communication.
Write it on a 1 whole sheet of
paper.

14. Process of Communication
1. The speaker generates an
idea.
2. The speaker encodes and idea
or converts the idea into
words or actions.
3. The speaker transmits or
sends out a message.
4. The receiver gets the
message.
5. The receiver decodes or
interprets the message based
on the context.
6. The receiver sends or
provides feedback.
Example
1. ______________________
2. _______________________
3. _______________________
4. _______________________
5. _______________________
6. _______________________

15. If we were supposed to talk more
than listen, we would have been
given two mouths and one ear.”
Mark Twain

16. Assignment
Research the following Models of
Communication:
1. Aristotles’s Model
2. Shannon-Weaver Model
3. Schramm’s Model
4. White’s Model
5. Transaction Model

17. The Models of
Communication
Linear, Interactive and Transactional.

18. Types of Communication Model
There are three general
types of communication
models in which all other
communication models
are mostly categorized.

20. Linear Model of Communication
Linear model of communication is
a simple one way communication
model. The message flows in a
straight line from sender to the
receiver. There is no concept of
feedback. The only task that a
receiver does here is to receive the
message.

22. TransactionalModelofCommunication
In transactional model, senders and
receivers both are known as communicators
and both play equally important role in
communication. Transactional model relates
communication with social reality, cultural
up-bringing and relational context
(relationships). Non-verbal feedback like
gestures, body language, is also considered
as feedback in this model.

24. Interactive Model of Communication
Interactive model or convergence
model is similar to transactional model
as they are both two way
communication model. But, interactive
model is mostly used for new media
like internet. Here, people can respond
to any mass communications like
videos, news, etc. People can exchange
their views and ideas.

25. The Models of Communication

26. Aristotle’s Communication Model

27. Aristotle’s Communication Model
Aristotle, a great philosopher initiative the earliest mass
communication model called “Aristotle’s Model of
Communication”. He proposed model before 300 B.C
who found the importance of audience role in
communication chain in his communication model. This
model is more focused on public speaking than
interpersonal communication.
Aristotle Model of Communication is formed with 5
basic elements
(i) Speaker, (ii) Speech, (iii) Occasion, (iv) Audience and
(v) Effect.
Aristotle advises speakers to build speech for different
audience on different time (occasion) and for different
effects.

28. Shannon -Weaver Model of
Communication

29. Shannon-WeaverModelofCommunication
Shannon was an American mathematician
whereas Weaver was a scientist. The
Mathematical theory later came to be
known as Shannon Weaver model of
communication or “mother of all models.”
This model is more technological than
other linear models.

30. Shannon-WeaverModelofCommunication
Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model
Sender (Information source) – Sender is the person who makes
the message, chooses the channel and sends the message.
Encoder (Transmitter) –Encoder is the sender who uses
machine, which converts message into signals or binary data. It
might also directly refer to the machine.
Channel –Channel is the medium used to send message.
Decoder (Receiver) – Decoder is the machine used to convert
signals or binary data into message or the receiver who
translates the message from signals.
Receiver (Destination) –Receiver is the person who gets the
message or the place where the message must reach. The
receiver provides feedback according to the message.
Noise –Noise is the physical disturbances like environment,
people, etc. which does not let the message get to the receiver
as what is sent.

31. Shannon-WeaverModelofCommunication
Example of Shannon Weaver Model
A businessman sends a message via
phone text to his worker about a
meeting happening about their brand
promotion. The worker does not receive
the full message because of noise. It
goes like this:
Businessman: We have a meeting at the
office (“at 8 am” goes missing due to
phone network disruption or noise)
Worker (feedback) : At what time?

32. SCHRAMM MODELOFCOMMUNICATION

33. SCHRAMM MODELOF COMMUNICATION
It is a Circular Model, so that communication is
something circular in nature
Encoder – Who does encoding or Sends the
message (message originates)
Decoder – Who receives the message
Interpreter – Person trying to understand
(analyses, perceive) or interpret
Note: From the message starting to ending,
there is an interpretation goes on. Based on
this interpretation only the message is
received.

34. SCHRAMM MODELOF COMMUNICATION
This model breaks the sender and receiver model it seems
communication in a practical way. It is not a traditional
model.
It can happen within our self or two people; each person acts
as both sender and receiver and hence use interpretation. It
is simultaneously take place e.g. encoding, interpret and
decoding.
Semantic noise is a concept introduced here it occurs when
sender and receiver apply different meaning to the same
message. It happens mostly because of words and phrases
for e.g. Technical Language, So certain words and phrases will
cause you to deviate from the actual meaning of the
communication.
Note: When semantic noise takes place decoding and
interpretation becomes difficult and people get deviated
from the actual message.

35. White’s Model of Communication

36. White’s Model of Communication

37. White’s Model of Communication

38. White’s Model of Communication

39. White’s Model of Communication

40. BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATION

43. A Linear View

44. Linear Model
In this linear communication model,
communication is like giving an injection: a
sender encodes ideas and feelings into some
sort of message and then conveys them by
means of a channel (speech, writing, and so on)
into a receiver, who decodes the message.

45. Linear Model cont.
The model highlights how different channels can
affect the way a receiver responds to a message.
It also introduces the concept of noise- a term
used by social scientist to describe any forces
that interfere with effective communication.
Noise can occur at any stage of the
communication process.

46. Linear Model cont.
Three types of noise can disrupt
communication- external, physiological and
psychological.
External noise also called physical, includes
those factors outside the receiver that make it
difficult to hear, as well as other kinds of
distractions. Eg., a smoky room.
Physiological noise involves biological factors in
the receiver or sender that interfere with
accurate reception: illness, fatigue and so on.

47. Linear Model cont.
Psychological Noise refers to forces within a
communicator that interfere with the ability to
express or understand a message accurately. For
eg, stress, defensiveness.

48. Disadvantages of the Linear View
It makes the assumption that all communication
involves encoding. For eg. There are nonverbal
cues that occur whether we speak or not. Some
of these cues are unconsciously done.
It also suggest that communication flows in one
direction, from sender to receiver. It ignores the
fact that receivers react to messages by sending
other messages of their own.

49. An Interactive View

50. Interactive Model
This model makes the importance of feedback
clear. It shows that most communication is ,
indeed, a two way affair in which we both send
and receive messages.
It also identifies a clue to the cause of many
misunderstandings. Such misunderstandings
often arise because communicators often
occupy different environments- fields of
experience- that help them understand others
behaviour.

51. In communication terminology, environment
refers not only to a physical location but also to
the personal experiences and cultural
background that participants bring to a
conversation.
Consider just some of the factors that might
contribute to different environments:
A might belong to one ethnic group and B to
another
A might be rich and B poor

52. Interactive Model cont.
In the figure showed in the previous slide, the
environments A and B overlap, representing the
background communicators must have in
common. As the shared environment becomes
smaller, communication becomes more difficult.
Differing environments make understanding
difficult, but certainly not impossible. Hard work
and many communication skills help to bridge
the gap that separates us.

53. A Transactional View

54. A transactional View
The activity of communicating is best
represented by a transactional communication
model.
A transactional model reveals that we usually
send and receive messages simultaneously, so
that the images of sender and receiver should
not be separated as if a person were doing only
one or the other, but rather superimposed and
redefined as ‘communicators.’

55. Transactional View cont.
The model also posits that communication isn’t
something we do to others, rather, it is an
activity we do with them.
The transactional nature of communication is
explained in the relationship between parents
and children.

56. In concluding…
Communication is a continuous, transactional
process involving participants who occupy
different but overlapping environments and
create a relationship by simultaneously sending
and receiving messages, many of which are
distorted by external, physiological and
psychological noise.