This presentation is about the kinetics of enzyme action , the Michaelis- Menten Model and kinetics of allosteric enzyme action in a simplified language.
This presentation deals with basics of enzyme kinetics and introduction to various plots which aid in understanding the mechanism of inhibition of enzymes.
Active sites of the enzyme is that point where substrate molecule bind for the chemical reaction. It is generally found on the surface of enzyme and in some enzyme it is a “Pit” like structure
The active site is a three-dimensional cleft formed by groups that come from different parts of the amino acid sequence
The active site takes up a relatively small part of the total volume of an enzyme
Active sites are clefts or crevices
Substrates are bound to enzymes by multiple weak attractions.
The specificity of binding depends on the precisely defined arrangement of atoms in an active site.
Enzymes properties, nomenclature and classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzymes - Definition, Introduction about biocatalysts, Properties of enzymes, Specificity, capacity for regulation, Example for enzyme at specific pH, Nomenclature of enzymes, Systematic name, common name, enzyme commission number, Classification of enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Transferase, lyases, ligases, isomerases, hydrolases.
This presentation deals with basics of enzyme kinetics and introduction to various plots which aid in understanding the mechanism of inhibition of enzymes.
Active sites of the enzyme is that point where substrate molecule bind for the chemical reaction. It is generally found on the surface of enzyme and in some enzyme it is a “Pit” like structure
The active site is a three-dimensional cleft formed by groups that come from different parts of the amino acid sequence
The active site takes up a relatively small part of the total volume of an enzyme
Active sites are clefts or crevices
Substrates are bound to enzymes by multiple weak attractions.
The specificity of binding depends on the precisely defined arrangement of atoms in an active site.
Enzymes properties, nomenclature and classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzymes - Definition, Introduction about biocatalysts, Properties of enzymes, Specificity, capacity for regulation, Example for enzyme at specific pH, Nomenclature of enzymes, Systematic name, common name, enzyme commission number, Classification of enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Transferase, lyases, ligases, isomerases, hydrolases.
Dr.Anant Achary and Dr.S.Karthikumar
Department of Biotechnology
Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology
S.P.G.C.Nagar, Near Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu
INDIA
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. Enzyme Kinetics-
Enzyme kinetics is the study of enzymatic reaction rate and how
it changes in response to different experimental parameters like
substrate concentration and effect of inhibitors.
It is an expression of chemical reactions in mathematical terms.
It is an oldest approach to understand enzyme mechanism.
History-
• First began in 1902 when Andrian John Brown demonstrated
the hydrolysis of sucrose by invertase.
• The next important step of enzyme kinetics made by Leonor
Michaelis and Maud Menten in 1913.They postulated the
existence of intermediate complex.
3. Classification of Chemical
Reactions-
Order of Reaction- It is given by the sum of powers of concentrations.
1. Zero Order Reaction- The reaction in which the rate of reaction does
not depends on the concentration of the substrate.
R=K [S]
0
2. First Order Reaction- The reaction rate depends on substrate
concentration and the sum of powers should be 1.
R=K [A]
1
3. Second Order Reaction- A reaction is said to be second order when the
sum of powers of concentration is 2.
R=K[A]
1
[A]
1
R=K[A]
2
4. Michaelis - Menten Model of
Enzyme Kinetics-
In 1913 Leonor Michaelis and Maud
Menten postulated the existence of
enzyme substrate complex based on their
observations on sucrose.
They proposed-
1. The enzyme combines with substrate to
form enzyme substrate complex (ES
complex).
2. The substrate gets modified to form
product and the product gets associated
with enzyme (EP).
3. The product gets released from the
enzyme.
Leonor Michaelis
Maud Menten
5. • They derived a relationship
between the substrate
concentration and the reaction
rate.
• As the substrate concentration
increases the rate of reaction
increases but upto a certain
limit as all the enzymes gets
saturated so further increase in
substrate concentration does
not have any effect.
• When a graph is drawn
between the substrate
concentration [S] and Vo , a
hyperbolic curve develops.
• These observations can be
expressed mathematically in
the form of equation
commonly known as
Michaelis –Menten Equation.
Michaelis –Menten Curve
- A hyperbolic curve
6. The Michaelis - Menten Constant
Km represents the concentration of substrate required to half saturate the enzyme.
Km is a measure of the stability of the ES complex , being equal to the sum of the
rates of breakdown of ES over its formation.
Lower the Km more efficient the enzyme is ,as it requires very little amount of
substrate to reach half Vmax while higher the Km less efficient the enzyme is, as
it requires more substrate to reach half Vmax .
Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency-
• The Turnover number is the number of substrate molecule that are
converted into product per unit time when the enzyme is saturated with the
substrate.
Kcat=Vmax/[E]T
• Catalytic Efficiency = Kcat/Km
• Increase in turnover number (Kcat) or decrease in Km results in enhanced
catalytic efficiency.
7. Lineweaver – Burk Plot
The Michaelis –Menten curve was not
useful in determining the exact value
of Vmax , So a more representating
graph was suggested by Hans
Lineweaver and Dean Burk.
They employed a double reciprocal
plot of 1/Vo versus 1/[S] from the
Michaelis–Menten Equation.
Advantage-More accurate
determination of Vmax
Lineweaver-
Burk Plot
8. Kinetics of Enzyme Inhibition-
Inhibitor- Any agent that
decreases the velocity of an
enzyme catalyzed reaction.
Inhibition may be of reversible
or non-reversible type.
1. Competitive Inhibitors- They
compete directly with the
substrate for the active site of
the enzyme.
This inhibition can be tackled by
the addition of more substrate.
Lineweaver- Burk Plot showing the effect of
competitive inhibitors on enzyme action
9. Kinetics of Enzyme Inhibition-
2. Uncompetitive
Inhibitors-
These bind only to the
Enzyme –Substrate
complex , as binding of a
substrate to enzyme creates
a binding site for inhibitor.
In this case Vmax and Km
decreases ..
Lineweaver- Burk Plot showing the
effect of uncompetitive inhibitors
on enzyme action
10. Kinetics of Enzyme Inhibition-
3. Non – Competitive Inhibitors-
It can combine either with free
substrate or the ES complex.
They bind to a site other than
active site of the enzyme.
In this case Vmax decreases and
Km remains unchanged.
Lineweaver- Burk Plot showing the
effect of non-competitive inhibitors
on enzyme action
11. Kinetics of Allosteric enzymes-
The allosteric enzymes have another site called allosteric site.
Some molecule binding to allosteric site can act either as
activator or inhibitor.
They do not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics instead of
hyperbolic curve they show a sigmoidal curve because a
small change in concentration will bring about a large change
in reaction rate.
Allosteric Enzyme
12. Significance of enzyme kinetics-
With the help of enzyme kinetics we can determine the
rate of the reaction with the changes in substrate
concentration as well as we can determine the effect of
inhibitors on reaction rate.
It helps us to explain how enzyme works.
Helps us to determine how drugs and poisons inhibit the
enzyme activity.
Helps us to understand enzyme’s role in metabolic
pathway.
It helps us to predict how enzymes behave in living
organisms.
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