The document discusses basic vacuum physics and technologies. It defines vacuum as a space containing gas at a pressure below atmospheric pressure. Vacuums are needed to provide clean surfaces and move particles over long distances. Different types of vacuums and vacuum pumps are described, along with their operating pressure ranges and applications in various industries. Key concepts covered include pressure measurements, gas flow regimes, mean free path, conductance, outgassing, and selecting the appropriate pump based on required pressure and volume.
Vacuum is the reduction of air pressure in a container using vacuum pumps. Different types of pumps are used to obtain different levels of vacuum pressure ranging from rough vacuum to ultrahigh vacuum. Rotary pumps are used for rough vacuum between 760 Torr to 10-4 Torr. Diffusion pumps are used for higher vacuums from 10-4 Torr to 10-10 Torr using fluid entrainment. Sputter ion pumps provide ultrahigh vacuum through ionization and trapping of gas atoms without fluids or moving parts. Vacuum is measured using gauges like the Pirani gauge for rough vacuums from 0.5 Torr to 10-3 Torr based on thermal conductivity, or ion
This document provides information about vacuum systems. It begins by defining vacuum and discussing the different levels or classifications of vacuum including rough, high, and ultra-high vacuum. It then explains various vacuum pump technologies used for different pressure ranges like rotary pumps, diffusion pumps, and cryopumps. It also covers vacuum measurement tools known as vacuum gauges and issues like leaks in vacuum systems. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to key concepts and components in vacuum technology.
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) involves depositing a solid material onto a substrate through chemical reactions of vapor phase precursors. CVD systems include precursor supply, heated reactors to decompose precursors, and effluent gas handling. During CVD, precursors are transported to the substrate surface through diffusion and convection, react on the surface, and deposit the solid material as a thin film as gaseous byproducts desorb. CVD is used to deposit a variety of materials and has applications in semiconductors, coatings, and fiber optics.
Types of Nuclear Reactors,BWR,Boiling Water Reactor,PWR,Pressurized Water Reactor,PHWR,Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor,GCR,Gas Cooled Reactor,AGR,Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor,LGR-Light Water Cooled,Graphite Moderated Reactor,nuclear reactor
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a process used to produce high-purity solid materials through chemical reactions of vapor phase precursors on a substrate. Key steps include transport of reactants to the substrate surface, adsorption and decomposition reactions, and removal of byproducts. CVD processes are classified based on operating pressure and can be used to deposit a variety of materials through control of temperature, precursor gases, and other parameters.
Thin film deposition using spray pyrolysisMUHAMMAD AADIL
Spray pyrolysis is a simple and low-cost thin film deposition technique that involves spraying a metal salt solution onto a heated substrate. As the droplets impact and spread on the substrate, thermal decomposition occurs, leaving a film of metal oxides. The substrate temperature is the main parameter that determines the film properties, as it influences processes like precursor decomposition and solvent evaporation. Varying the deposition temperature can control the film morphology and optical/electrical characteristics. The precursor solution composition also affects the film structure, as additives can modify the solution chemistry and change the resulting film morphology.
The document discusses basic vacuum physics and technologies. It defines vacuum as a space containing gas at a pressure below atmospheric pressure. Vacuums are needed to provide clean surfaces and move particles over long distances. Different types of vacuums and vacuum pumps are described, along with their operating pressure ranges and applications in various industries. Key concepts covered include pressure measurements, gas flow regimes, mean free path, conductance, outgassing, and selecting the appropriate pump based on required pressure and volume.
Vacuum is the reduction of air pressure in a container using vacuum pumps. Different types of pumps are used to obtain different levels of vacuum pressure ranging from rough vacuum to ultrahigh vacuum. Rotary pumps are used for rough vacuum between 760 Torr to 10-4 Torr. Diffusion pumps are used for higher vacuums from 10-4 Torr to 10-10 Torr using fluid entrainment. Sputter ion pumps provide ultrahigh vacuum through ionization and trapping of gas atoms without fluids or moving parts. Vacuum is measured using gauges like the Pirani gauge for rough vacuums from 0.5 Torr to 10-3 Torr based on thermal conductivity, or ion
This document provides information about vacuum systems. It begins by defining vacuum and discussing the different levels or classifications of vacuum including rough, high, and ultra-high vacuum. It then explains various vacuum pump technologies used for different pressure ranges like rotary pumps, diffusion pumps, and cryopumps. It also covers vacuum measurement tools known as vacuum gauges and issues like leaks in vacuum systems. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to key concepts and components in vacuum technology.
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) involves depositing a solid material onto a substrate through chemical reactions of vapor phase precursors. CVD systems include precursor supply, heated reactors to decompose precursors, and effluent gas handling. During CVD, precursors are transported to the substrate surface through diffusion and convection, react on the surface, and deposit the solid material as a thin film as gaseous byproducts desorb. CVD is used to deposit a variety of materials and has applications in semiconductors, coatings, and fiber optics.
Types of Nuclear Reactors,BWR,Boiling Water Reactor,PWR,Pressurized Water Reactor,PHWR,Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor,GCR,Gas Cooled Reactor,AGR,Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor,LGR-Light Water Cooled,Graphite Moderated Reactor,nuclear reactor
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a process used to produce high-purity solid materials through chemical reactions of vapor phase precursors on a substrate. Key steps include transport of reactants to the substrate surface, adsorption and decomposition reactions, and removal of byproducts. CVD processes are classified based on operating pressure and can be used to deposit a variety of materials through control of temperature, precursor gases, and other parameters.
Thin film deposition using spray pyrolysisMUHAMMAD AADIL
Spray pyrolysis is a simple and low-cost thin film deposition technique that involves spraying a metal salt solution onto a heated substrate. As the droplets impact and spread on the substrate, thermal decomposition occurs, leaving a film of metal oxides. The substrate temperature is the main parameter that determines the film properties, as it influences processes like precursor decomposition and solvent evaporation. Varying the deposition temperature can control the film morphology and optical/electrical characteristics. The precursor solution composition also affects the film structure, as additives can modify the solution chemistry and change the resulting film morphology.
The document discusses particle accelerators and nuclear physics. It provides definitions of particle accelerators and describes their basic working principle of using electromagnetic fields to accelerate charged particles. It discusses different types of particle accelerators like linear accelerators, cyclotrons, synchrotrons and their components and working. The largest particle accelerators in the world, like the LHC and RHIC, are mentioned. Applications of particle accelerators discussed include uses in medicine, industry, DNA research and treating cancer.
This document provides an overview of vacuum technology. It discusses different types of vacuum including high vacuum and ultra-high vacuum. It describes various vacuum pumps such as diffusion pumps, rotary pumps, turbo pumps, and ion pumps that are used to achieve different pressure ranges. It also discusses vacuum measurement devices like Pirani gauges and Penning gauges. Group members Md. Mohymenul Islam and Shaila Sharmin submitted this document to their professor MD. Didarul Islam Bhuyan on the topics of vacuum technology.
This theory, developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer, states that electrons experience an attractive interaction through the lattice that overcomes their normal repulsive interaction, forming Cooper pairs. At low temperatures, these pairs move without resistance through the lattice, causing the material to become a superconductor. The electron-lattice-electron interaction must be stronger than the direct electron-electron interaction for superconductivity to occur.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
Photoconductivity is defined as the process in which the electrical conductivity of a semiconductor material increases when exposed to light. When light is incident on a semiconductor, valence electrons become excited and move from the valence band to the conduction band, increasing the number of charge carriers and thus the conductivity. Certain crystalline semiconductors like germanium, lead sulfide, and cadmium sulfide exhibit strong photoconductivity. Photoconductive materials are used in applications like X-ray imaging, relay control, switching transistors, and photocopying due to their ability to change conductivity when exposed to light.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to investigate the chemistry at the surface of the samples. The basic mechanism behind an XPS instrument is that the photons of a specific energy are used to excite the electronic states of atoms at and just below the surface of the sample.
There are several areas suited to measurement by XPS:
1. Elemental composition
2. Empirical formula determination
3. Chemical state
4. Electronic state
5. Binding energy
6. Layer thickness in the upper portion of surfaces
XPS has many advantages, such as it is is good for identifying all but two elements, identifying the chemical state on surfaces, and is good with quantitative analysis. XPS is capable of detecting the difference in the chemical state between samples. XPS is also able to differentiate between oxidations states of molecules.
XPS has also some limitations, for instance, samples for XPS must be compatible with the ultra high vacuum environment. XPS is limited to measurements of elements having atomic numbers of 3 or greater, making it unable to detect hydrogen or helium. XPS spectra also take a long time to obtain. The use of a monochromator can also reduce the time per experiment.
Increase the wear resistance of stainless steel through nitriding solutions. The thin film plasma nitriding equipment use vacuum process for modification of surfaces.
The ideal, perfectly regular crystal structures in which atoms are arranged in a regular way does not exist in actual situations. In actual cases, the regular arrangements of atoms disrupted . These disruptions are known as Crystal imperfections or crystal defects
The document discusses various types of nuclear reactions. It defines nuclear reactions as processes where two nuclei or nuclear particles collide and produce different products than the initial particles. It describes several types of nuclear reactions including elastic and inelastic scattering, pickup and stripping reactions, compound nuclear reactions, radioactive capture, and photo disintegration. Elastic scattering involves the projectile and outgoing particles being the same, while inelastic scattering results in a loss of energy and particles scattered in different directions with different energies. Pickup reactions involve a gain of nucleons from the target, and stripping reactions involve one or more nucleons captured from the projectile. The document provides examples of each type of reaction.
The document discusses various types of surface defects that can occur in crystals, including external surfaces, grain boundaries, tilt boundaries, twist boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. External surfaces have unsatisfied atomic bonds and higher surface energy than bulk atoms. Grain boundaries are regions between two adjacent grains that are slightly disordered with low density and high mobility. Tilt boundaries appear as arrays of edge dislocations when grains are misaligned with a parallel rotation axis. Twist boundaries have a perpendicular rotation axis and form as arrays of screw dislocations for low angle grain boundaries. Twin boundaries are mirror images of atomic arrangements across the boundary formed by shear deformation. Stacking faults are imperfections in the stacking sequence of atomic planes in crystals.
This document discusses non-ferrous metal nickel and its alloys. It begins with an introduction to nickel, noting its crystal structure, properties like hardness and ductility, and common uses. It then discusses various nickel alloys including commercially pure nickel, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-chromium alloys, and nickel-base superalloys. Specific alloys in each category like Monel and Inconel are described. Applications of different alloys in areas like turbines, chemicals and batteries are also mentioned. In conclusion, the document provides references used to compile the information presented.
Quantum tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where a particle tunnels through a barrier that it classically could not surmount. Friedrich Hund first used quantum tunnelling to explain molecular spectra in 1927. George Gamow first applied it to calculate alpha decay in 1928. Max Born recognized it as a general result of quantum mechanics. Important applications include scanning tunneling microscopes, tunnel diodes, and the Josephson effect in superconductors. Recent research has explored tunnelling in other systems and potential uses in quantum computing.
cyclotron that accelerate the charge particles prior their bombardment to the target nuclei.
it is developed by E.O.Lawrence & he was awarded by nobel prize in this work. it accelerate the particle from 1MeV to the more than 100 MeV.
it contains the electric & magnetic system to accelerate the charge particles.
electric field acts horizontally & magnetic field act vertically.
particle moves in spiral path and its energy , radius & velocity increases.
after that it moves out of window ( diflactor plate) n hit the target.
n then the nuclear reaction starts.
it is used to treat cancer.
produce positrons emission isotopes for PET imaging.
it do not accelerate the neutrons, electrons & positive charge with higher mass.
The document provides information about scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), including:
- A brief history of the development of SEMs from the 1930s to modern commercial versions.
- An overview of the basic components and working principles of SEMs, such as using an electron beam to scan samples and detect signals to form images.
- Descriptions and diagrams of key parts like the electron gun, electromagnetic lenses, detectors, and vacuum system.
- Explanations of imaging modes and how SEMs can be used for chemical analysis of samples.
- Advantages and limitations of SEM technology.
Silicon carbide is a compound of silicon and carbon with the chemical formula SiC. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral moissanite. Mass production of silicon carbide powder began in 1893 for use as an abrasive. Edward Acheson produced silicon carbide experimentally in 1891 and patented the process, founding the Carborundum Company. Silicon carbide exists in over 250 crystalline structures and polymorphs. It has excellent chemical and physical properties including high hardness, thermal conductivity, resistance to acids and heat. The main production method involves heating quartz sand and carbon in an electric resistance furnace above 2000°C. Silicon carbide has many applications due to its properties, including use in abrasives, automotive brake discs
Dye lasers use an organic dye dissolved in a liquid as the active lasing medium and can produce a wide range of wavelengths. They work on the principle of population inversion using a pumping source like a flash lamp or other laser to excite the dye molecules. The major components are the active dye medium, pumping source, and resonator mirrors, with one mirror sometimes replaced by a diffraction grating to allow tuning of the output wavelength. Dye lasers offer tunability but have limitations in lifetime and output power.
Wavelength dispersive spectrometers use crystals to diffract x-rays of specific wavelengths from a sample into a detector. They work by aligning the crystal, sample, and detector on a curved surface called the Rowland circle. Flat crystals with collimators and curved crystals with slits can be used to improve the resolution of x-ray wavelengths detected. WDS is useful for non-destructive elemental analysis of small spots down to ppm concentrations but cannot detect elements below boron.
Perovskite: introduction, classification, structure of perovskite, method to synthesis, characterization by XRD and UV- vis spectroscopy , lambert beer's law, material properties and advantage and application.
This document provides an overview of reciprocating pumps. It discusses the key components of reciprocating pumps like pistons, cranks, and valves. It describes different types of reciprocating pumps such as single acting, double acting, and multi-cylinder pumps. Specific pump types - plunger pumps and diaphragm pumps - are explained in more detail including their working principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. A comparison is made between reciprocating and centrifugal pumps. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of reciprocating pumps in general are summarized.
This document discusses the confusion that exists in the vacuum industry regarding which oils can be substituted for others. It provides a list of vacuum pump oils, diffusion pump oils, booster pump oils, and grease grades made by Supervac along with their equivalent grades from other manufacturers. The key properties that make the oils interchangeable are described. The conclusion states that Supervac oils provide reasonably priced, high quality alternatives to costly manufacturer-recommended oils, with global availability and long service life.
The document discusses particle accelerators and nuclear physics. It provides definitions of particle accelerators and describes their basic working principle of using electromagnetic fields to accelerate charged particles. It discusses different types of particle accelerators like linear accelerators, cyclotrons, synchrotrons and their components and working. The largest particle accelerators in the world, like the LHC and RHIC, are mentioned. Applications of particle accelerators discussed include uses in medicine, industry, DNA research and treating cancer.
This document provides an overview of vacuum technology. It discusses different types of vacuum including high vacuum and ultra-high vacuum. It describes various vacuum pumps such as diffusion pumps, rotary pumps, turbo pumps, and ion pumps that are used to achieve different pressure ranges. It also discusses vacuum measurement devices like Pirani gauges and Penning gauges. Group members Md. Mohymenul Islam and Shaila Sharmin submitted this document to their professor MD. Didarul Islam Bhuyan on the topics of vacuum technology.
This theory, developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer, states that electrons experience an attractive interaction through the lattice that overcomes their normal repulsive interaction, forming Cooper pairs. At low temperatures, these pairs move without resistance through the lattice, causing the material to become a superconductor. The electron-lattice-electron interaction must be stronger than the direct electron-electron interaction for superconductivity to occur.
It's simple to understand the synthesis. Hydrothermal method is a chemical reaction in water in a sealed pressure vessel, which is in fact a type of reaction at both high temperature and pressure.
Photoconductivity is defined as the process in which the electrical conductivity of a semiconductor material increases when exposed to light. When light is incident on a semiconductor, valence electrons become excited and move from the valence band to the conduction band, increasing the number of charge carriers and thus the conductivity. Certain crystalline semiconductors like germanium, lead sulfide, and cadmium sulfide exhibit strong photoconductivity. Photoconductive materials are used in applications like X-ray imaging, relay control, switching transistors, and photocopying due to their ability to change conductivity when exposed to light.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is used to investigate the chemistry at the surface of the samples. The basic mechanism behind an XPS instrument is that the photons of a specific energy are used to excite the electronic states of atoms at and just below the surface of the sample.
There are several areas suited to measurement by XPS:
1. Elemental composition
2. Empirical formula determination
3. Chemical state
4. Electronic state
5. Binding energy
6. Layer thickness in the upper portion of surfaces
XPS has many advantages, such as it is is good for identifying all but two elements, identifying the chemical state on surfaces, and is good with quantitative analysis. XPS is capable of detecting the difference in the chemical state between samples. XPS is also able to differentiate between oxidations states of molecules.
XPS has also some limitations, for instance, samples for XPS must be compatible with the ultra high vacuum environment. XPS is limited to measurements of elements having atomic numbers of 3 or greater, making it unable to detect hydrogen or helium. XPS spectra also take a long time to obtain. The use of a monochromator can also reduce the time per experiment.
Increase the wear resistance of stainless steel through nitriding solutions. The thin film plasma nitriding equipment use vacuum process for modification of surfaces.
The ideal, perfectly regular crystal structures in which atoms are arranged in a regular way does not exist in actual situations. In actual cases, the regular arrangements of atoms disrupted . These disruptions are known as Crystal imperfections or crystal defects
The document discusses various types of nuclear reactions. It defines nuclear reactions as processes where two nuclei or nuclear particles collide and produce different products than the initial particles. It describes several types of nuclear reactions including elastic and inelastic scattering, pickup and stripping reactions, compound nuclear reactions, radioactive capture, and photo disintegration. Elastic scattering involves the projectile and outgoing particles being the same, while inelastic scattering results in a loss of energy and particles scattered in different directions with different energies. Pickup reactions involve a gain of nucleons from the target, and stripping reactions involve one or more nucleons captured from the projectile. The document provides examples of each type of reaction.
The document discusses various types of surface defects that can occur in crystals, including external surfaces, grain boundaries, tilt boundaries, twist boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. External surfaces have unsatisfied atomic bonds and higher surface energy than bulk atoms. Grain boundaries are regions between two adjacent grains that are slightly disordered with low density and high mobility. Tilt boundaries appear as arrays of edge dislocations when grains are misaligned with a parallel rotation axis. Twist boundaries have a perpendicular rotation axis and form as arrays of screw dislocations for low angle grain boundaries. Twin boundaries are mirror images of atomic arrangements across the boundary formed by shear deformation. Stacking faults are imperfections in the stacking sequence of atomic planes in crystals.
This document discusses non-ferrous metal nickel and its alloys. It begins with an introduction to nickel, noting its crystal structure, properties like hardness and ductility, and common uses. It then discusses various nickel alloys including commercially pure nickel, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-chromium alloys, and nickel-base superalloys. Specific alloys in each category like Monel and Inconel are described. Applications of different alloys in areas like turbines, chemicals and batteries are also mentioned. In conclusion, the document provides references used to compile the information presented.
Quantum tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where a particle tunnels through a barrier that it classically could not surmount. Friedrich Hund first used quantum tunnelling to explain molecular spectra in 1927. George Gamow first applied it to calculate alpha decay in 1928. Max Born recognized it as a general result of quantum mechanics. Important applications include scanning tunneling microscopes, tunnel diodes, and the Josephson effect in superconductors. Recent research has explored tunnelling in other systems and potential uses in quantum computing.
cyclotron that accelerate the charge particles prior their bombardment to the target nuclei.
it is developed by E.O.Lawrence & he was awarded by nobel prize in this work. it accelerate the particle from 1MeV to the more than 100 MeV.
it contains the electric & magnetic system to accelerate the charge particles.
electric field acts horizontally & magnetic field act vertically.
particle moves in spiral path and its energy , radius & velocity increases.
after that it moves out of window ( diflactor plate) n hit the target.
n then the nuclear reaction starts.
it is used to treat cancer.
produce positrons emission isotopes for PET imaging.
it do not accelerate the neutrons, electrons & positive charge with higher mass.
The document provides information about scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), including:
- A brief history of the development of SEMs from the 1930s to modern commercial versions.
- An overview of the basic components and working principles of SEMs, such as using an electron beam to scan samples and detect signals to form images.
- Descriptions and diagrams of key parts like the electron gun, electromagnetic lenses, detectors, and vacuum system.
- Explanations of imaging modes and how SEMs can be used for chemical analysis of samples.
- Advantages and limitations of SEM technology.
Silicon carbide is a compound of silicon and carbon with the chemical formula SiC. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral moissanite. Mass production of silicon carbide powder began in 1893 for use as an abrasive. Edward Acheson produced silicon carbide experimentally in 1891 and patented the process, founding the Carborundum Company. Silicon carbide exists in over 250 crystalline structures and polymorphs. It has excellent chemical and physical properties including high hardness, thermal conductivity, resistance to acids and heat. The main production method involves heating quartz sand and carbon in an electric resistance furnace above 2000°C. Silicon carbide has many applications due to its properties, including use in abrasives, automotive brake discs
Dye lasers use an organic dye dissolved in a liquid as the active lasing medium and can produce a wide range of wavelengths. They work on the principle of population inversion using a pumping source like a flash lamp or other laser to excite the dye molecules. The major components are the active dye medium, pumping source, and resonator mirrors, with one mirror sometimes replaced by a diffraction grating to allow tuning of the output wavelength. Dye lasers offer tunability but have limitations in lifetime and output power.
Wavelength dispersive spectrometers use crystals to diffract x-rays of specific wavelengths from a sample into a detector. They work by aligning the crystal, sample, and detector on a curved surface called the Rowland circle. Flat crystals with collimators and curved crystals with slits can be used to improve the resolution of x-ray wavelengths detected. WDS is useful for non-destructive elemental analysis of small spots down to ppm concentrations but cannot detect elements below boron.
Perovskite: introduction, classification, structure of perovskite, method to synthesis, characterization by XRD and UV- vis spectroscopy , lambert beer's law, material properties and advantage and application.
This document provides an overview of reciprocating pumps. It discusses the key components of reciprocating pumps like pistons, cranks, and valves. It describes different types of reciprocating pumps such as single acting, double acting, and multi-cylinder pumps. Specific pump types - plunger pumps and diaphragm pumps - are explained in more detail including their working principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. A comparison is made between reciprocating and centrifugal pumps. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of reciprocating pumps in general are summarized.
This document discusses the confusion that exists in the vacuum industry regarding which oils can be substituted for others. It provides a list of vacuum pump oils, diffusion pump oils, booster pump oils, and grease grades made by Supervac along with their equivalent grades from other manufacturers. The key properties that make the oils interchangeable are described. The conclusion states that Supervac oils provide reasonably priced, high quality alternatives to costly manufacturer-recommended oils, with global availability and long service life.
A vacuum pump is a mechanical device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume, creating a partial or near-total vacuum. The runtime of a vacuum pump depends on various factors, such as the type of pump, the size of the system, and the application. Generally, most vacuum pumps are designed to run continuously for several hours, with some models capable of running for days or weeks without being shut off. However, it is essential to check the manufacturer's specifications and recommended maintenance schedule to ensure the safe and optimal operation of the pump. Overuse or inadequate maintenance of a vacuum pump can lead to reduced performance, premature wear, and potential safety hazards
Combustion Chamber for Compression Ignition EnginesKaushal Patel
Description of various types of combustion chambers for compression ignition engines, various types of swirls, primary combustion considerations, advantages and disadvantages of various types of swirls and combustion chambers.
A 4-stroke diesel engine works through intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. During intake, air is drawn into the cylinder. In compression, the air is compressed, raising the temperature enough to ignite fuel injected at the end of compression. In power, combustion drives the piston down. Finally, in exhaust, burnt gases are pushed out. Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline but also more expensive, with higher fuel and maintenance costs. They produce less harmful emissions than gasoline engines.
This document discusses different types of pumps. It explains that pumps are machines used to move liquids through piping systems and increase pressure. There are two main types of pumps - rotodynamic pumps which increase liquid velocity to raise pressure, and positive displacement (PD) pumps which directly apply force to liquid volumes to increase pressure. The document then describes several common PD pump designs including sliding vane, flexible impeller, peristaltic (flexible tube), progressing cavity, external gear, internal gear, and rotary lobe pumps. It provides details on how each type works and their advantages and disadvantages.
- A stage in an impulse turbine consists of moving blades behind a nozzle, while in a reaction turbine each row of blades is a stage.
- Diaphragms hold the nozzles and seals between turbine stages. Tip leakage is a problem in reaction turbines where steam escapes across moving blade tips.
- Thrust bearings maintain the rotor's axial position, while radial bearings support the rotor at each end of the steam cylinder and must be accurately aligned.
- Deposits in a turbine can be detected through pressure monitoring, efficiency monitoring, and exhaust steam temperature monitoring. Deposits are removed through washing with condensate or wet steam for water soluble deposits and mechanically after dismantling for water insoluble
The document discusses various aspects of centrifugal pumps, including:
1) Centrifugal pumps use energy transformations to increase liquid pressure, with common energy sources being electricity, steam, fuel oil, hydraulic fluid, or compressed air.
2) Cavitation occurs when pressure drops below vapor pressure, causing bubbles that implode and erode pump surfaces. It mainly affects suction areas and causes damage, noise, and pressure fluctuations.
3) Centrifugal pumps are not self-priming and require priming systems like flooding or air pumps to remove air from suction lines and fill them with liquid.
The document discusses various aspects of centrifugal pumps, including:
- Centrifugal pumps use rotating impellers to increase the pressure of a liquid by converting input energy (such as electricity or steam) into rotational mechanical energy.
- Cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure drops below vapor pressure, causing bubbles to form and implode violently as pressure increases, eroding pump components.
- Centrifugal pumps are not self-priming and require priming systems to remove air from suction lines and fill them with liquid before pumping can begin.
This document contains questions and answers about palm oil milling processes. It discusses the optimal settings for hydrocyclones to maximize kernel recovery. It recommends that stage I hydrocyclones have the cone placed low to separate kernels and shells, while stage II cyclones have the cone higher to discharge more clean shells. The document also addresses criteria for designing depericarp columns, suitable pipe materials for the oil room, installing steam traps, handling algae growth in treatment ponds, and determining the sizes of pumps, nut polishing drums, and other milling equipment.
The report included most of the vital information regarding the Marine diesel engine: the 2 stroke and the 4 stroke, etc that may be helpful to the students.
The document discusses the hydrogen seal oil system on a generator. It describes the purpose of the system as preventing hydrogen gas from escaping along the generator shaft by forming an oil film between the shaft and seal ring. It outlines the normal flow path of oil through the main seal oil pump and other components like the vacuum tank, emergency seal oil pump, and detraining tanks. It also discusses potential failures of components like pumps and the float trap, and the appropriate operator actions to take in response.
Industrial Benefits of Using Horizontal PumpsFlowmore Pumps
The popularity of horizontal split case pumps has increased recently, mostly because of their much lower cost as compared to long-stroke and vertical pumps.
This document provides information about air compressors, including:
- It discusses the history and principles of air compressors. Compressors increase pressure by reducing gas volume.
- Air compressors have many important applications and account for 10% of global energy use in industry. They are essential for manufacturing processes.
- Compressors are classified as either positive displacement or dynamic. Positive displacement compressors include reciprocating and rotary vane compressors.
- Multistage compression improves efficiency by compressing air in multiple stages separated by intercoolers. This reduces temperature and improves volumetric efficiency.
- Technical details are provided on reciprocating compressor operation and factors that affect volumetric efficiency.
This document discusses different types of vacuum pumps and vacuum systems. It describes the major categories of pumps as positive displacement pumps, which transport gas using pistons or gears; momentum transfer pumps, which use an energetic fluid stream to remove gas; and entrainment pumps, which absorb gas on a refrigerated surface. It then focuses on rotary vane pumps and rotary piston pumps, explaining their basic working principles and how they are used to produce vacuums down to 10-3 torr. Modern two-stage pumps can produce vacuums below 1 × 10-5 torr. Oils are used for sealing and lubrication but must have adequate properties to avoid backstreaming or degradation from gases.
The Piston Less Pump Working Explained in PPTlingarajrsat
This document summarizes a pistonless pump designed for rocket fuel. It introduces the pistonless pump as an alternative to turbo pumps that is simpler, cheaper, and lighter. The summary describes how the pistonless pump works using pressurized gas to cycle fuel through two chambers alternately without any moving pistons. Advantages are listed as low cost, weight, and few moving parts compared to turbo pumps. Applications mentioned include use in deep space exploration missions.
Oil vs Oil-free Air Compressor Which Is Best Why.pdfHimelShahriar
Adding oil to an air compressor is a simple process that can help maintain its efficiency and longevity. To do so, start by checking the owner's manual for the recommended oil type and quantity. Then, locate the oil fill cap or dipstick and remove it. Pour in the recommended amount of oil slowly, using a funnel if necessary. Replace the cap or dipstick and run the compressor for a few minutes to distribute the oil. It is important to note that oil-free air compressors do not require oil, but may have other maintenance requirements. Choosing between oil and oil-free compressors depends on your specific needs and usage, as each has its own advantages and disadvantages.
These modern workhorses, while not quite as adaptable as numerous different plans, have been known to keep on working consistently, even many years, without disappointment.
The document discusses the lubrication system of an internal combustion engine. It describes how a modern engine uses a pressure lubrication system with an oil pump that collects oil through a pickup tube and strainer and forces it through a filter and oil galleries to lubricate engine components. It also discusses lubrication terms like viscosity and oil flow paths through different engine designs. Splash systems for small engines are also covered along with oil filters, indicators, pumps, sumps and diagrams of oil flow.
Similar to Know all about diffusion pump part 1 (20)
Silicone vacuum grease is made with silicone oil as the base, which gives it properties that make it well-suited for lubrication and sealing in vacuum systems. It is thermally stable, resisting temperatures from -25°C to 250°C, and will not outgas or damage rubber components. Supervac SV-G9 silicone grease is formulated specifically for high vacuum applications up to 10-9 Torr, remaining stiff and non-runny at high temperatures to maintain seals while protecting o-rings from swelling or softening.
Leakage detection and prevention in vacuum systemsAnshuman Punj
Physical Verification: – This should be used if even roughing vacuum (1 x 10-1 Torr) cannot be reached in the vacuum system. In this method the person has to move around the vacuum system slowly, paying attention to any hissing or whistling sound. This sound indicates location of leak.Though method is very simple, in this method experience of the person is very important and this way of leakage detection is suitable only for detecting large leaks.
Graphite foil top 10 questions answeredAnshuman Punj
1. Graphite foil is used between the evaporation boat and copper clamp in a metallizer. It fills any gaps to prevent sparking and allows for smooth current flow.
2. The size and thickness of graphite tape used depends on the condition of the copper clamps and the size of the evaporation boats. Thicker tape is used for worn clamps.
3. High quality graphite foil is necessary to efficiently conduct high electrical currents without overheating or damaging the evaporation boat or copper clamp. Lower quality graphite foils contain impurities that degrade the vacuum and coating quality.
Critical importance of low cost consumables in vacuum processesAnshuman Punj
Various industries employ myriad consumables for vacuum operations. These consumables may cost anywhere from a couple of hundreds to lakhs of rupees. This gives rise to the question: Are low cost consumables lesser in importance to high cost ones? Is that the reason why they cost less? I’ll give you a case in point. Then YOU decide. On January 28, 1986,the cause of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was determined to be the failure of an O-ring seal ………NASA has gone through considerable transformation after the accident.(Source: Wikipedia)
How to eliminate defects in metallizingAnshuman Punj
Rejection of metallized parts continues to be a nightmare for production engineers. A finished product getting rejected means a big loss in terms of money and time spent in production of the component. Not only that, rejections also cause tight production schedules to go haywire. Unfortunately not much material is available on the subject and thus a scientific, systematic approach to problems is rarely possible. Engineers are forced to try hit and trial method which wastes further time and energy or rely on advice from seniors but that can work only if the seniors have themselves faced that particular problem in the past.
In any vacuum system it is most important to know accurately the level of vacuum on real time basis as even a minor change in vacuum can result in process parameters going haywire and product quality getting adversely affected. In modern day vacuum systems we use sophisticated vacuum gauges to know the vacuum accurately. In this blog post various kinds of vacuum gauges have been described. Limitations and advantages of these gauges have also been brought out so that engineers using vacuum can select appropriate gauge for the application. Various practical aspects about use of vacuum gauges have also been detailed in this blog post.
There are three main types of release agents used in manufacturing: internal release agents which are added directly to composite materials, conventional or non-permanent release agents which require reapplication each cycle due to being solvent-based, and semi-permanent release agents which form protective barriers and allow multiple releases without affecting material strength. Semi-permanent release agents are now most commonly used in composite molding as they reduce costs and cycle times compared to other options. Proper selection of a release agent considers its effects on both the composite and mold materials, required level of slip, safety, and desired surface finish of the final product.
Evaporation boat for vacuum metallizing an overviewAnshuman Punj
Evaporation boats are used in vacuum metallization processes to heat metallic materials to high temperatures. There are two main types of boats - two-component boats made from titanium diboride and boron nitride, and three-component boats which also include aluminum nitride. Two-component boats are preferred as they are more durable and higher quality. The production of evaporation boats is an expensive process requiring specialized equipment and materials. During metallization, the boat is heated to 1500°C to evaporate a metal which is then deposited as a uniform coating on a substrate. Important properties of boats include wettability, corrosion resistance, electrical resistivity, and toughness, which determine the boat's performance and lifespan
Rotary vacuum pump oil SV-77, manufactured by Supervac Industries (India) is triple molecular distilled next-gen synthetic vacuum pump oil. This premium rotary pump oil delivers high ultimate vacuum very fast. SV-77 is a hardy rotary vacuum pump oil built to outgas corrosive gasses and high moisture without deteriorating itself. It doesn’t oxidize into tar or any gummy residue inside the pump. SV-77 is being shipped worldwide to numerous satisfied customers at a very competitive rate.
There are three main types of release agents used in manufacturing: internal release agents which are added directly to composite materials, conventional or non-permanent release agents which require reapplication for each cycle due to being solvent-based, and semi-permanent release agents which form protective barriers and allow for multiple releases without affecting product strength. Semi-permanent release agents, including water-based suspensions, are most commonly used today in composite molding due to reducing costs and cycle times compared to other options.
Supervac Industries manufactures Roots Blower Booster Pump oil SV-90H (Hydrocarbon Based) especially for vacuum applications. This specialty oil is supplied to satisfied customers all over the world.
High Vacuum Grease(Silicone) SV-G9 by Supervac Industries, IndiaAnshuman Punj
Used as a vacuum sealant and lubricant, High Vacuum Grease- SV-G9(Silicone), is manufactured by Supervac Industries, India. Due to its high quality and excellent properties, it has found wide spread appreciation in users all over the world.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
ML Based Model for NIDS MSc Updated Presentation.v2.pptx
Know all about diffusion pump part 1
1. Know All About Diffusion Pump Part-1
Q.1 How does a diffusion pump work?
Ans. A diffusion pump works on the principle of gas diffusion to create vacuum. In a diffusion
pump, diffusion pump oil is heated to its boiling temperature. Vapor of this oil is compressed in
a vertically tapering hollow cone as it moves up. Simultaneously this oil vapor escapes from jets
along the height of hollow cone. Oil vapor escaping at great speed traps air and then collides
with water cooled wall of Diffusion Pump and moves down. Trapped air is released at bottom of
Diffusion Pump. This creates differential pressure in diffusion pump. Pressure at top is minimum
(high Vacuum) and at bottom is maximum (low Vacuum) from bottom of diffusion pump the air
is sucked by rotary pump.
2. Q.2 Is a diffusion pump made only in cylindrical shape?
Ans. Diffusion Pump has been successfully made in rectangular shape also. In fact rectangular
shaped Diffusion Pump has an advantage that its inlet connected to Vacuum Chamber can be of
larger area and Diffusion Pump itself can be adjusted to occupy less space. This also works with
Diffusion Pump Oil as a working medium just like cylindrical Diffusion Pump.
Q.3 I understand that Turbo molecular pump (TMP) is an alternative to diffusion pump. Is
it better or worse than diffusion pump?
Turbo Molecular Pump
Ans. Turbo molecular pump works on the principal of positive displacement. In this pump a
series of inclined blades are mounted on a shaft which rotates at very high speed. These are
called Rotors. Fixed blades or stators are fixed in such a way that Rotors and Stators alternate.
Because of rotation of shaft and incline rotors push air down to next row of Stators. Stators too
are inclined in same direction and push this air to next row of Rotors and so on to exit, where a
Rotary Pump draws away the air.
Though this pump creates good vacuum and can be used in place of Diffusion Pump but its
applications are limited to critical applications like semiconductor coatings. This is because of its
high cost, more requirement of maintenance and the fact that since this pump cannot be made of
large size because of mechanical considerations, a diffusion pump can be replaced only by a
couple of Turbo molecular pumps. Diffusion Pump on the other hand has no moving parts and
requires almost no maintenance other than Diffusion Pump Oil change, is cheaper in cost and can
be built in almost any size.
Q.4 Why is topping up required for Diffusion Pump Oil?
3. Ans. In a Diffusion Pump, DP oil evaporates to produce diffusion action. Since oil is in vapor
state so part of it is lost by leakage, some of this oil vapor is also sucked away by Rotary Pump.
It is therefore important that lost diffusion pump oil is leveled up by topping.
Not topping up will result in overheating of the remaining oil and loss of oil as explained above
will further speed up, causing a drop in vacuum. In extreme cases Hydrocarbon Diffusion Pump
Oil may burn to tar like substance and Silicone diffusion Pump oil may turn into grey colored
crystals.
Read about diffusion pump maintenance here.
Q.5 Why can a diffusion pump not work alone and requires a rotary pump as backing
pump?
Belt Driven Rotary Vacuum Pump
Ans. A diffusion pump merely creates a vacuum gradient where top of diffusion pump has a
higher vacuum and bottom of diffusion pump has much lower vacuum. A diffusion pump has no
moving parts to force air out, so though lower portion of Diffusion pump has a low vacuum but
since it is still better than atmospheric pressure so air will not flow out.
This lower portion of diffusion pump is connected to rotary vacuum pump. Since vacuum in
lower portion of Diffusion Pump is lower than what Rotary Vacuum Pump Oil is able to create
so Rotary Pump evacuates the diffusion pump and diffusion pump is able to work.
Q.6 How can I get more life from my expensive Diffusion Pump Oil?
4. Ans. Diffusion pump oil is one of the costly consumables of the metallizer. With a few
precautions, its life can be prolonged and money saved.
1. Never open the pump when the oil is still hot. Exposing the hot oil to air changes its viscosity,
making it thick gel-like.
2. Take care to top up the oil in the pump in a timely way so as to avoid accidental over heating
of the oil.
3. Keep a timely watch on the pressure and heater gauges.
4. Back streaming of vapors from the vacuum chamber and/or Rotary pump letting its vapors in
to the Diffusion pump are two reasons for the DP oil to get contaminated. This can be prevented
by installing filters above the chevron baffle of the DP and on the line in between the rotary and
the diffusion pump. These filters must be cleaned from time to time.
5. Silicone DP oil decomposes on coming in contact with even trace elements of alkali metals
e.g., sodium, potassium, cesium etc. Do not allow them and/or their vapors to come in contact
with the DP oil.
6. Keep a check on the water flow through the cooling lines for proper cooling of the hot oil
inside the diffusion pump.
Read more on this topic here.
Q.7 Do I need to open & clean jets of my diffusion pump every time I change oil in it?
Ans. If you are using a good quality silicone diffusion pump oil then there is no need of cleaning
jets every time you change oil cleaning be done once in 4 to 5 years. However if you are using
hydrocarbon diffusion pump oil then cleaning is a must every time you change oil.
Q.8 Is DC-702/DC-704/DC-705 Diffusion pump oil still available? If not then what is the
alternative?
5. Ans. DC-702/DC-704/DC-705 - these oils are no longer available in the entire world as the
manufacturer Dow corning stopped the production of these oils more than a year back.
Supervac Industries supplies SV-SIGMA, SV-SIGMA+ and SV-SIGMA FAST as alternatives of
DC-704, DC-705 and DC-702 respectively. These oils are being used by a large number of
customers in more than 20 countries.
Q.9 I observed whitish deposits in my diffusion pump. What could this be? It is serious?
6. Silicone crystals
Ans. On overheating silicone diffusion pump oil turns into whitish grey silicone crystals.
Yes, this is serious. You need to check cooling for diffusion pump and also make sure that level
of diffusion pump oil never falls below minimum level. This requires topping up from time to
time. Also a faulty temperature gauge not allowing heater cut-off to take place, can be
responsible for the oil over heating.
Q.10 What is back streaming in diffusion pump?
Ans. If the pressure is too high in the diffusion pump then the emerging diffusion pump oil vapor
from the jets trying to move down collides with air molecules in the pump. This results in no
vapor going down the pump. Contrary to this, the vapor itself starts rising up the pump along
with the air and raises pressure instead of reducing it. This undesirable process is called “back
streaming”.
Because of back streaming Diffusion Pump Oil can travel to vacuum chamber or can even be
removed by Rotary Vacuum pump. If it enters Rotary Pump then it contaminates Rotary Vacuum
Pump Oil also.
(In the next part-2 of this series I shall explain how to prevent back streaming.)