Biometrics uses physiological or behavioral characteristics to identify individuals. There are two main types: physiological (e.g. fingerprints, facial recognition) and behavioral (e.g. signature, voice). Biometric systems can operate in verification or identification mode. Verification compares a captured biometric to one on file to verify an individual's identity. Identification performs one-to-many comparisons to determine who an individual is. Common biometric technologies analyzed in the document include fingerprints, facial recognition, hand geometry, retinal scans, voice recognition, and signature analysis. Each method has advantages and disadvantages for security, accuracy, and usability. Biometrics is an evolving field that aims to increase identity security and convenience through technologies like iris scanning

1. Slide 1:
Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring and analyzing biological
data.
Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on a
physiological or
behavioral characteristics.
Slide 2:
there are two types of biometrics based on chracteristics, Physiological and
Behavioral.
face recognition, fingerprints,hand geometry, and retinal scan come under the
physiological
category. signature and voice recognition come under behavioral category.
Slide 3:
A one to one comparison of a captured biometric with a stored template to verify
that the
individual is who he claims to be. In a verification,the user must first enter
his or her identity
to the biometric system. then it is compared to the one stored in database, it
must be a perfect
match to gain gain access.
Slide 4:
first we look into the behavioural biometrics.voice recognition is defined as
the automated
verification of a person’s claimed identity,based on unique characteristics of
their voice.
Noise reduction algorithms can be employed to improve accuracy, but incorrect
application can
have the opposite effect.Voice recognization requires large amount of computer
storage, people's
voices can change,and also background noises can interfere.
Slide 5:
the angle at which the pen is held
the number of times the pen is lifted,
the time it takes to write the entire signature
the pressure exerted by the person while signing,
the variations in the speed with which different parts of the signature are
written.
It can be operated in two
different ways: Static: In this mode, users write their signature on paper,
digitize it through an optical scanner
or a camera, and the biometric system recognizes the signature analyzing its
shape. This group
is also known as ’off-line’.Dynamic: In this mode, users write their signature
in a digitizing tablet,
which acquires the signature in real time.
Slide 6:
this scan analysis of the unique shape, pattern and positioning of facial
features.
Passive biometrics and does not require a persons cooperation.
Highly complex technology and largely software based.
and also uses Up to 128 Eigen vectors are created for each person in order to
achieve unmistakable
identification. it is considerably more expensive and complex than other

2. methods, such as passwords, or
identification cards.
slide 7
A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the friction ridges
of a human finger.
The major minutia features of fingerprint ridges are ridge ending, bifurcation,
and short ridge (or dot).
The ridge ending is the point at which a ridge terminates. Bifurcations are
points at which a single ridge
splits into two ridges. Short ridges (or dots) are ridges which are
significantly shorter than the average ridge
length on the fingerprint. Minutiae and patterns are very important in the
analysis of fingerprints since no
two fingers have been shown to be identical.
Oldest form of Biometrics,Highly Reliable,Uses distinctive features of
fingers,High Security access,
Reduce cost,Instance Report.
slide 8:
Hand geometry recognition is the longest implemented biometric type, debuting in
the market in the
late 1980s. The devices use a simple concept of measuring and recording the
length, width, thickness,
and surface area of an individual’s hand while guided on a plate. Hand geometry
systems use a camera
to capture a image of the hand. The hand of the subject is placed on the plate,
palm down,
and guided by five pegs that sense when the hand is in place. although its not
as accurate as retinal scan
and fingerprints and less reliable.
slide 9:
It is analyzing the layer of blood vessels situated at the back of the eye.
The machine takes around ten seconds to shine a ’low intensity coherent light
source
onto the retina to illuminate the blood vessels.Retinal scanners have several
advantages
over fingerprinting and voice recognition systems. They do not require as much
computer
memory as a fingerprint scan, and they are not subject to contamination from
dirt or finger
misplacement. Unlike voice recognition systems, retinal scanner are not
distracted by background
noise or changes in voice caused by illness. The main disadvantage of the
retinal scanner is that the
person has to focus on the scanner from about three inches away. This
restriction makes the device
difficult for ATM use because a person using a cash machine rarely focuses on
one area very long and
is never close enough.A new device called an iris scanner may prove more useful
for these casual
transactions, since the scanning camera can be farther away and only has to scan
the pattern of the
iris (colored portion) of the eye, a procedure which does not require focusing
on the camera. but it can
be fooled by wearing lens
conclusion:

3. Not perfect yet, Missing body part problem.,Decreasing costs and increasing
convenience. ,Increasing
both privacy and identity security. ,The field of biometrics is evolving.
,Benefit from this technology
Technology is growing rapidly, but at the same time security breaches and
transactions
frauds are also in the increase world over.All agencies including libraries who
are in need
of security and safety have to adopt biometrics . The next few years you will
see just about every
thing come with biometric protection. Mobile phones, MP3 players, cars, laptop
computers, building
access, locker access.Let us hope for safe and secure future.