In view of the medical and social problem caused by the increasing number of drug addicts the determination of opium alka-loids is of special importance. Morphine is known as a highly addictive and potent narcotic but drug users prefer heroin because of its more intense immediate effect. As heroin is hydrolysed in the organism to morphine the knowledge of the morphine content of biological fluids and tissues is indispensable for forensic and therapeutic purposes. The methods recently used for the determination of morphine in urine are gas-liquid chromatography 1, high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorimetric determination 2 and gas chromatography mass spectrometry 3. In this paper a simple and inexpensive kinetic method is presented , based on the decomposition of the coloured compound formed by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with cobalt(II) and morphine, in the presence of carbonate buffer. There is a definite concentration range over which the decomposition rate of the compound mentioned is a linear function of the morphine concentration.
Structural elucidation, Identification, quantization of process related impur...IOSR Journals
Major process related unknown impurity associated with the synthesis of Hydralazine hydrochloride bulk drug was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was subjected to high resolution accurate liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HR/AM-LCMS) for identification. The proposed impurity was isolated from Hydralazine hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by preparative chromatographic method and was injected on HPLC for comparison of retention time with that of the unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride. The molecular ion peak of preparatively isolated impurity and that of unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride were compared for confirmation. The postulated structure was unambiguously confirmed with the help of HR/AM- LC MS/MS, NMR and FTIR data proposed to be 1-(2-phthalazin-1-ylhydrazino)phthalazine (Hazh Dimer). This impurity of Hydralazine hydrochloride is not been previously reported. A rapid Acquity H-class gradient method with runtime of 15.0min was developed for Quantitation on Unisphere Cyno column and validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity and range, robustness. The LOD and LOQ of method were 0081% and 0.0246% respectively.
A STUDY ON FORMATION OF SALYCILIC ACID FORMALDEHYDE POLYMER SAMPLEEDITOR IJCRCPS
Condensation of salicylic acid (0.02 mole) with formaldehyde (0.016 mole) in presence of aqueous 40% H2SO4.
Keywords: pipette,thermometer,spectro-photometer,conicalflakk,waterbath.
Structural elucidation, Identification, quantization of process related impur...IOSR Journals
Major process related unknown impurity associated with the synthesis of Hydralazine hydrochloride bulk drug was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was subjected to high resolution accurate liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HR/AM-LCMS) for identification. The proposed impurity was isolated from Hydralazine hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by preparative chromatographic method and was injected on HPLC for comparison of retention time with that of the unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride. The molecular ion peak of preparatively isolated impurity and that of unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride were compared for confirmation. The postulated structure was unambiguously confirmed with the help of HR/AM- LC MS/MS, NMR and FTIR data proposed to be 1-(2-phthalazin-1-ylhydrazino)phthalazine (Hazh Dimer). This impurity of Hydralazine hydrochloride is not been previously reported. A rapid Acquity H-class gradient method with runtime of 15.0min was developed for Quantitation on Unisphere Cyno column and validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity and range, robustness. The LOD and LOQ of method were 0081% and 0.0246% respectively.
A STUDY ON FORMATION OF SALYCILIC ACID FORMALDEHYDE POLYMER SAMPLEEDITOR IJCRCPS
Condensation of salicylic acid (0.02 mole) with formaldehyde (0.016 mole) in presence of aqueous 40% H2SO4.
Keywords: pipette,thermometer,spectro-photometer,conicalflakk,waterbath.
Separation of L-Phenylalanine by Solvent Sublation and Solvent Extraction MethodBRNSS Publication Hub
Aims and Objectives: Separation and purification is a series of processes intended to isolate a single type of biomolecule from a complex mixture. Innovations in improvement of biodownstream processing, which is responsible for the separation of about 50–80% of recombinant proteins and other biomolecules, play a very important role in increasing the yield and reducing the cost of biopharmaceutical production. Methods: Biomolecule isolation and purification from a fermentation broth usually involve centrifugation, filtration, adsorption, and chromatography steps. Results and Discussions: Each step contributes to the product cost and product loss. Thus, we consider that solvent extraction and solvent sublation are the more economic processes for the separation of biomolecules. Conclusion: In extraction of phenylalanine, maximum extraction was observed at amino acid: surfactant ratio 1:1, amino acid: extractant ratio 1:1500, and pH at 3.1. The highest value of % recovery percentage and Co/Cw was 76.3 and 10.21, respectively. The main motive of this article is to provide the advantages of study on the solvent sublation and solvent extraction of l-phenylalanine over the other techniques.
Bidentate Schiff base ligand 3-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-[(4-dimethylamino-benzylidene)-amino]-2-methyl-propionic acid was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques studies and elemental analysis. The Cd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Cr(III),and Fe(III) of mixed-ligand complexes were structural explicate through moler conductance , [FT-IR, UV-Vis & AAS], chloride contents, , and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Octahedral geometries have been suggested for all complexes. The Schiff base and its complexes were tested against various bacterial species, two of {gram(G+) and gram(G-)} were shown weak to good activity against all bacteria.
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
DETERMINATION OF MIANSERIN USING TROPAEOLIN-OOO BY ION PAIR FORMATIONRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of a simple visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of mianserin, a drug used for the treatment of depression.
Methods: The method was developed using tropaeolin-ooo (TPooo) as an ion associative complex forming a chromophore. Developed the chromophore by sequential mixing of aqueous solutions of mianserin, hydrochloric acid, and TPooo. Chromophore was extracted into an organic solvent (chloroform) and absorbance values of organic layers were measured. As per the existing guidelines of an international conference on harmonization (ICH), various parameters of the method were tested for validation.
Results: At the optimized reaction conditions, the formed chromophore (λ max
Conclusion: Due to lack of pre-treatment process for this method, it was simple. All the tested parameters of the method were validated as per ICH guidelines.
the all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Spectroscopic and Colorimetric Determination of Meloxicam, Lornoxicam, Tenoxi...BRNSS Publication Hub
New approach to spectrophotometric and colorimetric determination of meloxicam, lornoxicam, tenoxicam in drugs using 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD chloride) is developed. The techniques are based on alkaline hydrolyses of oxicams with NBD chloride and the subsequent spectrophotometric and colorimetric determination of the colored products of reaction. The linearity range of calibration dependence is 1-10 mg/ml for lornoxicam and tenoxicam, 0.5-5 mg/ml for meloxicam. The advantages of developed methods are rapidity and cost-efficiency. This approach can be used for screening control of drug quality.
Its about the basic principle and purification techniques of amino acids from mixture. To get the basic concept of separating amino acids and identifying them it will be easier in a short description using flowcharts and images
In this research, two drugs were bonded through amide and ester attachment, using lactic acid as
aspacer binder, produced di pro drug such as Procain and Ciprofloxacin. Since Procain has ailocail
anesthetic action and Ciprofloxacin as antibacterial drug was reacted with lactic acid produced ester
compound (1), then the carboxylic acid of lactic acid could reacted with free Procain oil produced amide
attachment, the controlled drug release in different pH values at 37C˚was studied to improve their
characteristic and to minimize the side effect of the drug could be used in broad spectrum activity as
atherapeutic material.This mutual prodrug was used with another biological active drug instead of single
action. The prepared prodrug was characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR ,and UV. spectroscopies ,physical
properties were determined and physical properties weremeasured.The biological assay were conducted
for prepared prodrug using the microorganism such as E.coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas
acuroginosoma, the prepared prodrug appear high biological activity,compared with standardGentamycin.
Separation of L-Phenylalanine by Solvent Sublation and Solvent Extraction MethodBRNSS Publication Hub
Aims and Objectives: Separation and purification is a series of processes intended to isolate a single type of biomolecule from a complex mixture. Innovations in improvement of biodownstream processing, which is responsible for the separation of about 50–80% of recombinant proteins and other biomolecules, play a very important role in increasing the yield and reducing the cost of biopharmaceutical production. Methods: Biomolecule isolation and purification from a fermentation broth usually involve centrifugation, filtration, adsorption, and chromatography steps. Results and Discussions: Each step contributes to the product cost and product loss. Thus, we consider that solvent extraction and solvent sublation are the more economic processes for the separation of biomolecules. Conclusion: In extraction of phenylalanine, maximum extraction was observed at amino acid: surfactant ratio 1:1, amino acid: extractant ratio 1:1500, and pH at 3.1. The highest value of % recovery percentage and Co/Cw was 76.3 and 10.21, respectively. The main motive of this article is to provide the advantages of study on the solvent sublation and solvent extraction of l-phenylalanine over the other techniques.
Bidentate Schiff base ligand 3-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-[(4-dimethylamino-benzylidene)-amino]-2-methyl-propionic acid was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques studies and elemental analysis. The Cd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Cr(III),and Fe(III) of mixed-ligand complexes were structural explicate through moler conductance , [FT-IR, UV-Vis & AAS], chloride contents, , and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Octahedral geometries have been suggested for all complexes. The Schiff base and its complexes were tested against various bacterial species, two of {gram(G+) and gram(G-)} were shown weak to good activity against all bacteria.
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
DETERMINATION OF MIANSERIN USING TROPAEOLIN-OOO BY ION PAIR FORMATIONRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Objective: The present study was aimed at the development of a simple visible spectrophotometric method for the assay of mianserin, a drug used for the treatment of depression.
Methods: The method was developed using tropaeolin-ooo (TPooo) as an ion associative complex forming a chromophore. Developed the chromophore by sequential mixing of aqueous solutions of mianserin, hydrochloric acid, and TPooo. Chromophore was extracted into an organic solvent (chloroform) and absorbance values of organic layers were measured. As per the existing guidelines of an international conference on harmonization (ICH), various parameters of the method were tested for validation.
Results: At the optimized reaction conditions, the formed chromophore (λ max
Conclusion: Due to lack of pre-treatment process for this method, it was simple. All the tested parameters of the method were validated as per ICH guidelines.
the all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Spectroscopic and Colorimetric Determination of Meloxicam, Lornoxicam, Tenoxi...BRNSS Publication Hub
New approach to spectrophotometric and colorimetric determination of meloxicam, lornoxicam, tenoxicam in drugs using 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD chloride) is developed. The techniques are based on alkaline hydrolyses of oxicams with NBD chloride and the subsequent spectrophotometric and colorimetric determination of the colored products of reaction. The linearity range of calibration dependence is 1-10 mg/ml for lornoxicam and tenoxicam, 0.5-5 mg/ml for meloxicam. The advantages of developed methods are rapidity and cost-efficiency. This approach can be used for screening control of drug quality.
Its about the basic principle and purification techniques of amino acids from mixture. To get the basic concept of separating amino acids and identifying them it will be easier in a short description using flowcharts and images
In this research, two drugs were bonded through amide and ester attachment, using lactic acid as
aspacer binder, produced di pro drug such as Procain and Ciprofloxacin. Since Procain has ailocail
anesthetic action and Ciprofloxacin as antibacterial drug was reacted with lactic acid produced ester
compound (1), then the carboxylic acid of lactic acid could reacted with free Procain oil produced amide
attachment, the controlled drug release in different pH values at 37C˚was studied to improve their
characteristic and to minimize the side effect of the drug could be used in broad spectrum activity as
atherapeutic material.This mutual prodrug was used with another biological active drug instead of single
action. The prepared prodrug was characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR ,and UV. spectroscopies ,physical
properties were determined and physical properties weremeasured.The biological assay were conducted
for prepared prodrug using the microorganism such as E.coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas
acuroginosoma, the prepared prodrug appear high biological activity,compared with standardGentamycin.
Mannich Synthesis Under Ionic Liquid [Et3NH][HSO4] CatalysisIOSRJAC
Ionic liquid [Et3NH][HSO4] was found to be a particularly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of β- amino carbonyl pyrimidines through the Mannich condensation reaction of substituted pyrimidin-2(1H)-ones, cyclohexanone and 4-fluro/chlorobenzaldehyde under ultrasonic irradiation at room temperature. The present methodology offers several advantages such as excellent yields, simple procedure and mild conditions.
Austin Journal of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry is a peer reviewed, open acc...Austin Publishing Group
Austin Journal of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry is a peer reviewed, open access journal publishes manuscripts in the following areas but not limited to structures, synthesis, kinetics, organic synthesis, physical organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and chemical biology.
Austin Journal of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry accepts original research articles, review articles, commentaries, Letters, perspectives, and rapid communication on all the aspects of Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry.
Metabolomic Profiling of Spent Biomass Of Marine Microalgae, Chlorella vulgarispriyanka raviraj
OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the presence of any high value added compounds in the spent biomass of C. vulgaris
To identify the biological activity of the extracted compounds
To evaluate the structure and nature of the compounds using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and other analytical techniques.
Development of economically viable methodologies for the simultaneous extraction of by-products from a single set of biomass.
biological activities performed -Total antioxidant capacity, Anti bacterial activity, Anti-tuberculosis activity, Anti proliferative assay
After a pilot scale production of a rhamnolipidic biosurfactant, it is purified using two methods, chemical separation and chromatography. We use UPLC-MS/MS for the characterization of the chemical species.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
اليوم الأول دورة تدريبية في معايير السلامة في المختبرات والمعامل الكيميائية [...Sekheta Bros Company
دورة تمهيدية من ثلاثة أيام يخضع لها السيدات والسادة مدراء الفروع والأقسام والعاملين المعنيين بأمور الأمن والصحة والسلامة في مؤسسات القطاع العام، تهتم بتوضيح أهم المفاهيم السائدة اليوم حول سلامة وأمن المختبرات والمنشآت وصحة وسلامة الأفراد العاملين في مجال التحليل الكيميائي والبحث والتطوير ومراقبة الجودة وتشمل:
الإداريين ومساعديهم
إدارة المخاطر والأقسام التابعة لها (في الإدارات المتطورة)
الموارد البشرية العاملة في مختبرات البحث والتطوير ومراقبة الإنتاج والجودة.
العاملين في مجال تخزين ونقل المواد الكيميائية.
العاملين في أقسام الطوارئ وأعمال التمديدات الكهربائية والتركيب والصيانة والإصلاح
في اعتقادي فان سورية بلد غني بموارده و ثرواته، ولذلك فهو مرشح لان يكون بلداً منتجاً لغذاء سليم وآمن وخال من الملوثات المختلفة، نظراً للسياسات الحكيمة التي تتبعها الحكومة في ظل قيادة السيد الرئيس الدكتور بشار الأسد حفظه الله، والمتمثلة بجملة من التشريعات والقوانين الهادفة الى حماية المستهلك والبيئة والثروات الغذائية ومصادر المياه، إضافة إلى نشر الوعي عن طريق وسائل الإعلام المختلفة و الحرص على توفير الكوادر في الإعلام التخصصي الغذائي و البيئي.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. MikrochimicaActa [Wien] 1984III, 477--483
9 by Springer-Verlag1984
Chemical Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Belgrade
Kinetic Determination of Morphine in Urine""
By
G. A. Milovanovic and M. A. Sekheta
With 1Figure
(Received November 27, 1984)
In view of the medical and social problem caused by the in-
creasing number of drug addicts the determination of opium alka-
loids is of special importance.
Morphine is known as a highly addictive and potent narcotic
but drug users prefer heroin because of its more intense immediate
effect. As heroin is hydrolysed in the organism to morphine the
knowledge of the morphine content of biological fluids and tissues
is indispensable for forensic and therapeutic purposes.
The methods recently used for the determination of morphine
in urine are gas-liquid chromatography1, high-pressure liquid chro-
matography with fluorimetric determination2 and gas chromatog-
raphy-mass spectrometry3.
In this paper a simple and inexpensive kinetic method is pre-
sented, based on the decomposition of the coloured compound
formed by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with cobalt(II) and
morphine, in the presence of carbonate buffer. There is a definite
concentration range over which the decomposition rate of the com-
pound mentioned is a linear function of the morphine concentration.
* Presented at the first International Symposium on Kinetics in Ana-
lytical Chemistry, C6rdoba, September 27--30, 1983.
31 Mikrochim. Acta 1984 1II/5-6
2. 478 G.A. Milovanovicand M. A.Sekheta:
Experimental
Apparatus
The reaction rate was followed photometrically with a Zeiss Specol by
measuring the solution absorbance at 350 nm in a 5-cm cell, every 15 sec
during the first 3 rain of the reaction. The temperature was kept constant
with an "Ultrathermostat nach HSppler", type NBE (VEB Prfifger~ite-
Werk, Medingen). The pH-measurements were performed by means of a
Radiometer 4C pH-meter.
Reagents
Analytical grade chemicals and redistilled water were used. Concen-
trations of the stock solutions were: hydrogen peroxide (Merck), 9.8 M;
cobalt(II) sulphate (Merck), 1• 10-~ M; morphine hydrochloride (Alkaloid),
1x 10-2 M. Carbonate buffer solution was made by mixing 1M sodium
bicarbonate and 1M sodium carbonate (Merck).
Procedure
The reaction was performed in a special vessel with three com-
partments. The solution of cobalt(II) was measured into one com-
partment, buffer and morphine into the second, and hydrogen per-
oxide and enough water to make a total volume of 25 ml into the
third compartment of the vessel. The vessel was brought to
25_+0.1o C in the thermostat and the reaction was started by mix-
ing all the solutions in the vessel.
Extraction of Free Morphine from Urine Samples
The urine sample (25 ml) was extracted with chloroform-iso-
propyl alcohol (95 : 5) mixture at pH 8.9 (carbonate buffer). After
extraction the mixture was centrifuged and the organic layer was
separated and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 5 ml of
redistilled water, and analysed for morphine as just described.
Results and Discussion
To establish the optimum conditions for the determination of
morphine, the kinetics of the decomposition of the unstable product
formed between hydrogen peroxide, cobalt(II) and morphine has
been studied.
It was found that the rate of decomposition increases with in-
creasing concentration of morphine and of cobalt(II), and is maximal
when the two components are in 1 : 1 molar ratio; on this basis
3. Kinetic Determination of Morphine in Urine 479
it was concluded that the decomposition rate depends on the cata-
lytically active 1:1 complex which cobalt forms with morphine.
From the results obtained the kinetic equation of the reaction has
been postulated and the apparent rate constant calculated:
da
dt = ~ [Co-morphine] [H20211/4
/~= (0.51 • 0.03) mole-1/4.11/4. min-1.
This kinetic equation is valid for hydrogen peroxide concentra-
tions ranging from 1.2 x 10-~ M to 19.6 x 10-3 M, buffer concentra-
tions ranging from 1.6 x 10-2 M to 5.6 x 10-2 M, and pH=8.9;
T=25 +_0.10C.
From the rate of the reaction at various temperatures in the
range 20--35 o C the activation energy and thermodynamic param-
eters have been calculated and are given in Table L The activation
Table I. The Activation Energy and Thermodynamic Parameters for the Decom-
position of the Compound Formed Between Hydrogen Peroxide, Cobalt(II) and
Morphine
E A H ++ AS ++ A G ++ pK++
(kJ/mole) (kJ/mole) (J.K-l.mole-i) (kJ/mole)
37.8 35.3 - 131 74.5 13.1
energy is lower than that for the decomposition of hydrogen per-
oxide by inorganic ions, which is about 3 46 kJ/mole. It may be con-
cluded that a catalytically active complex, with catalyse-like action
in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, is probably formed
between cobalt(II) and morphine.
Table II. Kinetic Determination of Morphine (5 Determinations)
No. Taken Found Relative
standard
(~g/mI) (#g/ml) deviation (%)
5 1.50 1.66 + 0.13 7.8
5 7.50 7.16 __+0.17 2.4
5 12.3 12.07__+0.36 3.0
From the kinetic investigations the optimum conditions for the
determination of morphine have been established: hydrogen per=
oxide, 19.6 x 10 '3 M; carbonate buffer, 4.0 x 10-2 M (pH 8.9),
31"
4. 480 G.A. Milovanovic and M. A. Sekheta:
cobalt(II) sulphate, 4.0 x 10 .5 M. Determination of morphine by
the differential tangent method gives a calibration graph of the
type shown in Fig. 1. The results obtained are given in Table II.
I /t~. j
2
88 "'13" I'2 lg 20 Nor],pg/mt~
0 I 2 3 4 5 [Mor], M- 105
Fig. 1. Calibration graph for the determination of morphine
Initial concentrations: hydrogen peroxide, 19.6x10-aM; carbonate buffer
(pH 8.9), 4.0 x 10-~ M; cobalt(II) sulphate, 4.0 x 10-5 M
Morphine was determined in concentrations ranging from 1.5 to
12.3/~g/ml, with relative standard deviation up to 7.8%.
A study was made of possible interference by the related com-
pounds of the opium alkaloid group as well as by some medical
Table III. Tolerance Ratio for Foreign Substances in the Determination of
Morphine (2 x 10-~ M)
Narcotine interferes
Codeine 1 : I
Thebaine 5 : 1
Dionin 5 : 1
Papaverine 1 : 1
Methadone 10 : 1
Benzoctamine 10 : 1
Valium 10 : 1
Lasdol 2 : 1
drugs. Results presented in Table III show that narcotine interferes
with the determination, whereas papaverine and codeine (when
present at the same concentration as morphine) do not affect the
5. Kinetic Determination of Morphine in Urine 481
accuracy of the determination. Lasdol (lysine-acetylsalicylate +gly-
cine, 9 : 1) does not interfere when present at twice the concentra-
tion of morphine, and thebaine and dionin can be tolerated at
five times the morphine concentration. Other compounds examin-
ed do not interfere even when present at ten times the concentra-
tion of morphine. It may be concluded that other alkaloids of this
group under the same experimental conditions may also form cata-
lytically active complexes with cobalt. Table IV shows how dif-
Table IV. Relative Molar Coefficient of Catalytic Activity, Given as F Values*
of Complexesof Morphine and Its Derivativeswith Cobalt(II)
Compound R1 R2 F value
Morphine - OH - OH 1.000
Codeine - OCH~ - OH 0.065
Dionin - OC2Ha - OH 0.051
Thebaine - OCH~ - OCH3 0.032
* The F value is the quotient of the molar concentrations of a reference
catalyst (in this case the morphine complex) and of the complex considered,
which have the same catalytic activity under identical conditions5.
ferent substituents affect the catalytic activity of the complexes
formed. The catalytic activity decreases on the replacement of the
phenolic hydroxyl group of morphine by a methoxy group in codeine
or an ethoxy group in dionin, and thebaine, which contains two
methoxy groups, exerts the lowest catalytic activity.
Finally, the application of the method to the determination of
morphine in urine has been investigated. The calibration graph was
obtained by spiking blank urine samples with known amounts of
morphine to give concentrations from 0.0 to i5.0 ,ug/ml. It was
found to be linear (-tane=l.808 x 10-9' x Cmo~phin~+0.008) with a
linear regression correlation coefficient of 0.997.
The efficiency of the extraction was checked by extracting
known concentrations of morphine from quintreplicate urine sam-
ples. The mean recovery of morphine was 85%.
The precision and reproducibility were obtained by determining
morphine at three concentration levels (five replicates) (Table V).
The proposed method was also applied to the analysis of five
urine samples from persons suspected of having taken morphine or
heroin. As morphine is present in urine predominantly as the glu-
curonide, for determination of its total morphine content the urine
was hydrolysed before extraction.
6. 482 G.A. Milovanovicand M. A.Sekheta:
To 25 mI of urine 2 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid were
added and the solution was digested in a boiling water-bath for
30 rain. After cooling, the solution was adjusted to pH 9 with
ammonia solution, then buffered and extracted as described for the
free morphine in urine.
Two of the samples investigated were found to be negative
and were eliminated from further testing.
Table V. ReproducibilityData for Morphine in Urine Samples
(5 Determinations)
Taken Found Relative standard
(,t~g/ml) (#g/ml) deviation (%)
1.50 1.70+0.13 7.6
7.51 8.20+__0.62 7.6
13.53 13.47__+0.57 4.2
In the other samples the free morphine determined ranged from
2.0 to 3.5 #g/ml and the total morphine from 5 to 9#g/ml. The
results obtained were compared with those of HPLC determina-
tions by the method of Jane and Taylorz. The correlation coefficient
of 0.94 for the two sets of data appeared to indicate satisfactory
overall agreement.
If codeine is present it could be expected partly to undergo
O-demethylation to form morphine. However, the main metabolic
pathway is conjugation with glucuronic acid, and free codeine inter-
feres with the determination only when present in concentrations
greater than that of morphine. Other alkaloids, which under the
experimental conditions react like morphine, do not interfere at
low concentrations.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the Serbian Republic Research Fund
for financial support.
Summary
Kinetic Determination o[ Morphine in Urine
A kinetic method for the determination of morphine in urine is
presented. It is based on the decomposition of the coloured com-
pound formed by the reaction between hydrogen peroxide, cobalt(II)
7. Kinetic Determination of Morphine in Urine 483
and morphine, in alkaline media. The decomposition rate of the
coloured reaction product was followed photometrically. Morphine
was determined in concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 13.5/~g/ml,
and the relative standard deviation was not higher than 8%. The
determination was performed by the differential tangent method.
The effect of related substances from the opium alkaloid group was
also examined. The method determines the free morphine present.
For total morphine the glucuronides have to be hydrolysed by acid
digestion first.
Zusammenfassung
Kinetische Bestimmung yon Morphin in Harn
Die beschriebene Methode beruht auf der Zersetzung des geffirbten
Produktes, das sich aus Morphin, Wasserstoffperoxid und Kobalt(II) in
alkalischer L6sung bildet. Die Geschwindigkeit dieser Zersetzung wurde
photometrisch verfolgt. Morphin wurde im Konzentrationsbereich 1,50--
13,53/~g/ml bestimmt. Die relative Standardabweichung war nicht h6her
als 8%. Die Bestimmung wurde mit der differentiellen Variante der Tan-
gentenmethode ausgefiihrt. Der Einflut~ verwandter Substanzen aus der
Gruppe der Opiumalkaloide wurde untersucht.
References
1 G. R. Nakamura and E. L. Way, Analyt. Chemistry 47, 775 (1975).
2 I. Jane and J. F. Taylor, J. Chromatography 109, 37 (1975).
8 E. J. Cone, C. W. Gorodetzky, S. Y. Yeh, W. D. Darwin, and W. F.
Buchwald, J. Chromatography 230, 57 (1982).
4 N. I. Kobozev, Chosen Works (Russian), Moscow (1978).
5 S. Pantel, Analyt. Chim. Acta 141, 353 (1982).
Correspondence and reprints: Dr. G.A. Milovanovid, Institute of
Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P. O. Box 550, 11001
Belgrade, Yugoslavia.