2. What is Authentication?
Authentication is the act of confirming something what it
claims to be.
It is the process of giving someone identity so that he or she
can access that particular application or data.
For e.g.: giving identity-card to a student of an institute.
3. Three main types of Authentication available
today are:
• something you know, like a password,
PIN, or code.
• Can be easily forgotten
• something you have, like a swipe card,
smart card, token, or key.
•
Can be easily stolen
• something you are, which is
biometrics.
•
Secure, convenient & unique
4. What is Biometrics?
BIO ► Life
METRIC ► To Measure
Biometric is the automated process of identifying or verifying
an individual based upon his or her behavioral or physical
characteristics.
Biometric based authentication systems are able to provide
high security against confidential financial transactions and
personal data privacy.
“something that you are”
5. Biometric Characteristics
The common Physical characteristics are:
Fingerprint
Face
Iris
Vein pattern, and
Hand and finger geometry
Behavioral characteristics are:
Keystroke dynamics
Voice
Gait, and
Signature dynamics
6. Principle & Standards Of Biometrics
“Everyone in the world is unique, and this uniqueness can
be used for identity verification.”
Uniqueness : Distinction between individuals
Permanence : Resistance to ageing
Collectability : Ease to obtain a biometric for measurement.
Performance : Accuracy, speed, robustness of the biometric system.
Acceptability :Degree of approval of a technology.
Circumvention : Anomalies in the authentication system.
7. Working of Biometrics
Biometric systems uses three steps:
Enrollment: The first time you use a biometric system, it records
basic information about you, like your name or an identification
number. It then captures an image or recording of your specific trait.
Storage: most of the systems don't store the complete image or
recording. They instead analyze your trait and translate it into a code
or graph. Some systems also record this data onto a smart card that
you carry with you.
Comparison: The next time you use the system, it compares the trait
you present to the information on file. Then, it either accepts or rejects
that you are who you claim to be.
9. Components of Biometric System
Systems uses three components:
A sensor that detects the characteristic being used for identification.
A computer that reads and stores the information.
Software that analyzes the characteristic, translates it into a graph or
code and performs the actual comparisons.
Biometric security systems, like the fingerprint scanner available on
the IBM ThinkPad T43, is becoming more common for home use.
11. 1) Finger Printings
1) Finger Printings
Fingerprint Recognition is one of the most
used and familiar biometric methods.
Database
12. 2) Face Recognition
2) Face Recognition
Input face image
Extraction of face
image
Extraction of face
features
Positive
Database
Negative
13. 3) Iris Recognition
3) Iris Recognition
Input of face image
Detection of eye
regions
Put iris in focus
Recognition of iris
pattern
Accept
Database
Reject
14. 4) Voice Recognition
4) Voice Recognition
It is the Identification using the acoustic features of
speech that have been found to differ between
individuals
Construct voice
reference template
Database
15. 4) Signature Identification
4) Signature Identification
Signature identification: is the analyses of the
way a user signs his or her name.
The process used by a biometric system to
verify a signature is called dynamic signature
verification (DSV).
Biometric Traits for Signature
Verification
•The angle at which the pen is held
•The number of times the pen is lifted,
•The time it takes to write the entire signature,
•The pressure exerted by the person while signing,
•The variations in the speed with which different
parts of the signature are written.
Profile
Database
16. Application of Biometrics
Application of Biometrics
The applications of biometrics can be divided into the following three main groups.
Commercial applications
computer network login ( Fingerprint verification system)
electronic data security
e-commerce
Internet access
ATM (face recognition)
credit card
medical records management, and distance learning ( hand geometry systems)
Government applications
national ID card
driver’s license
social security
border control, and passport control.
Forensic applications
corpse identification
criminal investigation
terrorist identification
parenthood determination, and missing children.
17. Advantages Of Biometric System
Advantages Of Biometric System
directly authenticates the person
difficult to steal; thereby making biometrics authentication very
strong.
portable, and is unlikely to be lost.
user cannot share or forget his retina or fingerprint, while a password
and username are easily forgotten.
User friendliness
Comfort
Accuracy
18. Disadvantages of Biometrics
Costly
Facial imaging can also hinder accurate identifications.
Missing body part problem
False acceptances and rejections.
The scanning of eye is fearful.
Ethical issues
Personal data used for something other than its advertised purpose.
Privacy issues
Who can access data
Misuse of personal data
19. Future Prospects
Future Prospects
Biometry is one of the most promising and life-altering
technologies in existence today. It is all set to change the way we
live in the future. Some of the emerging biometrics technologies
in the near future are:
1. Ear shape identification.
2. Body odor identification.
3. Body salinity identification.
4. EEG Fingerprint
Biometric is a combination of two Greek words Bio(Life) and Metric(To Measure).
It actually measures and analyzes the biological traits of a human being.
Universality: Every person should have the characteristic.
People who are mute or without a fingerprint will need to be
accommodated in some way.
Uniqueness: Generally, no two people have identical
characteristics. However, identical twins are hard to distinguish.
Permanence: The characteristics should not vary with time. A
person's face, for example, may change with age.
Collectability: The characteristics must be easily collectible and
measurable.
Performance: The method must deliver accurate results under
varied environmental circumstances.
Acceptability: The general public must accept the sample
collection routines. Nonintrusive methods are more acceptable
Enrollment Mode:
A sample of the biometric trait is captured,
processed by a computer, and stored for later
Comparison.
Verification Mode:
In this mode biometric system authenticates a
person’s claimed identity from their previously
enrolled pattern.
Fingerprint Recognition is the identification by using patterns of friction ridges and valleys on an individual's fingertips which are unique to that individual.
A light-sensitive device, either a scanner or camera, takes an analogue image of the fingertip. The image is then digitized and compared with template records that were created during the enrolment process. At the most basic level, these systems work by matching relationships amongst minutiae—the points on fingertips where print ridges end or divide. More complex scanning systems also examine other major features, such as the arch, loop and whorl that appear on the finger.
The advantages include:
Ease of use—Very little time is required for enrolment with a fingerprint scanning system compared to other biometric devices, such as retina scanners, fingerprint scanners.
Uniqueness—As noted previously, fingerprints are a unique identifier specific to the individual. Security—Fingerprints cannot be lost or stolen, and are difficult to reproduce.
The disadvantages include:
Injury—Injury, whether temporary or permanent, can interfere with the scanning process.
Face recognition uses the visible physical structure of the face and analyses the spatial geometry of distinguishing features in it to identify an individual.
Scanner starts reading the geometry of the face & then plot features on a grid. Then points are transferred as algorithm of numbers . Then comparisons can be quickly made using computer software. Once a match is found an identity can be quickly verified.
The iris is the colored ring of textured tissue that surrounds the pupil of the eye.
the first step is for the user to speak a word or phrase into a microphone. The electrical signal from the microphone is digitized by an "analog-to-digital (A/D) converter", and is stored in memory. To determine the "meaning" of this voice input, the computer attempts to match the input with a digitized voice sample, or template, that has a known meaning. This technique is a close analogy to the traditional command inputs from a keyboard. The program contains the input template, and attempts to match this template with the actual input using a simple conditional statement.
Biometrics directly authenticates the person, not indirectly through a password or token.
Biometrics features are difficult to steal; thereby making biometrics authentication very strong.
The Biometrics feature is eminently portable, and is unlikely to be lost.
Another advantage of biometrics authentication systems is user cannot share or forget his retina or fingerprint, while a password and username are easily forgotten.
