The document discusses stem cells and transgenic animals. It defines stem cells as cells that can continuously divide and differentiate into various cell types. It describes three main types of stem cells: totipotent stem cells from early embryos that can form a complete organism, pluripotent stem cells from blastocysts that can form any cell type, and multipotent adult stem cells that can form a limited number of cell types. The document also discusses the creation of transgenic animals by injecting foreign genes into embryos.
“Stem Cell, Possibilities And Utility In Health sector” Ajit Tiwari
The role of stem cells in basic biological processes in vivo, namely in development, tissue repair and cancer.
Remarkable progress has been achieved in studying stem cells. The most exciting use of cultured stem cells is the promise for curing many devastating diseases like Parkinson's and diabetes. However, more basic research remains before stem-cell based therapy is widely used.
ES cells have the most capacity to differentiate into a variety of cells and their proliferation capacity is also unsurpassed by any other cell type. There are three major problems with ES cells; ethical issues, immunological rejection problems and the potential of developing teratomas.
In the future, ideally, somatic stem cells from the patient will be extracted and manipulated and then reintroduced into the same patient to cure debilitating diseases.
If the cell is able to form all cell types of the embryo & adult (Fertilized egg cell) Totipotent stem cell
Stem cell able to differentiate into all 3 germ layers Pluripotent stem cell (Embryonic stem cell)
Multipotent stem cell Differentiate to form cells of some but not all 3 germ layers (Bone, cartilage, connective tissue)
Unipotent stem cell Able to form just one other cell type (Spermatogonia)
Embryos created in vitro fertilization
Aborted embryos
Limited tissues (bone marrow, muscle, brain)
Discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury or disease
Placental cord
Baby teeth
Diabetes patients lose the function of their insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas
Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in cell cultures and stimulate to form insulin-producing cells , that can be transplanted into the patients
Pancreas is digested with collagenase that frees islets from surrounding cells
Centrifugation of isolates containing mainly alpha and beta cells, purified islets beta cells
Transplanted through a catheter into the liver where they become permanently established Caused when key brain cells that produce message carrying chemical/neurotransmitter (dopamine) die off.
Symptoms start with the patients trembling and can end up paralyzed
Harvesting of stem cells from patients bone marrow, foetus or any other source
Culturing of harvested stem cells in lab conditions - to get high concentrations of stem cells
Then purified and high concentration of stem cells are surgically injected in the brain of patient.
Dr. Steenblock treats patients suffering from Macular Degeneration using Stem Cell Treatments. Contact his office today at 1-800-300-1063. Websites:
www.stemcellmd.org
www.strokedoctor.com
www.stemcelltherapies.org
www.cerebralpalsycure.com
www.davidsteenblock.com
www.davidsteenblock.net
Stem cell therapy : A hope to "No Hope Disorders" Diseased Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
This document discusses stem cell therapy and its potential to treat various "no hope disorders". It provides an overview of stem cell sources and types, including adult stem cells from bone marrow, blood, dental pulp and other tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are highlighted as having advantages for therapy due to their plasticity and low risk of rejection. A range of conditions are described as effectively treated with stem cell therapy, including diabetes, neurological disorders, bone/cartilage disorders and liver/kidney diseases. The document promotes an Indian stem cell company that offers various banking and treatment services.
Stem Cell Therapy Clinical Trial at Patients MedicalPatients Medical
Dr. Kamau Kokayi from the New York Stem Cell Treatment Center at Patients Medical gives the latest information on the amazing discoveries and healing capacity of stem cells and details on enrolling in the current clinical trial at NYSCTC.
The document discusses stem cells and their potential medical applications. It defines two main types of stem cells - tissue-specific stem cells which are multipotent and can only form certain cell types, and pluripotent stem cells (embryonic and induced pluripotent) which can form any cell type. Tissue-specific stem cells are found throughout the body and already used to treat conditions like leukemia. Pluripotent stem cells have greater potential but also more challenges, as embryonic stem cells require embryo destruction and induced pluripotent stem cells are difficult to create reliably. Overall stem cells may help develop more individualized regenerative and personalized medical treatments.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research including different types of stem cells, their potential medical applications, and the processes of embryonic stem cell derivation and therapeutic cloning. It discusses embryonic stem cells' ability to differentiate into any cell type compared to adult stem cells' more limited potential. Current research aims to develop stem cell therapies for conditions like diabetes, spinal cord injury, and heart disease. However, significant challenges remain regarding controlling stem cell behavior and ensuring therapies are long-lasting without tumor formation.
“Stem Cell, Possibilities And Utility In Health sector” Ajit Tiwari
The role of stem cells in basic biological processes in vivo, namely in development, tissue repair and cancer.
Remarkable progress has been achieved in studying stem cells. The most exciting use of cultured stem cells is the promise for curing many devastating diseases like Parkinson's and diabetes. However, more basic research remains before stem-cell based therapy is widely used.
ES cells have the most capacity to differentiate into a variety of cells and their proliferation capacity is also unsurpassed by any other cell type. There are three major problems with ES cells; ethical issues, immunological rejection problems and the potential of developing teratomas.
In the future, ideally, somatic stem cells from the patient will be extracted and manipulated and then reintroduced into the same patient to cure debilitating diseases.
If the cell is able to form all cell types of the embryo & adult (Fertilized egg cell) Totipotent stem cell
Stem cell able to differentiate into all 3 germ layers Pluripotent stem cell (Embryonic stem cell)
Multipotent stem cell Differentiate to form cells of some but not all 3 germ layers (Bone, cartilage, connective tissue)
Unipotent stem cell Able to form just one other cell type (Spermatogonia)
Embryos created in vitro fertilization
Aborted embryos
Limited tissues (bone marrow, muscle, brain)
Discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury or disease
Placental cord
Baby teeth
Diabetes patients lose the function of their insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas
Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in cell cultures and stimulate to form insulin-producing cells , that can be transplanted into the patients
Pancreas is digested with collagenase that frees islets from surrounding cells
Centrifugation of isolates containing mainly alpha and beta cells, purified islets beta cells
Transplanted through a catheter into the liver where they become permanently established Caused when key brain cells that produce message carrying chemical/neurotransmitter (dopamine) die off.
Symptoms start with the patients trembling and can end up paralyzed
Harvesting of stem cells from patients bone marrow, foetus or any other source
Culturing of harvested stem cells in lab conditions - to get high concentrations of stem cells
Then purified and high concentration of stem cells are surgically injected in the brain of patient.
Dr. Steenblock treats patients suffering from Macular Degeneration using Stem Cell Treatments. Contact his office today at 1-800-300-1063. Websites:
www.stemcellmd.org
www.strokedoctor.com
www.stemcelltherapies.org
www.cerebralpalsycure.com
www.davidsteenblock.com
www.davidsteenblock.net
Stem cell therapy : A hope to "No Hope Disorders" Diseased Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
This document discusses stem cell therapy and its potential to treat various "no hope disorders". It provides an overview of stem cell sources and types, including adult stem cells from bone marrow, blood, dental pulp and other tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are highlighted as having advantages for therapy due to their plasticity and low risk of rejection. A range of conditions are described as effectively treated with stem cell therapy, including diabetes, neurological disorders, bone/cartilage disorders and liver/kidney diseases. The document promotes an Indian stem cell company that offers various banking and treatment services.
Stem Cell Therapy Clinical Trial at Patients MedicalPatients Medical
Dr. Kamau Kokayi from the New York Stem Cell Treatment Center at Patients Medical gives the latest information on the amazing discoveries and healing capacity of stem cells and details on enrolling in the current clinical trial at NYSCTC.
The document discusses stem cells and their potential medical applications. It defines two main types of stem cells - tissue-specific stem cells which are multipotent and can only form certain cell types, and pluripotent stem cells (embryonic and induced pluripotent) which can form any cell type. Tissue-specific stem cells are found throughout the body and already used to treat conditions like leukemia. Pluripotent stem cells have greater potential but also more challenges, as embryonic stem cells require embryo destruction and induced pluripotent stem cells are difficult to create reliably. Overall stem cells may help develop more individualized regenerative and personalized medical treatments.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research including different types of stem cells, their potential medical applications, and the processes of embryonic stem cell derivation and therapeutic cloning. It discusses embryonic stem cells' ability to differentiate into any cell type compared to adult stem cells' more limited potential. Current research aims to develop stem cell therapies for conditions like diabetes, spinal cord injury, and heart disease. However, significant challenges remain regarding controlling stem cell behavior and ensuring therapies are long-lasting without tumor formation.
What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
The document discusses different types of stem cells including adult stem cells, fetal stem cells, and embryonic stem cells. It notes that adult stem cell research has had 74 clinical successes in treating various diseases and conditions, while embryonic stem cell research has had no successes and risks tumor formation. The document raises ethical issues with extracting stem cells from embryos and fetuses as it requires their destruction. It concludes that adult stem cells are a promising research area that avoids ethical issues.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into many different cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells found in embryos, and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cell therapies work by isolating healthy stem cells and transplanting them into damaged areas where they develop into replacement cells and tissues. Some applications discussed include using cord blood stem cells to treat leukemia, dermal papilla stem cells to treat baldness, and dental pulp stem cells to regenerate teeth. However, the use of embryonic stem cells raises some ethical issues.
This document provides an overview of stem cells, including their definition, history, characteristics, types, potency, treatments, and research. It discusses embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent cells derived from blastocysts, and adult stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow. The document also outlines the importance of stem cell research for developing new medical treatments, testing drugs, and studying development, while acknowledging the ethical controversies around embryonic stem cell derivation and challenges with stem cell therapies.
Stem Cell Therapy: The Future is Here! Find Out About the Clinical Trial and ...Patients Medical
Dr. Kamau Kokayi, Director of New York Stem Cell Treatment Center at Patients Medical presents research on how stem cell therapy has helped patients already.
Stem cell therapy involves using stem cells to treat diseases. There are two main types of stem cells: adult stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow, and embryonic stem cells from early-stage embryos. Stem cell therapy has been used to treat conditions like spinal cord injuries, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, cancer, baldness, and more. Clinical trials are underway but some ethical issues surround the use of embryonic stem cells if human embryos are destroyed in the process.
INTRODUCTION TO STEM CELL BIOLOGY DEFINITION CLASSIFICATION AND SOURCES OF ST...Anantha Kumar
This document discusses stem cell biology, defining stem cells as unspecialized cells capable of becoming specialized cells. It classifies stem cells into four broad types: embryonic, fetal, umbilical cord, and adult stem cells. For each type, sources and examples are provided. Adult stem cells can be found in bone marrow, skin, brain, liver, and other tissues, where they aid in regeneration and repair.
For better view, press F5.
As we go through our lives each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare.
Scientist's are constantly researching to make medical care treatment more personalized.
One way they are doing this is by-
Stem Cells therapy
Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
It is also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives.
It is the next chapter of organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.
What are Stem cells?
Stem cells are called “master cells”
Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated.
What are Stem cells?
Steam cells have the potential to become all other kinds of cells in our body.
What are Stem cells?
Types of Stem cells
How stem cell therapy works?
Disease cured by stem cell therapy.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Stem cell treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 1 & 2
Stem cell treatment of Stroke
Cancer treatment
Heart damage
Baldness
Tooth implanting
Deafness and blindness
Have stem cells already been used to treat diseases?
Ethical Consideration of Stem Cell Therapy
As the research method mainly focused on Embryonic Stem Cells, which involves taking tissue from an aborted embryo to get proper material to study. This is typically done just days after conception or between the 5th and 9th week.
Since then, researchers have moved on to more ethical study methods, such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS). iPS is artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, such as adult somatic cells.
Nowadays stem cell treatment has been spreaded throughout the world. It has also been grown commercially in developed countries.
It is thought that one day it may be the major key to treat various diseases.
Using stem cells to conduct medical research and treat disease is acceptable?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Do you approve of the extraction of stem cells from human embryos for medical research?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and their potency to differentiate. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells to treat diseases by promoting tissue regeneration when stem cells differentiate into the target tissue upon transplantation. While stem cell therapy holds promise, ethical issues surround the use of embryonic stem cells and challenges remain in obtaining cells and ensuring successful transplantation and treatment of diseases.
This document provides a timeline of major developments in stem cell research from 1950 to 2013. Some key events include:
- In the 1950s, the first bone marrow transplants were performed in humans and between identical twins, demonstrating that bone marrow could reconstitute the hematopoietic system.
- In the 1960s, scientists showed that stem cells can self-renew and differentiate, and developed assays to study hematopoietic stem cells.
- In the 1970s-1980s, techniques were developed to isolate and culture hematopoietic stem cells from mice and study hematopoiesis in vitro.
- In the 1990s-2000s, embryonic stem cells were derived from non-human
presentation on battles over human embryos and stem cell research ......For any doubts in presentation contact
Gandhi Manikandan
https://www.facebook.com/gandhi.manikandan.39
or email gk.manikandan1996313@gmail.com
My first ppt with so much effort - hope u like it n many are pictures without explanation u can use the link in few slides for additional information
Thank you.
Stem cells can be obtained from embryos or adults. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type, while adult stem cells are multipotent and limited to certain lineages. Stem cell research offers promise for therapies but also ethical concerns. Alternatives to embryonic stem cells are being explored, such as stem cells from unfertilized eggs, dead embryos, or engineered structures. While progress is being made, many challenges remain before stem cell therapies can be directly translated from the laboratory.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells. They have two main properties: self-renewal to maintain their population, and potency to differentiate into other cell types. There are four types of potency - totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, and oligopotent - determining what cells they can become. Stem cells are classified as embryonic, derived from embryos, or adult (somatic), found in adult tissues. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells to treat diseases by replacing damaged cells, such as with bone marrow transplants, and may help treat conditions like diabetes, brain injuries, and heart damage. Immunosuppression may be needed for stem cell treatments if the immune system
history ,definition,type of stem cells , characters of stem cells , source, stem cell banking , indications of stem cell therapy ,applications in gynaecology
Stem cell transplant is a method of replacing immature blood-forming cells in the bone marrow that have been destroyed by drugs, radiation, or disease. Stem cells are injected into the patient and make healthy blood cells. There are two main types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can become any cell type, and adult stem cells which are tissue-specific and multipotent. Stem cells can be collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood for transplant. The two types of stem cell transplant are autologous, using the patient's own stored stem cells, and allogenic, using stem cells from a donor.
This document discusses stem cell niches and their therapeutic applications. It defines a stem cell niche as the microenvironment where stem cells reside, and notes that niches consist of niche cells, stem cells, signals and extracellular matrix that regulate stem cell behavior. Different types of niches are described for blood, cartilage, bone, neural and skin stem cells. The roles of various signaling pathways in maintaining the stem cell niche are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses current and potential future therapeutic applications of stem cells for treating various diseases.
Cloning is the creation of an exact genetic copy of an organism. Dolly the sheep, born in 1996, was the first cloned mammal. Since then, several other species have been cloned including mice, cats, and South Korean scientists cloned human embryos in 2004. However, experiments to clone humans have failed or been deemed impossible by experts. The process of cloning involves removing the nucleus of an egg and replacing it with the nucleus of the cell being cloned. The egg is then stimulated to divide and develop into an embryo. The embryo can then be implanted into a surrogate mother. While cloning may have medical benefits, it also poses serious health and ethical risks that must still be addressed.
Transgenic animals are produced by inserting foreign genes into their genomes using recombinant DNA methodology. This allows for increased growth, improved disease resistance, and other benefits. However, it can also lead to unintended effects if the inserted gene has multiple functions or causes mutations. Common methods to create transgenic animals include embryonic stem cell methods, pronuclear injection, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples include transgenic mice, cows, fish, sheep, and monkeys.
What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
The document discusses different types of stem cells including adult stem cells, fetal stem cells, and embryonic stem cells. It notes that adult stem cell research has had 74 clinical successes in treating various diseases and conditions, while embryonic stem cell research has had no successes and risks tumor formation. The document raises ethical issues with extracting stem cells from embryos and fetuses as it requires their destruction. It concludes that adult stem cells are a promising research area that avoids ethical issues.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into many different cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells found in embryos, and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cell therapies work by isolating healthy stem cells and transplanting them into damaged areas where they develop into replacement cells and tissues. Some applications discussed include using cord blood stem cells to treat leukemia, dermal papilla stem cells to treat baldness, and dental pulp stem cells to regenerate teeth. However, the use of embryonic stem cells raises some ethical issues.
This document provides an overview of stem cells, including their definition, history, characteristics, types, potency, treatments, and research. It discusses embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent cells derived from blastocysts, and adult stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow. The document also outlines the importance of stem cell research for developing new medical treatments, testing drugs, and studying development, while acknowledging the ethical controversies around embryonic stem cell derivation and challenges with stem cell therapies.
Stem Cell Therapy: The Future is Here! Find Out About the Clinical Trial and ...Patients Medical
Dr. Kamau Kokayi, Director of New York Stem Cell Treatment Center at Patients Medical presents research on how stem cell therapy has helped patients already.
Stem cell therapy involves using stem cells to treat diseases. There are two main types of stem cells: adult stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow, and embryonic stem cells from early-stage embryos. Stem cell therapy has been used to treat conditions like spinal cord injuries, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, cancer, baldness, and more. Clinical trials are underway but some ethical issues surround the use of embryonic stem cells if human embryos are destroyed in the process.
INTRODUCTION TO STEM CELL BIOLOGY DEFINITION CLASSIFICATION AND SOURCES OF ST...Anantha Kumar
This document discusses stem cell biology, defining stem cells as unspecialized cells capable of becoming specialized cells. It classifies stem cells into four broad types: embryonic, fetal, umbilical cord, and adult stem cells. For each type, sources and examples are provided. Adult stem cells can be found in bone marrow, skin, brain, liver, and other tissues, where they aid in regeneration and repair.
For better view, press F5.
As we go through our lives each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare.
Scientist's are constantly researching to make medical care treatment more personalized.
One way they are doing this is by-
Stem Cells therapy
Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
It is also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives.
It is the next chapter of organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.
What are Stem cells?
Stem cells are called “master cells”
Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated.
What are Stem cells?
Steam cells have the potential to become all other kinds of cells in our body.
What are Stem cells?
Types of Stem cells
How stem cell therapy works?
Disease cured by stem cell therapy.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Stem cell treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 1 & 2
Stem cell treatment of Stroke
Cancer treatment
Heart damage
Baldness
Tooth implanting
Deafness and blindness
Have stem cells already been used to treat diseases?
Ethical Consideration of Stem Cell Therapy
As the research method mainly focused on Embryonic Stem Cells, which involves taking tissue from an aborted embryo to get proper material to study. This is typically done just days after conception or between the 5th and 9th week.
Since then, researchers have moved on to more ethical study methods, such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS). iPS is artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, such as adult somatic cells.
Nowadays stem cell treatment has been spreaded throughout the world. It has also been grown commercially in developed countries.
It is thought that one day it may be the major key to treat various diseases.
Using stem cells to conduct medical research and treat disease is acceptable?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Do you approve of the extraction of stem cells from human embryos for medical research?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and their potency to differentiate. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells to treat diseases by promoting tissue regeneration when stem cells differentiate into the target tissue upon transplantation. While stem cell therapy holds promise, ethical issues surround the use of embryonic stem cells and challenges remain in obtaining cells and ensuring successful transplantation and treatment of diseases.
This document provides a timeline of major developments in stem cell research from 1950 to 2013. Some key events include:
- In the 1950s, the first bone marrow transplants were performed in humans and between identical twins, demonstrating that bone marrow could reconstitute the hematopoietic system.
- In the 1960s, scientists showed that stem cells can self-renew and differentiate, and developed assays to study hematopoietic stem cells.
- In the 1970s-1980s, techniques were developed to isolate and culture hematopoietic stem cells from mice and study hematopoiesis in vitro.
- In the 1990s-2000s, embryonic stem cells were derived from non-human
presentation on battles over human embryos and stem cell research ......For any doubts in presentation contact
Gandhi Manikandan
https://www.facebook.com/gandhi.manikandan.39
or email gk.manikandan1996313@gmail.com
My first ppt with so much effort - hope u like it n many are pictures without explanation u can use the link in few slides for additional information
Thank you.
Stem cells can be obtained from embryos or adults. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type, while adult stem cells are multipotent and limited to certain lineages. Stem cell research offers promise for therapies but also ethical concerns. Alternatives to embryonic stem cells are being explored, such as stem cells from unfertilized eggs, dead embryos, or engineered structures. While progress is being made, many challenges remain before stem cell therapies can be directly translated from the laboratory.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells. They have two main properties: self-renewal to maintain their population, and potency to differentiate into other cell types. There are four types of potency - totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, and oligopotent - determining what cells they can become. Stem cells are classified as embryonic, derived from embryos, or adult (somatic), found in adult tissues. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells to treat diseases by replacing damaged cells, such as with bone marrow transplants, and may help treat conditions like diabetes, brain injuries, and heart damage. Immunosuppression may be needed for stem cell treatments if the immune system
history ,definition,type of stem cells , characters of stem cells , source, stem cell banking , indications of stem cell therapy ,applications in gynaecology
Stem cell transplant is a method of replacing immature blood-forming cells in the bone marrow that have been destroyed by drugs, radiation, or disease. Stem cells are injected into the patient and make healthy blood cells. There are two main types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can become any cell type, and adult stem cells which are tissue-specific and multipotent. Stem cells can be collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood for transplant. The two types of stem cell transplant are autologous, using the patient's own stored stem cells, and allogenic, using stem cells from a donor.
This document discusses stem cell niches and their therapeutic applications. It defines a stem cell niche as the microenvironment where stem cells reside, and notes that niches consist of niche cells, stem cells, signals and extracellular matrix that regulate stem cell behavior. Different types of niches are described for blood, cartilage, bone, neural and skin stem cells. The roles of various signaling pathways in maintaining the stem cell niche are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses current and potential future therapeutic applications of stem cells for treating various diseases.
Cloning is the creation of an exact genetic copy of an organism. Dolly the sheep, born in 1996, was the first cloned mammal. Since then, several other species have been cloned including mice, cats, and South Korean scientists cloned human embryos in 2004. However, experiments to clone humans have failed or been deemed impossible by experts. The process of cloning involves removing the nucleus of an egg and replacing it with the nucleus of the cell being cloned. The egg is then stimulated to divide and develop into an embryo. The embryo can then be implanted into a surrogate mother. While cloning may have medical benefits, it also poses serious health and ethical risks that must still be addressed.
Transgenic animals are produced by inserting foreign genes into their genomes using recombinant DNA methodology. This allows for increased growth, improved disease resistance, and other benefits. However, it can also lead to unintended effects if the inserted gene has multiple functions or causes mutations. Common methods to create transgenic animals include embryonic stem cell methods, pronuclear injection, and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Examples include transgenic mice, cows, fish, sheep, and monkeys.
This document promotes a multi-level marketing (MLM) business opportunity, outlining a four-step plan to achieve success. It claims MLM is the best business option for this age and that the presented program has been proven successful. The four steps involve becoming a marketing member, sponsoring four friends, maintaining product purchases, and sponsoring more distributors to achieve different manager levels and bonuses ranging from RM30 to RM4,513 per month. Readers are encouraged to leverage the system and duplication to achieve success with minimal time and financial investment required.
AFA XtransCell | BigHill | Gaya Hidup Sihat | Stem Cell SemulajadiAFA XtranssCeLL
Revolusi kesihatan abad ini Aphanizomenon Flos Aquae (AFA) rumpair biru hijau yang merangsang sistem imun, meningkatkan IQ otak & melindungi daripada penyakit secara semulajadi. Xtransscell dari Bighill mampu membantu mengatasi masalah kesihatan sambil boleh menjana pendapatan sampingan RM500 - RM5000 sehari secara online.
This document discusses the production of transgenic farm animals. It begins by introducing transgenic technology which involves introducing foreign DNA into an animal using recombinant DNA methods. It then describes extracting the desired gene using PCR and discusses several methods for creating transgenic animals, including retroviral vectors, sperm-mediated gene transfer, microinjection, and embryonic stem cells. Potential applications are improved biomass, disease resistance, recombinant vaccines, and livestock pharming. Examples of transgenic animals produced include sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, fish, and chickens.
A transgenic animal is one that has had part of another species' genome transferred into its own through genetic engineering techniques. One common transgenic animal is mice. To create a transgenic mouse, scientists typically microinject a transgene into fertilized mouse eggs which are then implanted into a foster mother mouse. The offspring are tested for the presence of the transgene. Transgenic mice are useful for studying diseases and testing toxicants. While they aid research, some have ethical concerns about transgenic animal welfare and environmental impacts if genetically modified animals escape.
Transgenic animals are animals whose genomes have been altered by the addition of foreign DNA. There are three main methods for creating transgenic animals: retroviral vector method, DNA microinjection, and using engineered embryonic stem cells. Many transgenic animals have been created successfully for various purposes, including glowing zebrafish, faster growing salmon, Alzheimer's disease mouse models, and the first transgenic monkey. Transgenic technology holds promise for applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns and biosafety issues.
Stem cells have two key properties: differentiation and self-renewal. They can proliferate indefinitely and give rise to specialized cell types. Plant stem cells, including embryonic and adult cells, exhibit totipotency and can regenerate a whole plant. Stem cells are found in plant shoot and root apical meristems. Signals from surrounding cells maintain stem cells in an undifferentiated state. Plant stem cells can be used to stimulate human stem cell growth, increase longevity, and protect against environmental damage and aging. Alpine rose contains compounds that support the skin barrier through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
The document discusses induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are derived from adult somatic cells that are reprogrammed by introducing genes associated with pluripotency. iPSCs were first generated in 2006 and resemble embryonic stem cells. They can be produced from a person's own cells and have potential applications in disease modeling, drug development, and regenerative medicine without ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cells.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can help treat many medical conditions. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can form nearly every cell type, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and usually form a limited number of cell types. Recent research has shown that mature cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells through nuclear transfer or the introduction of specific factors. This opens up new possibilities for regenerative medicine and treating diseases.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
The document discusses genetic engineering, stem cells, and cloning. It defines genetic engineering as the manipulation of an organism's DNA to produce desired traits, but notes it is an imprecise technology. Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into other cell types and have potential medical applications, but their use is controversial. Cloning produces genetically identical organisms and there are three main types, but cloning techniques remain risky and result in many failed pregnancies or deformities in animals.
The ISSCR is an independent, nonprofit organization providin.docxoreo10
The ISSCR is an independent, nonprofit
organization providing a global forum for
stem cell research and regenerative medicine.
Stem Cell
Facts
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are the foundation cells for every organ and
tissue in our bodies. The highly specialized cells that make
up these tissues originally came from an initial pool of stem
cells formed shortly after fertilization. Throughout our lives,
we continue to rely on stem cells to replace injured tissues
and cells that are lost every day, such as those in our skin,
hair, blood and the lining of our gut. Stem cells have two
key properties: 1) the ability to self-renew, dividing in a
way that makes copies of themselves, and 2) the ability to
differentiate, giving rise to the mature types of cells that
make up our organs and tissues.
Tissue-specific stem cells
Tissue-specific stem cells, which are sometimes referred to
as “adult” or “somatic” stem cells, are already somewhat
specialized and can produce some or all of the mature
cell types found within the particular tissue or organ in
which they reside. Because of their ability to generate
multiple, organ-specific, cell types, they are described as
“multipotent.” For example, stem cells found within the
adult brain are capable of making neurons and two types of
glial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Tissue-specific stem cells have been found in several organs
that need to continuously replenish themselves, such as the
blood, skin and gut and have even been found in other, less
regenerative, organs such as the brain. These types of stem
cells represent a very small population and are often buried
deep within a given tissue, making them difficult to identify,
isolate and grow in a laboratory setting.
Neuron – Dr. Gerry Shaw, EnCor Biotechnology Inc.
Astrocyte – Abcam Inc.
Oligodendrocyte – Dhaunchak and Nave (2007).
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:17813-8
www.isscr.org
Embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells have been derived from a variety
of species, including humans, and are described as
“pluripotent,” meaning that they can generate all the
different types of cells in the body. Embryonic stem cells
can be obtained from the blastocyst, a very early stage
of development that consists of a mostly hollow ball of
approximately 150-200 cells and is barely visible to the
naked eye. At this stage, there are no organs, not even
blood, just an “inner cell mass” from which embryonic stem
cells can be obtained. Human embryonic stem cells are
derived primarily from blastocysts that were created by
in vitro fertilization (IVF) for assisted reproduction but
were no longer needed.
The fertilized egg and the cells that immediately arise in the
first few divisions are “totipotent.” This means that, under
the right conditions, they can generate a viable embryo
(including support tissues such as the placenta). Within a
matter of days, however, these cells transition to become
pluripote ...
Stem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organismsytgyuy
Stem cells can divide and differentiate into other cell types and also self-renew. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. In adults, stem cells act as a repair system and in embryos can differentiate into all cell types. There are three sources of autologous adult stem cells - bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood. Embryonic stem cells are controversial because deriving them requires destroying the embryo. Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from adult cells may eliminate this issue but more research is needed. The ethics of stem cell research centers around the moral status of embryos and whether the potential medical benefits outweigh this.
Stem cells have the ability to divide and differentiate into different cell types, making them useful for research and medical therapies. There are ethical issues surrounding stem cell research, depending on the source of stem cells. Stem cells can be obtained from embryos, umbilical cord blood, and adult tissues, with differing properties and therapeutic potential. While stem cell therapies may help treat currently incurable diseases, the use of embryonic stem cells is controversial due to arguments that the embryo represents nascent human life. The benefits of therapies must be weighed against any risks.
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research, including:
- Key discoveries and events in stem cell research history from 1998-2010.
- Different types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent, and hematopoietic stem cells found in umbilical cord blood.
- Potential uses and ethical debates around embryonic stem cell research.
This document provides an overview of stem cell research including:
1) A chronological history of major stem cell discoveries from 1959 to present.
2) Explanations of different types of stem cells and their properties of self-renewal and ability to differentiate.
3) Potential uses of stem cells including research, toxicology screening, cell therapy, and drug delivery.
4) Discussion of ethics, guidelines, and current status of stem cell research in India.
This document discusses stem cells, providing a historical background of stem cell discoveries from 1908 to present. It defines stem cells and categorizes them into embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Various sources of adult stem cells are described, including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and different dental tissue-derived stem cells like dental pulp stem cells, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, and dental follicle stem cells. Studies on the potential of these stem cells for periodontal regeneration are summarized.
The document discusses embryonic stem cells, including their origin from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, their potential medical applications in treating conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, and the ethical issues surrounding their research and use. It provides background on stem cells and how they were first isolated by Dr. James Thomson in 1998 from human embryos. While adult stem cells are limited, embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type and may offer more potential for cell-based therapies and drug testing.
This document discusses stem cells, including their types and uses. It describes embryonic stem cells, which come from a 4-5 day embryo and are pluripotent, as well as adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells and have potential applications in regenerative medicine and treating diseases. However, embryonic stem cell research is controversial due to ethical concerns around destroying embryos. Alternative stem cell sources are being explored that do not require embryos.
The document discusses different types of stem cells, their properties and potential uses. It explains that stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of dividing and renewing themselves that can differentiate into specialized cells. The document also outlines a study where high-dose immunosuppression followed by stem cell transplantation helped patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes achieve prolonged insulin independence in most cases.
The document discusses different types of stem cells, their properties and potential uses. It explains that stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of dividing and renewing themselves that can differentiate into specialized cells. The document also outlines a study where high-dose immunosuppression followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation helped patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes to reduce or stop insulin use.
Potential Therapeutic Application Of Stem CellStefanus Nofa
Potential therapeutic applications of stem cells include treating many diseases. Stem cells can differentiate into other cell types and can self-renew. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into all germ layers but have ethical issues. Adult stem cells are multipotent and are found in tissues but are limited in differentiation. Stem cell therapies show promise for diseases like Parkinson's, diabetes, and heart disease. Challenges include controlling differentiation and reducing tumor risks. The stem cell market is growing rapidly with applications in regenerative medicine and drug development.
Martin Pera stem cells and the future of medicineigorod
This document discusses stem cell research and regenerative medicine. It begins by defining regenerative medicine and stem cells. It describes different types of stem cells including tissue stem cells and embryonic stem cells. It discusses some clinical uses of tissue stem cells and limitations. It then covers the discovery of human embryonic stem cells in 1998 and their potential uses and challenges. The rest of the document discusses various stem cell research projects at USC including using stem cells to study disease, induced pluripotent stem cells, and stem cell-based therapies for conditions like macular degeneration and HIV/AIDS.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and can self-renew. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. Stem cells show promise for treating various diseases due to their ability to regenerate tissues. However, their clinical use is still limited due to risks of tumor formation and ethical issues around embryonic stem cells.
Stem cells are cells that can develop into different types of cells in the body. They have the potential to repair damaged tissues and cells. The history of stem cell research began in the 1970s with bone marrow transplants. Present research focuses on umbilical cord stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Potential applications include regenerative medicine, drug development, and treatments for conditions like cancer, diabetes, and arthritis. Challenges include ethical issues surrounding embryo use and the need for more research to understand mechanisms fully.
This document discusses the history and science of stem cell research. It describes how stem cells were first extracted from human embryos in 1998 and outlines key events in stem cell research funding. It explains the different types of stem cells - totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent - and their abilities. While stem cells show promise for treating diseases, the document also outlines remaining challenges for stem cell research, including fully differentiating stem cells and controlling their development and proliferation after transplantation.
STEM CELLS ARE THE UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS LATER THEIR DIFFERENTIATION TAKES PLACE WHICH LET THEM TO CONVERT INTO SPECIALIZED CELLS CALLED AS STEM CELLS.
Stem-cell therapy in medicine–how far we came and what we can expect?Apollo Hospitals
The name ‘stem-cell’ is making the news in recent times both for good and not. The current articles tries to give a snap shot of the scientific and clinical picture of stem-cells in medicine as of today and discuss what it have to offer in the to the mankind. The article discusses the characters and types of stem-cells, their current indication in therapeutics (both established and upcoming), as well as their use in research. It also gives a brief overview of the current laws guiding its use in clinical practice and the various cultural beliefs associated with the use of same.
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
3. Stem Cell –
Definition
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 20123
A cell that has the ability to continuously divide
and differentiate (develop) into various other
kind(s) of cells/tissues
4. Introduction
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 20124
Can we vs. should we
Dramatic advances of modern molecular
genetics
Should we ask the morality questions before
attempting the “can we” questions?
5. Stem Cell/Cloning
Topics
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 20125
What are stem cells?
History of stem cell/cloning research
Possible uses of the technology
Current status/knowledge
Questions and known problems
Legal considerations
Politics
Moral considerations
6. Kinds of Stem Cells
Stem cell
type Description Examples
Totipotent
Each cell can develop
into a new individual
Cells from early
(1-3 days)
embryos
Pluripotent
Cells can form any
(over 200) cell types
Some cells of
blastocyst (5 to
14 days)
Multipotent
Cells differentiated,
but can form a number
of other tissues
Fetal tissue, cord
blood, and adult
stem cells
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 20126
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
7. Stem Cell/Cloning Topics
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 20127
What are stem cells?
History of stem cell/cloning research
Possible uses of the technology
Current status/knowledge
Questions and known problems
Legal considerations
Politics
Moral considerations
8. Kinds of Stem Cells
Stem cell
type Description Examples
Totipotent
Each cell can develop
into a new individual
Cells from early
(1-3 days)
embryos
Pluripotent
Cells can form any
(over 200) cell types
Some cells of
blastocyst (5 to
14 days)
Multipotent
Cells differentiated, but
can form a number of
other tissues
Fetal tissue, cord
blood, and adult
stem cells
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 20128
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
9. Stages of Embryogenesis
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 20129
Day 1
Fertilized egg
Day 2
2-cell embryo
Day 3-4
Multi-cell embryo
Day 5-6
BlastocystDay 11-14
Tissue Differentiation
10. Derivation and Use of Embryonic
Stem Cell Lines
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201210
Isolate inner cell mass
(destroys embryo)
Heart muscleKidney
Liver
“Special sauce”
(largely unknown)
Day 5-6
Blastocyst
Inner cells
(forms fetus)
Outer cells
(forms placenta)
Heart
repaired
Culture cells
12. Possible Uses of Stem Cell
Technology
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201212
Replaceable tissues/organs
Repair of defective cell types
Delivery of genetic therapies
Delivery chemotherapeutic agents
13. Early Successes – Adult Stem
Cells
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201213
Human mesenchymal stem cells turned on genes
found in bone, cartilage, adipose, muscle,
hematopoiesis-supporting stromal, endothelial,
and neuronal cells.
Multipotent adult progenitor cells have been
shown to differentiate into functional,
hepatocyte-like cells.
14. Early Successes – Adult Stem
Cells
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201214
Human neural stem cells can migrate extensively
in the brain after injection.
Adult stem cells have been isolated from
amniotic fluid, peripheral blood, umbilical cord
blood, umbilical cord, brain tissue, muscle, liver,
pancreas, cornea, salivary gland, skin, tendon,
heart, cartilage, thymus, dental pulp, and adipose
tissue.
15. Early Successes – Human
Cloning
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201215
2001 – First cloned human embryos (only to six cell stage)
created by Advanced Cell Technology (USA)
2004* – Claim of first human cloned blastocyst created and a
cell line established (Korea) – later proved to be fraudulent
*Hwang, W.S., et al. 2004. Evidence of a Pluripotent Human
Embryonic Stem Cell Line Derived from a Cloned Blastocyst. Science
303: 1669-1674.
16. Cloned Embryonic Stem Cells –
Advantages/Problems
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201216
Advantages
No rejection
“Prefect match”
Problems
Only 10% of cloned oocytes became embryos
0% (0 out of 2061) survived to become a cell line
Genetic donor was same as egg donor (i.e., won’t
work for males!)
Cost is high (health insurance probably won't pay)
17. Challenges to Stem Cell/Cloning
Research
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201217
Stem cells need to be differentiated to the appropriate
cell type(s) before they can be used clinically.
Recently, abnormalities in chromosome number and
structure were found in three human ESC lines.
18. Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201218
Stem cell development or proliferation must
be controlled once placed into patients.
Possibility of rejection of stem cell
transplants as foreign tissues is very high.
19. Challenges to Stem Cell/Cloning
Research
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201219
Contamination by viruses, bacteria, fungi,
and Mycoplasma possible.
The use of mouse “feeder” cells to grow
ESC could result in problems due to
xenotransplantation (complicating FDA
requirements for clinical use).
20. At Conception, It Is Only a Single
Cell
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201220
Claim:
Fertilized eggs are single cells, like blood cells or other parts
of the body
Rebuttal:
This single cell is unique from both the father’s and mother’s
cells and is the beginning of every new human being
21. Only a Small Percentage of
Embryos Implant
08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201221
Claim:
Embryos are only potential life. Most do not result in
births
Rebuttal:
25-33% of women become pregnant in the first month
33% of implanted embryos die before birth
There are countries in which over 25% of children die
before age 5. Should we allow killing of children?
22. Unexpected Phenotypes
Phenotype more severe than expected:
- Early lethal
- Lack of inductive signals
Phenotype less severe than expected:
- Incomplete gene disruption
- Genetic redundancy
- Functional redundancy (compensation)
08/31/1322 STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 2012
23. Applied research - DNA
Applied research arising out
of the discovery of DNA
includes disease diagnosis,
drug development, gene
therapy and, more recently,
genetically-modified
organisms
08/31/1323 STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 2012
28. Transgenic Animals and
Products
Mice- transgenetic mice have been used in
several ways.
One of the best known is to produce human
antibodies.
Cattle- are used to control disease such as
mastitis in dairy cows.
08/31/1328 STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 2012
29. Methods of creating
transgenetic animals
Step One- collect embryos
With proper stimulation far more
embryos can be obtained than would be
the natural result of the reproductive
process.
08/31/1329 STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 2012
30. Methods of creating
transgenetic animals
Step Two- Inject embyros.
A pro nucleus is the haploid nucleus of
the sperm or ovum that have united in
fertilization to form a zygote.
08/31/1330 STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 2012
31. Embryo Transfer
Embryo transfer is the harvesting
of fertilized ova from a donor and
implanting them into a recipient.
The harvested embyros are
transferred to a recipient.
08/31/1331 STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 2012
32. Clone Birth Defects
• Cloned offspring often suffer from large offspring syndrome,
where the clone and the placenta that nourished it are
unusually large.
• Cloned offspring often have serious inexplicable respiratory
or circulatory problems, which causes them to die soon after
birth.
• Clones tend to have weakened immune systems and
sometimes suffer from total immune system failure.
• Very few clones actually survive to adulthood.
08/31/1332 STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 2012
33. 08/31/13STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 201233
Clones appear to age faster than
normal.
Clones experience problems
associated with old age, such as
arthritis, while they are still young.
This may be due to the fact that clones
have shorter telomeres
34. Transgenic Animals:
Animal biotechnology is the field to engineer
transgenic animals, i.e., animals that carry genes
from other species.
The technology has already produced transgenic
animals such as mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep,
and cows.
08/31/1334 STEM CELLS -PROF PRATIWI 2012
35. Transgenic Animals
Definition:
An organism (typically a mouse) that is
engineered to carry a foreign gene, or
transgene of choicem as part of its own
genetic material.
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36. Transgenic Animals
Purpose:
These animals are very useful for
delineating the function of newly
discovered genes as well as for
producing useful proteins in large
animals.
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37. Transgenic Animals
In some of the eggs, the genetic material
integrates at a random site on a
chromosome and so becomes part of the
mouse cell's genetic material the animal
resulting from that egg will therefore
carry that gene and so is referred to as a
"transgenic animal".
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38. What is a transgenic animal?
A transgenic animal is one whose genome has
been changed to carry genes from other
species.
For example, an embryo can have an extra,
functioning gene from another source artificially
introduced into it, or a gene introduced which can
knock out the functioning of another particular gene in
the embryo.
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39. Transgenic Animals
Animals that have their DNA
manipulated in this way are known as
transgenic animals.
Transgenic animals are useful as disease
models and producers of substances for
human welfare.
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40. Why are these animals being
produced?
Some transgenic animals are produced for
specific economic traits.
E.g., transgenic cattle were created to produce
milk containing particular human proteins,
which may help in the treatment of human
emphysema.
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41. How are transgenic animals
produced?
DNA microinjection
Introducing the transgene DNA directly into the zygote at
an early stage of development.
No vector required.
Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer:
Infecting mouse embryo with a retrovirus which carry the
new gene.
Using virus as a vector .
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42. Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer
The blastocyst (inner layer of a fertilized egg) is
harvested and mixed with recombinant DNA and
inserted back in the blastocyst.
Sperm-mediated transfer
Use of “Linker protein" to attach DNA to sperm which
transfer the new DNA during fertilization.
Gene gun
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43. Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene
transfer
This method involves:
Isolation of totipotent stem cells (stem cells that can
develop into any type of specialized cell) from embryos.
The desired gene is inserted into these cells.
Cells containing the desired DNA are incorporated into
the host's embryo.
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44. First Breeding Pair:
Fertile male + superovulated female
Fertile male
Superovulated female = immature female induced to superovulate
Pregnant mare’s serum (=FSH) on day 1
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (=LH) on day 3
Mated on day 3
Fertilized oocytes microinjected on day 4 with foreign DNA
construct.
Microinjected oocytes are transferred to the oviducts of surrogate
mothers at end of day 4.
Procedure for Producing
Transgenic Mice
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45. Second breeding pair:
Sterile male + surrogate mother
Sterile male produced through vasectomy
Surrogate mother must mate to be suitable recipient
of injected eggs
Mated on day 3
Microinjected oocytes from first breeding pair are
transferred to oviducts on day 4
Embryos implant in uterine wall and are born 19 days
later.
Southern blotting techniques confirm presence and
copy number of transgenes.
Procedure for Producing
Transgenic Mice
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46. Third breeding pair:
Foster parents
Fertile male + female mated to give birth on same day surrogate mother
Serves as foster parent if caesarian section is required for surrogate
mother
Procedure for Producing
Transgenic Mice
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48. Totipotent and
pluripotent cells
Totipotent =
meaning that
its potential is total.
pluripotent =
they can give rise
to many types of cells
but not all types of cells
(no fetus developed).
isolated directly
from the inner cell mass
of embryos
at the blastocyst stage.
(IVF-IT surplus embryos
in case of humans)
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49. More about stem cells
Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells
Truly pluripotential More restricted
pattern of differentiation
medical gain without ethical pain
several countries
have sanctioned deriving
human ES-cell lines
from ‘surplus’ embryos
created through
in vitro fertilization
although several human
ES-cell lines have been made,
they will not be immunologically compatible with
most patients
who require cell transplants.
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50. Transgenic mice
The growth hormone gene has been engineered to be expressed
at high levels in animals.
The result: BIG ANIMALS
metallothionein promoter
regulated as heavy metals
Mice fed heavy metals are 2-3 times larger
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51. Studies Utilizing Transgenic Mice
“Pharm” animals
(transgenic livestock)
Bioreactors whose cells have been engineered to synthesize
marketable proteins
DNA constructs contain desired gene and appropriate
regulatory sequences (tissue-specific promoters)
More economical than producing desired proteins in cell
culture
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52. Antifreeze gene promoter
with GH transgene in atlantic salmon
GH gene comes from
larger salmon
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53. Wild and domestic trout respond differently
to overproduction of growth hormone.
So in some cases, GH not effective.
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54. Improving Agricultural Products with
Transgenics
Transgenic technology holds great potential in agriculture,
medicine, and industry
The benefits of these animals to human welfare can be
grouped into areas:
Agriculture
Medicine
Industry
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55. 1. Agricultural Applications
A) Breeding
Traditional cross breeding have been used for
ages to create chickens, cows, pigs etc.
Farmers have always used selective breeding to
produce animals that exhibit desired traits
(e.g., increased milk production, high growth
rate).
Traditional breeding is a time-consuming,
difficult task.
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56. Researchers have now used gene transfer to
improve the productivity of livestock.
Now it is possible to develop traits in animals in a
shorter time and with more precision.
It also offers farmers an easy way to increase
yields.
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57. Scientists can improve the size of livestock
genetically.
Transgenic cows exist that produce more milk or
milk with less lactose or cholesterol.
Transgenic cows have been used to produce milk
which are richer in proteins and lower in fat.
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58. B) Quality
Herman, a transgenic bull carries a human gene
for Lactoferrin (gene responsible for higher iron
content)
Pigs and cattle that have more meat on them.
Sheep that grow more wool.
Eggs can be made healthier with high quality
protein.
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59. C) Disease resistance
Disease-resistant livestock is not a reality just yet.
But there has been improvement in disease
reduction in animals.
The Foot- and- Mouth disease in England in 2000
led to destruction of herds of cattle, sheep and
goat.
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60. Scientists are attempting to produce
disease-resistant animals, such as influenza-
resistant pigs, but a very limited number of
genes are currently known to be
responsible for resistance to diseases in farm
animals.
Transgenic disease protection promises a
long term cost effective method of battling
animal diseases.
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61. 2. Medical Applications
A) Xenotransplantation
Transplant organs may soon come from transgenic
animals.
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62. B) Nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticals
Products such as insulin, growth hormone, and
blood anti-clotting factors may soon be or have
already been obtained from the milk of transgenic
cows, sheep, or goats.
The first transgenic cow (Rosie ) produced human
protein-enriched milk at 2.4 grams per liter.
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63. This transgenic milk is a more nutritionally
balanced product than natural milk and could be
given to babies or the elderly with special
nutritional or digestive needs.
A transgenic cow exists that produces a substance
to help human red cells grow.
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64. C) Human gene therapy
Human gene therapy involves adding a normal
copy of a gene (transgene) to the genome of a
person carrying defective copies of the gene.
Finland produced a calf with a gene that makes
the substance that promotes the growth of red
cells in humans.
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65. 3. Industrial Applications
:
By extracting polymer strands from the milk and weaving
them into thread, the scientists can create a light, tough,
flexible material that could be used in such applications as
military uniforms, medical microsutures, and tennis racket
strings.
Biosteel is an extraordinary new product that may be soon
used in bullet proof vests and in suture silk for stitching
wounds.
Animals have been used as “Bioreactors” to produce
proteins. Genes for desired proteins are introduced via
transgenics to the target cells .
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66. :
The target cells are cloned and several such cells are raised
into adults.
These adults may produce milk or eggs (due to the
presence of introduced gene rich in desired protein).
Toxicity-sensitive transgenic animals have been produced
for chemical safety testing.
Microorganisms have been engineered to produce a wide
variety of proteins, which in turn can produce enzymes
that can speed up industrial chemical reactions.
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67. Transgenic animals have been used to produce
pharmaceutical protein: example a human gene called AT
III has been transferred to goats.
Goats milk contain this protein that prevents blood
clotting (goats multiply faster than cows)
“Hen bioreactor” eggs are used to enrich protein by
recombinant DNA technology.
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68. Transgenic Goats That Produce Valuable
Proteins in Their Milk – “Biorectors”
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69. A Summary of Animal Cloning
Although there has been limited success in
cloning some animals, it's still seen as a viable
technology.
Ever since the announcement of the birth of
Dolly, additional sheep, cows, goats, pigs, and
mice have been cloned.
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70. :
There are still obvious problems as evidenced from
the numerous deaths of cloned animals that occur just
before or after birth.
Cloning is a big first step. Genetic manipulation of
cloned animals is the future direction of the cloning
frontier.
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Stem cells are different from other cells of the body in that they have the ability to differentiate into other cell/tissue types. This ability allows them to replace cells that have died. With this ability, they have been used to replace defective cells/tissues in patients who have certain diseases or defects.
Molecular biology and genetics research has experienced phenomenal gains within the last two decades. Our ability to learn about and alter cells through genetic manipulation has expanded rapidly and will continue to do so at an increasing pace in coming years. However, just because we can do all this advanced science doesn't mean that we should. Curing human diseases is a wonderful goal. However, we should not commit moral evils to accomplish moral good. This presentation examines both the science and morality of using these new scientific tools.
The topics to be covered in this presentation are listed above. First topic: What are stem cells?
Stem cells can be classified into three broad categories, based on their ability to differentiate. Totipotent stem cells are found only in early embryos. Each cell can form a complete organism (e.g., identical twins). Pluripotent stem cells exist in the undifferentiated inner cell mass of the blastocyst and can form any of the over 200 different cell types found in the body. Multipotent stem cells are derived from fetal tissue, cord blood and adult stem cells. Although their ability to differentiate is more limited than pluripotent stem cells, they already have a track record of success in cell-based therapies. Here is a current list of the sources of stem cells: Embryonic stem cells - are harvested from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst seven to ten days after fertilization. Fetal stem cells - are taken from the germline tissues that will make up the gonads of aborted fetuses. Umbilical cord stem cells - Umbilical cord blood contains stem cells similar to those found in bone marrow. Placenta derived stem cells - up to ten times as many stem cells can be harvested from a placenta as from cord blood. Adult stem cells - Many adult tissues contain stem cells that can be isolated.
The topics to be covered in this presentation are listed above. First topic: What are stem cells?
Stem cells can be classified into three broad categories, based on their ability to differentiate. Totipotent stem cells are found only in early embryos. Each cell can form a complete organism (e.g., identical twins). Pluripotent stem cells exist in the undifferentiated inner cell mass of the blastocyst and can form any of the over 200 different cell types found in the body. Multipotent stem cells are derived from fetal tissue, cord blood and adult stem cells. Although their ability to differentiate is more limited than pluripotent stem cells, they already have a track record of success in cell-based therapies. Here is a current list of the sources of stem cells: Embryonic stem cells - are harvested from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst seven to ten days after fertilization. Fetal stem cells - are taken from the germline tissues that will make up the gonads of aborted fetuses. Umbilical cord stem cells - Umbilical cord blood contains stem cells similar to those found in bone marrow. Placenta derived stem cells - up to ten times as many stem cells can be harvested from a placenta as from cord blood. Adult stem cells - Many adult tissues contain stem cells that can be isolated.
The early stages of embryogenesis are the point at which embryonic stem cell lines are derived. The fertilized egg (day 1) undergoes cell division to form a 2-cell embryo, followed by 4-cell, etc. until a ball of cells is formed by the fourth day. The ball becomes hollow, forming the blastocyst. This is the stage at which pluripotent embryonic stem cell lines are generated. Following the blastocyst stage, the tissues of the embryo start to form and the cells become multipotent.
The inner cell mass (the part that would form the fetus) of the embryo is isolated and disrupted to form embryonic cell lines. This process destroys the embryo. Under special culture conditions, the cells of the embryonic lines can be coaxed to form certain kinds of differentiated cell types. In theory, these differentiated cells could be used to repair or replace defective cells or tissues.
Stem cells from bone marrow form a number of cell types of the immune and circulatory system. These stem cells have been used to cure diseases since the 1960's.
In theory, stem cell technology could be used to produce replaceable tissues or organs. Defective tissues/organs could be repaired using healthy cells. It would also be possible to genetically engineer stem cells to accomplish activities that they would not ordinarily be programmed to do. Part of this engineering could involve the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of cancers and tumors.
Adult stem cells have shown great promise in many published studies. These cells have shown the potential to form many different kinds of cell types and tissues, including functional hepatocyte-like (liver) cells. Such cells might be useful in repairing organs ravaged by diseases. References Tremain, N., et al., “MicroSAGE Analysis of 2,353 Expressed Genes in a Single-Cell Derived Colony of Undifferentiated Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reveals mRNAs of Multiple Cell Lineages,” Stem Cells 19: 408-418 (2001). Schwartz, R. E., et al., “Multipotent adult progenitor cells from bone marrow differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 109: 1291-1302 (2002).
Adult neural stem cells have been shown to migrate extensively in the brain of rats following injection. Adult stem cells have been isolated from many different kinds of tissues, although they are present in small numbers. Reference David A. Prentice. 2004. Monitoring Stem Cell Research (www.bioethics.gov) Appendix K. “Adult Stem Cells”
The first human cloned embryos were not produced until 2001, when a private company, Advanced Cell Technology, produced 6-cell embryos. However, the first cloned human blastocyst was not produced until 2004 by a group in Korea. However, subsequently, it was found that much of the information in the publication was fabricated and the paper was officially withdrawn in January, 2006. Also, contrary to the claims in the paper, not hundreds of oocytes, but over 2000 were used, although no cell lines could be established.1 A subsequent publication by Hwang et al. in 2005 was also found to have been fabricated by intentionally submitting duplicate patient samples in place of patient samples and cloned cells. Both papers were withdrawn by the journal Science . More info is available from the Science website. Dennis Normile, Gretchen Vogel and Jennifer Couzin. 2006. South Korean Team's Remaining Human Stem Cell Claim Demolished. Science NOW Daily News.
The use of cloned human embryonic stem cells for cell-based therapies has the advantage of producing tissues with perfect compatibility for the patient. However, there are problems, even with the most successful study done to date. First, only 25% of the cloned oocytes became embryos. This rate is much higher than previous studies, but still requires a number of attempts. Only 5% of those 25% survived to become a cell line. This equates with a 1% success rate. Obviously, harvesting 100 embryos to achieve one success is problematic. In the study, the genetic donor was the same as the egg donor. This method probably increased the success of the cloning, but obviously would not work for males, who have no eggs! In addition the cost of individual cloning therapy would be high, due to the need to develop a cell line for each individual patient.
In order to be used clinically, human embryonic stem cells must be differentiated prior to use in patients. Undifferentiated stem cells could produce tumors and multiply unchecked within a patient, causing more problems than providing appropriate therapy. It is uncertain if conditions can be defined such that all embryonic stem cells differentiate into the correct cell type prior to therapeutic use. Complications caused by undifferentiated cells might not be discovered until years after the first clinical trials are begun. This differentiation problem is acknowledged on the International Society for Stem Cell Research website: "Scientists are still working on developing proper conditions to differentiate embryonic stem cells into specialized cells. As embryonic stem cells grow very fast, scientists must be very careful in fully differentiating them into specialized cells. Otherwise, any remaining embryonic stem cells can grow uncontrolled and form tumors." 1 Recently, three established stem cell lines were shown to exhibit abnormalities in chromosome number and structure. 2, 3 Obviously, stem cell lines must be checked periodically to make sure the cells do not become abnormal during continued culture. The use of abnormal cells in treatment of patients could result in indeterminate complications. References "Frequently Asked Questions." International Society for Stem Cell Research. Draper, J.S., et al., "Recurrent gain of chromosomes 17q and 12 in cultured human embryonic stem cells," Nature Biotechnology December 7, 2003, advance online publication. C. Cowan et al. 2004. Derivation of Embryonic Stem-Cell Lines from Human Blastocysts. New England Journal of Medicine 350: 1353-1356.
Undifferentiated stem cells could produce tumors and multiply unchecked within a patient, causing more problems than providing appropriate therapy. According to a recent article ion the New England Journal of Medicine : "There are still many hurdles to clear before embryonic stem cells can be used therapeutically. For example, because undifferentiated embryonic stem cells can form tumors after transplantation in histocompatible animals, it is important to determine an appropriate state of differentiation before transplantation. Differentiation protocols for many cell types have yet to be established. Targeting the differentiated cells to the appropriate organ and the appropriate part of the organ is also a challenge.” Harvard scientists reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that five out of the 19 mice injected with embryonic stem cells developed tumors and died." 2 Stem cell lines will suffer the same tissue rejection problems as adult transplants. Once differentiated, these cells will express the HLA tissue antigens programmed by their parental DNA. These antigens must match those of the recipient or else tissue rejection will occur. An admission of the problem of immune rejection can be found from The Scientist : "[W]ithin the [embryonic stem cell] research community, realism has overtaken early euphoria as scientists realize the difficulty of harnessing ESCs safely and effectively for clinical applications. After earlier papers in 2000 and 2001 identified some possibilities, research continued to highlight the tasks that lie ahead in steering cell differentiation and avoiding side effects, such as immune rejection and tumorigenesis.” 1 References E. Phimister and J. Drazen. 2004. Two Fillips for Human Embryonic Stem Cells.” New England Journal of Medicine 350: 1351-1352. Bjorklund, L. M., R. Sanchez-Pernaute, et al. 2002 "Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99: 2344-2349. Hunter, Philip. 2003. Differentiating Hope from Embryonic Stem Cells. The Scientist 17: 31.
Like all immortal cell lines, embryonic stem cell lines must be protected and checked for contamination with viruses, bacteria, fungi, and Mycoplasma . The use of infected lines in patient treatment could have devastating effects. Many embryonic stem cell lines are grown using mouse feeder cells. The mouse cells help the embryonic lines to grow, but pose risks for transplantation due to compatibility problems in human bodies. 1 Reference Kennedy, Donald. 2003. Stem Cells: Still Here, Still Waiting. Science 300: 865.
Embryonic stem cell proponents claim that a fertilized egg is just a single cell - like any other cell of the human body and is only "potential life". However, this single cell is alive by any biological definition of life and defines the beginning of each new human being. This single cell is unique from both the father's and mother's cells, so it cannot be defined as just an ordinary cell.
Embryonic stem cell proponents claim that embryos are only "potential life". Most will fail to be born under natural conditions. It is known that one third of implanted embryos die before birth. 1 However, there are third-world countries in which 25% of children under the age of five die. 2 If we base potential life upon early death, then these children could also be considered as only "potential adults." Using this "logic" these children could be sacrificed for research. References Ellison, P. T. 2001. On Fertile Ground . Harvard University Press. Chapter 2 “Surviving the First Cut.” World Development Indicators. 2000. http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/faq/worldbankoninfantmortality.pdf