The document summarizes the Knoevenagel and Reformatsky reactions. The Knoevenagel reaction is a condensation between an active methylene group and a carbonyl group in the presence of a base to form an α-β unsaturated acid. The Reformatsky reaction is a condensation of a carbonyl compound with an α-halo-ester using metallic zinc to form a β-hydroxyl-ester. Both reactions involve the formation of new carbon-carbon double bonds through a cyclic transition state.