The document discusses several methods for synthesizing barium titanate including solid-state reaction, sol-gel, coprecipitation, polymeric precursor, hydrothermal, and mechanochemical methods. Each method has advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, purity, particle size, and calcination temperature required. Characterization of synthesized barium titanate using techniques such as XRD, SEM, and TEM showed differences in microstructure and phase formation depending on the synthesis method and conditions used.

1. By : Hani Ramadhani

2. SOLID – STATE
CHEMICAL METHOD
REACTION METHOD
-Solvet-less -High purity
-Cost-less -Cost more
-Environmentally friendly
-High impurity
-Reduce particle size
- Lowering calcination temperature
MECHANOCHEMICAL
METHOD

3. Precursor : BaCO3 and TiO2
process
Drying
BaCO3 milling in
pulverizer prior of
mixing with Titania
Characterization
(XRD, SEM, and TEM)
Calcination tube
furnace
1U. Manzoor and D.K.Kim (2007). “ Synthesis of Nano-sized Barium Titanate Powder by Solid-
State Reaction between Barium Carbonate and Titania”. J. Mater Sci Technol. Vol. 23 No. 5

4. Characterization
Fig.1 SEM micrographs showing Fig.2 TEM micrographof BaTiO3
intermediate stages of the reaction
Fig.3 XRD results of powder mixtures
calcined at different temperature for 2h

5. Chemical Methods2
2M.M. Vijatovic,J.D. Bobic, B.D. Stojanovic. (2008).”History and Challenges of Barium
Titanate : Part I. Institute of multidisciplinary research, Kneza viseslava 1, Belgrade, serbia.

6. The formation of the perovskite phase in the sol – gel
derived ceramics take place comparatively at lower
temperature3
Sol – Gel Method Coprecipitation Method
Fig.4 Synthesis Route of Sol-Gel Method
Fig.5. Synthesis Route of Coprecipitation Method
3Yadav,K.L & Goel, P. (2005). “ A Comparative Analysis of PBZT Synthesized by
Co-precipitation and Sol-gel Method. Indian Journal of Engineering and Material
Science. Vol. 12. PP 552-556

7. Polymeric Precursor Method4
Synthesis Route Characterization
Fig.6. Microstructure of BaTiO3 doped
with 0.4 mol % niobium and 0.01%
manganese at sintering temperature :
a)12900C, b)13100C, c) 13300C, d)
13800C
4B.D. Stojanovic, C.R. Foschini, M.A. Zaghete, M. Cilense, J.A. Varela. (2002). “
Microstructure of doped Barium Titanate Prepared from Polymeric Precursor.
UNESP, Araraquara. Brazil

8. Hydrothermal Method5
Synthesis Route Characterization
Precursor : Ba(OH)2 ,
Mixing
Na2-xHxTi2O5
Fig.7. SEM Images : a)precursor,
BaTiO3 at 90 b), 110 c), and 200 d)
Autoclave (90oc, 110oC, and 2000C)
Drying
Fig.8. XRD patterns of sample
prepared at 90,110, and 2000C
5M. Florentina, F. Paula, V. Paula M, and Reaney, Ian. (2008). “ Hydrothermal
Synthesis and Crystal Growth Studies of Barium Titanate Using Nanotube
Precursor. http://pubs. Acs. org

9. Mechanochemical
method6
BaO + TiO2
Characterization
Fig. 9. X-ray diffraction patterns of initial
powders: BaO2, TiO2 rutile, and
mechanically activated powders at 0, 30,
60, 180 and 240 min
Rotation speed 400 rpm for 30, 60, 120, Fig. 10. TEM of barium titanate powders
and 240 min mechanically activated 240 min.
6B.D. Stojanovic, A.Z. Simoes, C.O. Paiva-Santos, C. Jovalekic, V.V. Miltic, and
J.A. Varela. (2005). Mechanochemical synthesis of Barium Titanate. Journal of
the European Ceramic Society 25.

10. Which method?
Depends on ;
∙ Cost
∙ Application use
∙ Starting materials used, and
∙ Synthesis route