This document proposes a preventive strategy for defending against cyberattacks aimed at disrupting food and water supplies. It recommends applying Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles to identify vulnerabilities and critical control points for the "cyberspace" systems controlling food processing and water infrastructure. A seven-step plan is outlined based on HACCP principles: 1) analyze cyber hazards, 2) develop system flow diagrams, 3) modify diagrams as needed, 4) identify significant cyber hazards, 5) establish preventive measures, 6) identify critical control points, and 7) establish controls and limits to reduce risks. Monitoring, corrective actions, verification, and record keeping are also recommended to ensure the cyber defense strategy
This document discusses different types of plant pest surveys: detection surveys, delimiting surveys, and monitoring surveys. Detection surveys are conducted when the presence of a pest is unknown. Delimiting surveys determine the boundaries of a pest infestation. Monitoring surveys assist with ongoing pest management. Developing pest and host lists, establishing pest-free areas, and early pest detection are purposes of detection surveys. Delimiting surveys evaluate the spread of a new pest incursion. Regulatory agencies typically conduct delimiting surveys, and biosecurity plans may include generic survey plans for exotic pest incursions.
This document outlines a training course on responding to an active shooter situation. It discusses evacuating to safety, hiding from the shooter, or taking action against the shooter as a last resort. When law enforcement arrives, remain calm and follow their instructions to move to a safe location for questioning. Employers should prepare by being aware of potential warning signs from employees and ensuring staff know evacuation plans and the locations of emergency exits.
This document provides guidance on responding to an active shooter situation on campus. It defines an active shooter as an immediate threat causing death or serious injury. It instructs faculty and staff to secure the area, treat injuries, contact emergency services, and provide assailant details. Law enforcement will work to contain the threat before evacuating or treating injuries. The goal is to neutralize the assailant who will not stop until objectives are met. Historical perspectives on campus shooters are also presented.
This document provides guidance on responding to an active shooter situation. It outlines responsibilities for human resources and facility managers in preparing for such an event. Managers should take immediate action, remain calm, lock doors, and evacuate staff along a preplanned route if an active shooter is present. The document also describes an active shooter profile and good practices for coping until law enforcement arrives, such as hiding, barricading doors, and fighting as a last resort.
Tabletop Exercise for Managing an Active Shooter ScenarioDon Haverty
This is a brief overview of what constitutes an "Active Shooter", citing some examples and looking at the circumstances surrounding them. We later lay out a template for an organization to conduct their own tabletop exercise to begin formulating a response plan.
This document provides guidance on preparing for and responding to an active shooter incident. It defines an active shooter as an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined area. Statistics from past incidents show that most shooters acted alone, had a mental illness, and aimed to inflict maximum casualties. The goals of active shooters are typically to kill as many victims as possible or make a political statement. The document stresses the importance of prevention through thorough employee screening and encouraging employees to report any suspicious activity. It also emphasizes having an emergency action plan in place before an incident occurs.
This document provides information about the A.L.I.C.E. response strategy for responding to active shooter situations. It discusses how traditional lockdown approaches are insufficient on their own and limit options for survival. A.L.I.C.E. training teaches people to Alert others to danger, Lockdown if escape is not possible, counter aggressors if needed to survive, provide real-time Information updates, and Evacuate to safety if possible. The goal is to give people more options than passive hiding by teaching mental preparation, situational awareness, and how to take active measures like distraction and swarming attackers if necessary to survive until help arrives.
This document discusses different types of plant pest surveys: detection surveys, delimiting surveys, and monitoring surveys. Detection surveys are conducted when the presence of a pest is unknown. Delimiting surveys determine the boundaries of a pest infestation. Monitoring surveys assist with ongoing pest management. Developing pest and host lists, establishing pest-free areas, and early pest detection are purposes of detection surveys. Delimiting surveys evaluate the spread of a new pest incursion. Regulatory agencies typically conduct delimiting surveys, and biosecurity plans may include generic survey plans for exotic pest incursions.
This document outlines a training course on responding to an active shooter situation. It discusses evacuating to safety, hiding from the shooter, or taking action against the shooter as a last resort. When law enforcement arrives, remain calm and follow their instructions to move to a safe location for questioning. Employers should prepare by being aware of potential warning signs from employees and ensuring staff know evacuation plans and the locations of emergency exits.
This document provides guidance on responding to an active shooter situation on campus. It defines an active shooter as an immediate threat causing death or serious injury. It instructs faculty and staff to secure the area, treat injuries, contact emergency services, and provide assailant details. Law enforcement will work to contain the threat before evacuating or treating injuries. The goal is to neutralize the assailant who will not stop until objectives are met. Historical perspectives on campus shooters are also presented.
This document provides guidance on responding to an active shooter situation. It outlines responsibilities for human resources and facility managers in preparing for such an event. Managers should take immediate action, remain calm, lock doors, and evacuate staff along a preplanned route if an active shooter is present. The document also describes an active shooter profile and good practices for coping until law enforcement arrives, such as hiding, barricading doors, and fighting as a last resort.
Tabletop Exercise for Managing an Active Shooter ScenarioDon Haverty
This is a brief overview of what constitutes an "Active Shooter", citing some examples and looking at the circumstances surrounding them. We later lay out a template for an organization to conduct their own tabletop exercise to begin formulating a response plan.
This document provides guidance on preparing for and responding to an active shooter incident. It defines an active shooter as an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined area. Statistics from past incidents show that most shooters acted alone, had a mental illness, and aimed to inflict maximum casualties. The goals of active shooters are typically to kill as many victims as possible or make a political statement. The document stresses the importance of prevention through thorough employee screening and encouraging employees to report any suspicious activity. It also emphasizes having an emergency action plan in place before an incident occurs.
This document provides information about the A.L.I.C.E. response strategy for responding to active shooter situations. It discusses how traditional lockdown approaches are insufficient on their own and limit options for survival. A.L.I.C.E. training teaches people to Alert others to danger, Lockdown if escape is not possible, counter aggressors if needed to survive, provide real-time Information updates, and Evacuate to safety if possible. The goal is to give people more options than passive hiding by teaching mental preparation, situational awareness, and how to take active measures like distraction and swarming attackers if necessary to survive until help arrives.
This document proposes research on developing a food waste management system to address the significant global issue of food waste. Up to 50% of the world's food is wasted while many people lack access to adequate nutrition. Fast food chains and consumers both contribute greatly to food waste. The proposal suggests fast food establishments should establish better systems to handle leftovers rather than just throwing them away.
The document proposes a collaborative pilot project to create a data aggregation service to address challenges in monitoring animal diseases and treatments. Currently, monitoring relies on paper-based systems and software that is too slow or requires internet connectivity. The pilot would develop an easy-to-use smartphone app to capture treatment data and aggregate it into a centralized database. This would provide digitized, real-time data to stakeholders along the value chain, improving surveillance, research, and reducing stress on farmers and vets. The consortium-led pilot would assess requirements to effectively transform monitoring while respecting privacy.
Cloud Computing: A Key to Effective & Efficient Disease Surveillance Systemidescitation
Cloud computing, a future generation concept
characterized by three entities: Software, hardware &
network designed to enhance the capacity building
simultaneously increasing the throughput by extending the
reach for any system without having heavy investment of
infrastructure and training new personnel. It is becoming
a major building block for any sort of businesses across the
globe. This paper likes to propose a cloud as a solution for
having an effective disease surveillance system. Till now,
multiple surveillance systems come into play but still they
lack sensitivity, specificity & timeliness.
8.1Determinants of Adaptive Capacity.pptxNeeraj Ojha
There is an international agency called Environmental Protection Agency EPA. EPA forms and implements regulations regarding making the environment better.
We are at present in a very critical state as far as the situation of global warming and receding snowcaps in the Antarctia. It has been found that there is a hole in the Ozone layer due to increasing level of pollution throughout the world.
The rising sea-levels are threatening the global community. Moreover, the increasing amount of garbages thrown into the seas is a major problem now for countries like Canada. How to manage this sort of problems is equally challenging in both the developed and underdeveloped nations.
This document discusses chemical disasters and the roles and responsibilities of community health nurses. It defines chemical disasters as intentional or unintentional releases of hazardous substances that can harm human health and the environment. As a community health nurse, roles include operational planning, vulnerability assessment, public health surveillance, conducting exercises and training, and reducing health risks. Planning involves establishing multidisciplinary teams, assessing risks, and developing public health response plans.
An Innovative Approach for Tomato Leaf Disease Identification and its Benefic...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an innovative approach for identifying diseases in tomato leaves using image processing and machine learning techniques. Specifically, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model is developed and trained on a dataset of tomato leaf images showing various disease symptoms. Through testing and validation, the proposed approach achieves high accuracy in classifying different types of tomato leaf diseases. Integrating this method could enable timely disease detection, reduce crop losses, and optimize resource allocation for more sustainable agricultural practices. The research contributes a practical solution for automating tomato leaf disease detection to enhance disease management and food security.
This document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for agricultural risk management in dry areas to improve water management, food security, and employment. It provides several case studies of ICT applications including local weather forecasting and monitoring in Turkey to provide farmers timely information, mKRISHI's mobile agro-advisory system in India, index-based weather insurance in Kenya and Rwanda, and productive social safety nets in Ethiopia, Kenya and Rwanda that combine early warning systems with preparedness plans. The document recommends investments in ICT, improved information dissemination, and new decentralized arrangements for linking farmers, extension, and research.
This document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for agricultural risk management in dry areas to improve water management, food security, and employment. It provides several case studies of ICT applications including local weather forecasting and monitoring in Turkey, the mKrishi mobile agro-advisory system in India, index-based weather insurance in Kenya and Rwanda, and productive social safety nets programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Rwanda. The document argues that investments in ICT and locally-generated weather and market information are "no-regrets" approaches that provide economic, social, and environmental benefits regardless of future climate changes.
The document discusses the risks posed by Listeria monocytogenes contamination in foods and outlines various control strategies to minimize Listeria risks. Listeria is a common bacteria that can grow in cold temperatures and cause serious illness. Recent outbreaks linked to foods like vegetables, fruits, and deli meats have increased concerns about Listeria. Implementing comprehensive control programs that address plant design, sanitation procedures, environmental monitoring, and employee training can help food companies control Listeria and avoid costly recalls. Multiple hurdles are needed as no single intervention is sufficient on its own.
Coordinated And Unified Responses To Unpredictable And Widespread Biothreatsmartindudziak
Intelligent and rapid dissemination of information is essential for responding to CBRN threats but has been missing from most response plans. The CUBIT system provides a solution with its coordinated and unified approach. CUBIT uses sensors, analytics, diagnostics, treatments, and population control protocols incorporated as scalable and modular components that can dynamically interact. It employs principles of "plug and play" and adaptability to respond to unpredictable biothreats affecting populations when infrastructure is damaged.
Upstream Viral Safety: A Holistic Approach to Mitigating Contamination RisksMilliporeSigma
The document discusses strategies for mitigating viral contamination risks in upstream biomanufacturing processes. It outlines a holistic approach involving careful selection and testing of raw materials, risk analysis to identify high-risk components, and various mitigation technologies like gamma irradiation, HTST pasteurization, and virus retentive filtration. Virus retentive filters designed specifically for cell culture media can provide over 4 logs of viral reduction while maintaining media performance. Combined with other controls, these strategies aim to prevent viral contamination upstream and reduce risks of disruption to operations.
This document reviews smart packaging technologies for fruit quality monitoring. It discusses fruit classification, development stages, and harvesting procedures to understand factors that affect fruit deterioration. It also covers smart packaging systems, including active and intelligent packaging. Freshness sensors that can be integrated with smart packaging are examined, along with challenges and opportunities to bridge these technologies for fruit freshness monitoring. The goal is reduced waste and improved consumer health and safety.
Using AI to Recommend Pesticides for Effective Management of Multiple Plant D...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using artificial intelligence to recommend pesticides for effective plant disease management. It presents a methodology using computer vision and machine learning, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to develop a system for detecting plant diseases. The system would analyze leaf images using CNNs and provide fertilizer recommendations to help farmers more easily and quickly identify diseases affecting their crops. This could help reduce excessive pesticide use and environmental damage while improving crop yields. The paper reviews several related works applying CNNs and other machine learning methods to identify diseases from images. It discusses acquiring and preprocessing leaf image datasets to train models for large-scale disease detection, which could support more sustainable and data-driven agricultural decision making.
Running head FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SECTOR .docxwlynn1
Running head: FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SECTOR 1
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SECTOR 6
Food and Agriculture Sector
Shaimika Jones
Waldorf University
HLS 3305
Jamie Gauthier
March 5, 2019
Critical infrastructure refers to cyber and physical systems and assets that the United Stated highly depends to the extent that their destruction or incapacity would have a significant and adverse effect on the physical and economic security or the public health of the United States and Safety of the Americans (Homeland Security, n.d). The identified sector is the Food and Agriculture Sector. The largest percentage of this sector is under private ownership and comprises slightly above 2 million farms, 935,000 restaurants and more two hundred thousand facilities that manufacture, process and store food. This sector is important because it gives to approximately one-fifth of the economy. Dependencies upon by many other sectors including water and wastewater systems, chemical, energy, and transportation systems.
The assets of the sector are important to a mixture of the government and private industry. It is important to the private industry as the industry owns that largest portion of the sector and disruption of the sector affects the revenues of the private industry. It is important to the government as it significantly contributes to the performance of the American economy and public health. The subsectors in this sector are agricultural and food processing product distribution, supply, regulatory, oversight and industry organizations, agricultural and food supporting facilities, agricultural and food product storage, agricultural food product transportation, and processing, packaging and production.
Criticality of the Sector
This sector is a critical asset as the interruption of its operations has the potential to adversely affect the United States economy and public health. In addition, the sector contributes to approximately 20 percent of the United States economic activities. The sector is a critical asset to the United States as a fifth of the American agricultural products is exported to other countries which contribute to the growth of the economy and in creating a positive trade balance. For instance, exportation of agricultural products created a positive trade balance of approximately $40 billion in 2013 (Department of Homeland Security, 2015). The sector is important to the economy of the nation as it employs thousands of American citizens who work in stores selling groceries, restaurants, supermarkets, institutional food selling facilities and other food outlets. The sector also has a positive contribution to the humanitarian actions in the world and significantly plays a role on food security as the country provides food aid during disasters and to poverty-stricken areas around the world.
The co.
IT is playing a key role in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic through various technologies:
1. Remote health monitoring, telemedicine, and chatbots allow virtual doctor visits and patient engagement while maintaining social distancing.
2. AI and machine learning are used to track, monitor, and predict the spread of the virus through tools like contact tracing apps and analysis of medical images and data.
3. Digital technologies help distribute reliable health information and ease anxiety through online wellness apps.
This amazing new Food safety saas prevents food poisoning like a proHarry Shawn
In today's fast-paced world, where food safety concerns are ever-present, the integration of data analytics presents an opportunity to enhance our understanding and management of potential risks. Imagine a scenario where every step in the food supply chain is continuously monitored, analyzed, and modified based on real-time insights. The possibilities for improved consumer protection seem endless.
Restaurants can leverage this technology to ensure that every ingredient used in their kitchens meets stringent quality standards. By analyzing data from suppliers and cross-checking it against regulatory guidelines, establishments can significantly minimize the risk of serving contaminated or expired products. From identifying allergen traces in packaged foods to monitoring temperature control during storage and transportation processes, advanced algorithms empower restaurant owners with comprehensive control over their operations.
Similarly, catering services can utilize data analytics to improve their menu offerings based on customer preferences while simultaneously maintaining high-quality standards. Analyzing feedback from previous events allows caterers to identify popular dishes, and ingredient trends, and even detect potential health hazards not apparent at first glance.
- Introduction: The Importance of Food Safety
Food safety is a critical aspect of food production and consumption that directly impacts the health and wellbeing of individuals. With an increasing focus on healthy eating and nutrition, ensuring the safety of our food is more important than ever. Not only does proper food safety prevent illnesses and diseases caused by contamination, but it also contributes to building trust between consumers and food producers.
Moreover, in today's globalized world where food travels across borders, maintaining strict food safety standards is essential to prevent the spread of harmful pathogens and contaminants. Consumers have become more vigilant about the origin of their food and its production process, making it imperative for businesses to prioritize food safety to retain consumer confidence. By investing in innovative solutions that enhance food safety protocols, businesses can not only protect public health but also safeguard their reputation and bottom line.
Understanding Food Poisoning
Food poisoning is a serious and often underestimated risk that can result from consuming contaminated or improperly handled food. While most cases are mild and resolved without medical intervention, severe instances can lead to hospitalization and even death. Understanding the causes and symptoms of food poisoning is crucial for preventing its occurrence, as well as for identifying it early on.
This document discusses various categories of food hazards. It divides hazards into three main groups: expected hazards defined by Codex Alimentarius including biological, chemical and physical hazards; hidden hazards in the food chain such as irradiated food and household chemicals; and insidious hazards including food handlers' mental health and ergonomic issues as well as electronic and long-term hazards like genetically modified food. The document emphasizes the importance of considering all categories of hazards, including insidious ones, during hazard analysis in food safety systems like HACCP to improve food safety.
This document is a CV for Dr. Mohamad Azzam F. Sekheta. It provides biographical information such as his date of birth, education history, employment history, and areas of expertise. It lists his university degrees from 1969-1983 and positions held. It also outlines his areas of focus in project management, quality assurance, and education.
This document provides a curriculum vitae for Dr. Mohamad Azzam F. Sekheta that includes his personal and contact information, education history, qualifications, certificates, memberships, languages, training courses delivered, and published articles. It details that he has a PhD in Analytical Chemistry from the University of Belgrade and has over 30 years of experience in research and delivering training courses in topics like good manufacturing practices, hazard analysis, and food safety management systems. He is a member of several professional organizations and has published several papers in internationally recognized scientific journals.
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This document proposes research on developing a food waste management system to address the significant global issue of food waste. Up to 50% of the world's food is wasted while many people lack access to adequate nutrition. Fast food chains and consumers both contribute greatly to food waste. The proposal suggests fast food establishments should establish better systems to handle leftovers rather than just throwing them away.
The document proposes a collaborative pilot project to create a data aggregation service to address challenges in monitoring animal diseases and treatments. Currently, monitoring relies on paper-based systems and software that is too slow or requires internet connectivity. The pilot would develop an easy-to-use smartphone app to capture treatment data and aggregate it into a centralized database. This would provide digitized, real-time data to stakeholders along the value chain, improving surveillance, research, and reducing stress on farmers and vets. The consortium-led pilot would assess requirements to effectively transform monitoring while respecting privacy.
Cloud Computing: A Key to Effective & Efficient Disease Surveillance Systemidescitation
Cloud computing, a future generation concept
characterized by three entities: Software, hardware &
network designed to enhance the capacity building
simultaneously increasing the throughput by extending the
reach for any system without having heavy investment of
infrastructure and training new personnel. It is becoming
a major building block for any sort of businesses across the
globe. This paper likes to propose a cloud as a solution for
having an effective disease surveillance system. Till now,
multiple surveillance systems come into play but still they
lack sensitivity, specificity & timeliness.
8.1Determinants of Adaptive Capacity.pptxNeeraj Ojha
There is an international agency called Environmental Protection Agency EPA. EPA forms and implements regulations regarding making the environment better.
We are at present in a very critical state as far as the situation of global warming and receding snowcaps in the Antarctia. It has been found that there is a hole in the Ozone layer due to increasing level of pollution throughout the world.
The rising sea-levels are threatening the global community. Moreover, the increasing amount of garbages thrown into the seas is a major problem now for countries like Canada. How to manage this sort of problems is equally challenging in both the developed and underdeveloped nations.
This document discusses chemical disasters and the roles and responsibilities of community health nurses. It defines chemical disasters as intentional or unintentional releases of hazardous substances that can harm human health and the environment. As a community health nurse, roles include operational planning, vulnerability assessment, public health surveillance, conducting exercises and training, and reducing health risks. Planning involves establishing multidisciplinary teams, assessing risks, and developing public health response plans.
An Innovative Approach for Tomato Leaf Disease Identification and its Benefic...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an innovative approach for identifying diseases in tomato leaves using image processing and machine learning techniques. Specifically, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model is developed and trained on a dataset of tomato leaf images showing various disease symptoms. Through testing and validation, the proposed approach achieves high accuracy in classifying different types of tomato leaf diseases. Integrating this method could enable timely disease detection, reduce crop losses, and optimize resource allocation for more sustainable agricultural practices. The research contributes a practical solution for automating tomato leaf disease detection to enhance disease management and food security.
This document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for agricultural risk management in dry areas to improve water management, food security, and employment. It provides several case studies of ICT applications including local weather forecasting and monitoring in Turkey to provide farmers timely information, mKRISHI's mobile agro-advisory system in India, index-based weather insurance in Kenya and Rwanda, and productive social safety nets in Ethiopia, Kenya and Rwanda that combine early warning systems with preparedness plans. The document recommends investments in ICT, improved information dissemination, and new decentralized arrangements for linking farmers, extension, and research.
This document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for agricultural risk management in dry areas to improve water management, food security, and employment. It provides several case studies of ICT applications including local weather forecasting and monitoring in Turkey, the mKrishi mobile agro-advisory system in India, index-based weather insurance in Kenya and Rwanda, and productive social safety nets programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Rwanda. The document argues that investments in ICT and locally-generated weather and market information are "no-regrets" approaches that provide economic, social, and environmental benefits regardless of future climate changes.
The document discusses the risks posed by Listeria monocytogenes contamination in foods and outlines various control strategies to minimize Listeria risks. Listeria is a common bacteria that can grow in cold temperatures and cause serious illness. Recent outbreaks linked to foods like vegetables, fruits, and deli meats have increased concerns about Listeria. Implementing comprehensive control programs that address plant design, sanitation procedures, environmental monitoring, and employee training can help food companies control Listeria and avoid costly recalls. Multiple hurdles are needed as no single intervention is sufficient on its own.
Coordinated And Unified Responses To Unpredictable And Widespread Biothreatsmartindudziak
Intelligent and rapid dissemination of information is essential for responding to CBRN threats but has been missing from most response plans. The CUBIT system provides a solution with its coordinated and unified approach. CUBIT uses sensors, analytics, diagnostics, treatments, and population control protocols incorporated as scalable and modular components that can dynamically interact. It employs principles of "plug and play" and adaptability to respond to unpredictable biothreats affecting populations when infrastructure is damaged.
Upstream Viral Safety: A Holistic Approach to Mitigating Contamination RisksMilliporeSigma
The document discusses strategies for mitigating viral contamination risks in upstream biomanufacturing processes. It outlines a holistic approach involving careful selection and testing of raw materials, risk analysis to identify high-risk components, and various mitigation technologies like gamma irradiation, HTST pasteurization, and virus retentive filtration. Virus retentive filters designed specifically for cell culture media can provide over 4 logs of viral reduction while maintaining media performance. Combined with other controls, these strategies aim to prevent viral contamination upstream and reduce risks of disruption to operations.
This document reviews smart packaging technologies for fruit quality monitoring. It discusses fruit classification, development stages, and harvesting procedures to understand factors that affect fruit deterioration. It also covers smart packaging systems, including active and intelligent packaging. Freshness sensors that can be integrated with smart packaging are examined, along with challenges and opportunities to bridge these technologies for fruit freshness monitoring. The goal is reduced waste and improved consumer health and safety.
Using AI to Recommend Pesticides for Effective Management of Multiple Plant D...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using artificial intelligence to recommend pesticides for effective plant disease management. It presents a methodology using computer vision and machine learning, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to develop a system for detecting plant diseases. The system would analyze leaf images using CNNs and provide fertilizer recommendations to help farmers more easily and quickly identify diseases affecting their crops. This could help reduce excessive pesticide use and environmental damage while improving crop yields. The paper reviews several related works applying CNNs and other machine learning methods to identify diseases from images. It discusses acquiring and preprocessing leaf image datasets to train models for large-scale disease detection, which could support more sustainable and data-driven agricultural decision making.
Running head FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SECTOR .docxwlynn1
Running head: FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SECTOR 1
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SECTOR 6
Food and Agriculture Sector
Shaimika Jones
Waldorf University
HLS 3305
Jamie Gauthier
March 5, 2019
Critical infrastructure refers to cyber and physical systems and assets that the United Stated highly depends to the extent that their destruction or incapacity would have a significant and adverse effect on the physical and economic security or the public health of the United States and Safety of the Americans (Homeland Security, n.d). The identified sector is the Food and Agriculture Sector. The largest percentage of this sector is under private ownership and comprises slightly above 2 million farms, 935,000 restaurants and more two hundred thousand facilities that manufacture, process and store food. This sector is important because it gives to approximately one-fifth of the economy. Dependencies upon by many other sectors including water and wastewater systems, chemical, energy, and transportation systems.
The assets of the sector are important to a mixture of the government and private industry. It is important to the private industry as the industry owns that largest portion of the sector and disruption of the sector affects the revenues of the private industry. It is important to the government as it significantly contributes to the performance of the American economy and public health. The subsectors in this sector are agricultural and food processing product distribution, supply, regulatory, oversight and industry organizations, agricultural and food supporting facilities, agricultural and food product storage, agricultural food product transportation, and processing, packaging and production.
Criticality of the Sector
This sector is a critical asset as the interruption of its operations has the potential to adversely affect the United States economy and public health. In addition, the sector contributes to approximately 20 percent of the United States economic activities. The sector is a critical asset to the United States as a fifth of the American agricultural products is exported to other countries which contribute to the growth of the economy and in creating a positive trade balance. For instance, exportation of agricultural products created a positive trade balance of approximately $40 billion in 2013 (Department of Homeland Security, 2015). The sector is important to the economy of the nation as it employs thousands of American citizens who work in stores selling groceries, restaurants, supermarkets, institutional food selling facilities and other food outlets. The sector also has a positive contribution to the humanitarian actions in the world and significantly plays a role on food security as the country provides food aid during disasters and to poverty-stricken areas around the world.
The co.
IT is playing a key role in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic through various technologies:
1. Remote health monitoring, telemedicine, and chatbots allow virtual doctor visits and patient engagement while maintaining social distancing.
2. AI and machine learning are used to track, monitor, and predict the spread of the virus through tools like contact tracing apps and analysis of medical images and data.
3. Digital technologies help distribute reliable health information and ease anxiety through online wellness apps.
This amazing new Food safety saas prevents food poisoning like a proHarry Shawn
In today's fast-paced world, where food safety concerns are ever-present, the integration of data analytics presents an opportunity to enhance our understanding and management of potential risks. Imagine a scenario where every step in the food supply chain is continuously monitored, analyzed, and modified based on real-time insights. The possibilities for improved consumer protection seem endless.
Restaurants can leverage this technology to ensure that every ingredient used in their kitchens meets stringent quality standards. By analyzing data from suppliers and cross-checking it against regulatory guidelines, establishments can significantly minimize the risk of serving contaminated or expired products. From identifying allergen traces in packaged foods to monitoring temperature control during storage and transportation processes, advanced algorithms empower restaurant owners with comprehensive control over their operations.
Similarly, catering services can utilize data analytics to improve their menu offerings based on customer preferences while simultaneously maintaining high-quality standards. Analyzing feedback from previous events allows caterers to identify popular dishes, and ingredient trends, and even detect potential health hazards not apparent at first glance.
- Introduction: The Importance of Food Safety
Food safety is a critical aspect of food production and consumption that directly impacts the health and wellbeing of individuals. With an increasing focus on healthy eating and nutrition, ensuring the safety of our food is more important than ever. Not only does proper food safety prevent illnesses and diseases caused by contamination, but it also contributes to building trust between consumers and food producers.
Moreover, in today's globalized world where food travels across borders, maintaining strict food safety standards is essential to prevent the spread of harmful pathogens and contaminants. Consumers have become more vigilant about the origin of their food and its production process, making it imperative for businesses to prioritize food safety to retain consumer confidence. By investing in innovative solutions that enhance food safety protocols, businesses can not only protect public health but also safeguard their reputation and bottom line.
Understanding Food Poisoning
Food poisoning is a serious and often underestimated risk that can result from consuming contaminated or improperly handled food. While most cases are mild and resolved without medical intervention, severe instances can lead to hospitalization and even death. Understanding the causes and symptoms of food poisoning is crucial for preventing its occurrence, as well as for identifying it early on.
This document discusses various categories of food hazards. It divides hazards into three main groups: expected hazards defined by Codex Alimentarius including biological, chemical and physical hazards; hidden hazards in the food chain such as irradiated food and household chemicals; and insidious hazards including food handlers' mental health and ergonomic issues as well as electronic and long-term hazards like genetically modified food. The document emphasizes the importance of considering all categories of hazards, including insidious ones, during hazard analysis in food safety systems like HACCP to improve food safety.
This document is a CV for Dr. Mohamad Azzam F. Sekheta. It provides biographical information such as his date of birth, education history, employment history, and areas of expertise. It lists his university degrees from 1969-1983 and positions held. It also outlines his areas of focus in project management, quality assurance, and education.
This document provides a curriculum vitae for Dr. Mohamad Azzam F. Sekheta that includes his personal and contact information, education history, qualifications, certificates, memberships, languages, training courses delivered, and published articles. It details that he has a PhD in Analytical Chemistry from the University of Belgrade and has over 30 years of experience in research and delivering training courses in topics like good manufacturing practices, hazard analysis, and food safety management systems. He is a member of several professional organizations and has published several papers in internationally recognized scientific journals.
In view of the medical and social problem caused by the increasing number of drug addicts the determination of opium alka-loids is of special importance. Morphine is known as a highly addictive and potent narcotic but drug users prefer heroin because of its more intense immediate effect. As heroin is hydrolysed in the organism to morphine the knowledge of the morphine content of biological fluids and tissues is indispensable for forensic and therapeutic purposes. The methods recently used for the determination of morphine in urine are gas-liquid chromatography 1, high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorimetric determination 2 and gas chromatography mass spectrometry 3. In this paper a simple and inexpensive kinetic method is presented , based on the decomposition of the coloured compound formed by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with cobalt(II) and morphine, in the presence of carbonate buffer. There is a definite concentration range over which the decomposition rate of the compound mentioned is a linear function of the morphine concentration.
اليوم الأول دورة تدريبية في معايير السلامة في المختبرات والمعامل الكيميائية [...Sekheta Bros Company
دورة تمهيدية من ثلاثة أيام يخضع لها السيدات والسادة مدراء الفروع والأقسام والعاملين المعنيين بأمور الأمن والصحة والسلامة في مؤسسات القطاع العام، تهتم بتوضيح أهم المفاهيم السائدة اليوم حول سلامة وأمن المختبرات والمنشآت وصحة وسلامة الأفراد العاملين في مجال التحليل الكيميائي والبحث والتطوير ومراقبة الجودة وتشمل:
الإداريين ومساعديهم
إدارة المخاطر والأقسام التابعة لها (في الإدارات المتطورة)
الموارد البشرية العاملة في مختبرات البحث والتطوير ومراقبة الإنتاج والجودة.
العاملين في مجال تخزين ونقل المواد الكيميائية.
العاملين في أقسام الطوارئ وأعمال التمديدات الكهربائية والتركيب والصيانة والإصلاح
This document discusses hidden hazards in the food industry that HACCP teams must consider when analyzing risks. It outlines several categories of hidden hazards, including artificial flavorings and colorings, irradiated foods, canned foods, hormone and antibiotic residues in meats, heavy metal residues in foods, and more. The document emphasizes that HACCP teams are responsible for understanding these less obvious hazards and ensuring food safety by selecting ingredients carefully, requiring proper labeling, and educating consumers on associated risks and recommended precautions.
1) A kinetic method is proposed for the determination of uranium(VI) based on its catalytic action on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in alkaline media.
2) The method was optimized and the kinetic expression was derived. Uranium(VI) can be determined in the concentration range of 0.8 to 6.4 μg/ml using the tangent method.
3) The method is selective and enables determination of uranium(VI) in the presence of high concentrations of various interfering ions. It was applied to determine uranium in phosphoric acid and phosphate ores with results matching another method.
Microchimica Acta Volume 75 issue 3-4 1981 [doi 10.1007_bf01196393] G. A. Mil...Sekheta Bros Company
This study presents a kinetic method for determining ultramicro quantities of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, L-dopa, methyldopa, and carbidopa. The method involves reacting these compounds with molybdenum and hydrogen peroxide in a carbonate buffer to form colored products. Kinetic expressions were derived relating the rate of color formation to concentrations of reactants. Optimal conditions were determined and calibration curves showed the method could determine concentrations of the compounds down to the picogram per milliliter level with good precision. Interference studies found most other substances did not interfere at levels above those of the analytes. This sensitive and simple kinetic method is suitable for analyzing these physiologically important
Microchimica Acta Volume 84 issue 5-6 1984 [doi 10.1007_bf01197162] G. A. Mil...Sekheta Bros Company
This document describes a kinetic method for determining morphine concentration in urine samples. The method involves reacting morphine in the sample with hydrogen peroxide and cobalt(II) ions to form a colored compound. The rate of decomposition of this compound is measured photometrically and is directly proportional to the concentration of morphine over a certain range. The method was found to accurately determine morphine concentrations from 1.5 to 12.3 μg/ml in urine samples. It was also applied to analyze urine samples from individuals suspected of taking morphine or heroin and the results correlated well with an established HPLC method.
Microchimica Acta Volume 69 issue 3-4 1978 [doi 10.1007_bf01201734] M. A. Sek...Sekheta Bros Company
This document describes kinetic methods for determining ultramicro quantities of manganese(II), molybdenum(VI), and tungsten(VI) based on their catalytic effect on the oxidation of Azorubin S by hydrogen peroxide. The methods were found to determine these elements in the concentration ranges of 5.5-33 ng/ml for manganese, 1.3-8.1 μg/ml for molybdenum, and 5.9-44.1 μg/ml for tungsten, with relative standard deviations less than 11%, 9%, and 5% respectively. The oxidation reactions were determined to be first order with respect to the catalyst and zero order with respect to Azor
This document presents a kinetic method for determining microquantities of D(-)-arabinose. The method relies on D(-)-arabinose accelerating the reaction between molybdenum(VI) and hydrogen peroxide in a 50% acetonitrile solution. Optimal experimental conditions were determined by studying the kinetics of this reaction with and without D(-)-arabinose. D(-)-Arabinose concentrations from 46 to 135 μg/ml were determined photometrically by measuring the rate of colored product formation. The standard deviation was less than 10%. This kinetic method allows for the determination of microquantities of D(-)-arabinose.
في اعتقادي فان سورية بلد غني بموارده و ثرواته، ولذلك فهو مرشح لان يكون بلداً منتجاً لغذاء سليم وآمن وخال من الملوثات المختلفة، نظراً للسياسات الحكيمة التي تتبعها الحكومة في ظل قيادة السيد الرئيس الدكتور بشار الأسد حفظه الله، والمتمثلة بجملة من التشريعات والقوانين الهادفة الى حماية المستهلك والبيئة والثروات الغذائية ومصادر المياه، إضافة إلى نشر الوعي عن طريق وسائل الإعلام المختلفة و الحرص على توفير الكوادر في الإعلام التخصصي الغذائي و البيئي.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. should be confident and at the end to understand the
transport and distribution chain clearly before and after their
operation. Changing people's behaviors is only possible to
achieve by changing their thoughts, and then to expand their
thinking to consider ways to minimize the opportunity for
both accidental and intentional contamination of food and
water supplies. Special list of emergency contacts and
resources must be obtained in each food establishment. In
case of being attacked or just a real target for possible attack
on its cyberspace, food establishment's management must
seek immediate assistance from cyber security experts.
Additional aid should be seeking from their local authorities
and law enforcement and other emergency response
agencies in the country too.
The reasons why Cyber-terrorism is being practiced
Cyber-terrorism could involve destroying the actual
electronic machinery of the information infrastructure;
remotely disrupting the information technology underlying
the Internet, using computer networks to take over machines
that control the quality or safety data of food, change data of
quality control reports, power plants, or dams in order to
wreak havoc or even death to innocents.
There are many reasons why terrorist attacks the
cyberspace (2) as such actions are inexpensive, anonymous,
low risk, little evidence, difficult to investigate, does not
require the possession of contraband and may aggravate the
effects of a physical attack.
What can people involved do?
Governments, Health Authorities in cooperation with
WHO, FAO, FDA (USA), and many other globally wellknown organizations or food manufacturers and scientist
dealing with food safety worldwide have to work hard all
together on defeating cyber-terrorism affecting the
Cyberspace to ensure acceptable safety level to food and
water supplies anywhere in the world. It is every one's
responsibility; there is a real need to train all people
working in food industry but mainly the starters among
them especially in the developing countries, on how to
practice the standard food safety protocols correctly in order
to guard against contamination.
Governments, governmental agencies and other related
institutions on the other hand, have to work hard to continue
to provide assistance in planning and response to real or
suspected terrorist incidents in order to ensure safest food
supply. They have to focus on the following major three
areas and containment through rapid response:
1.
Deterrence can be accomplished by increasing the
presence and visibility of inspectors at critical points
in the food production and distribution system as well
as the water supplies and reservoirs.
2.
Surveillance of imported and domestic foods must be
strengthened.
3.
Developing a plan for new preventive strategy
There is a strong parallel between developing a
preventive strategy for possible attacks on food and water
supplies and developing a hazard analysis and critical
control points (HACCP) plan. Both emphasize preventive
over reactive measures. Preventive strategy and measures
against water supplies and agricultural & food's terrorism
must be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Each company or food organization with the aid of
external experts and consultants working together with its
local HACCP-team and R&D department should evaluate
its unique situation at each of its locations and develop a
sensible approach for managing risk. Critical factors in
developing these preventive measures will include
evaluating specific hazards, determining relative risk, and
evaluating economic realities. Initially a food company,
establishment or organization should complete hazard
analysis of its facilities and operations to identify significant
hazards and exposure potential and to determine the risks of
an occurrence. This analysis should not be limited to the
production facility nor limited to peak operating times, but
should include other possible hidden or insidious hazards
together with the entire scope of operations including the
Cyberspace too.
Next, critical control points (CCPs) should be identified
and monitoring procedures established for these critical
control points. Since it will probably be impossible to
eliminate all hazards, a reasonable procedure must be
instituted to manage them. Documentation and verification
must be part of the protocol.
Threat assessments of the food industries and water
supplies are also a key to identifying where the
vulnerabilities lie and how to close those gaps.
Still, there are many things food industry managers, food
handlers and other workers can do to help insure the safety
of the food products they prepare or manufacture. Food
industries management (3) therefore should pay
considerable attention to all people working in the long food
chain in order to know their employees and consider doing
background checks and pay attention to their behaviors,
restrict facility access, know their contractors and their
policies and whether they have free access to all parts of the
facility (such as cleaning crew, pest control representative),
know their suppliers and the safety of their products and
Prerequisite measures for making it works safely
The key to successful food safety and other HACCPbased programs is vigilance by management and all
employees involved. Training is a must. A clear standard
operating procedure must be developed and followed for
day-to-day operations, for all suspicious incidents, and for
actual terrorist and other attacks. The problems resulting
from a terrorist attack on the cyber space would be similar
to those a food processor might anticipate in its crisis
18
3. management plan. When a food product safety is in question,
for example, recall procedures would need to be followed:
•
requesting that these documents be printed out and
safeguarded together with additional electronic copy and not
released to other parties without corporate management’s
knowledge and consent.
Farmers might start by requiring certification from
their suppliers and providers periodically seeking
third-party verification. Growers can monitor
harvests until the product has left their premises.
•
To the extent practical, access to cropland and
livestock should be controlled and restricted to
appropriate personnel. Surveillance equipment is
also an option. Consideration should also be given
to compartmentalizing livestock operations and
requiring foot and even vehicle sanitation dips at
critical access points (4).
•
Food processors should request certifications from
their suppliers and require protected transportation
of ingredients. Maintain security and integrity of
water supplies.
•
Controls during distribution and transit are
important. The seal numbers should be
communicated electronically, with the numbers
and seal integrity verified upon receipt. Off-loading
should be conducted under controlled conditions
and the process should be monitored periodically.
•
Access to processing areas by visitors and
employees
should
be strictly controlled
electronically both within the plant and between
different areas of the plant.
•
Developing preventive strategy based on HACCP
principles
The format of preventive strategy or security HACCP
based defeating plans against threats and attacks to food &
water supplies aimed at crippling the Cyberspace will vary.
In many cases the plans will be product and process specific.
However, some plans may use a unit operations approach.
Generic HACCP plans can serve as useful guides in the
development of process and product HACCP plans.
However, it is essential that the unique conditions within
each facility be considered during the development of all
components of the HACCP plan.
In the following paragraphs, the developed security plan
based upon the seven HACCP principles (5) will be outline
so it can be developed in order to be implemented more
successfully on the Cyberspace as an effective defeating
plan against Cyber-terrorism's threats to food and water
supplies. Each of these HACCP principles must be backed
by sound scientific knowledge.
As we all know, HACCP is a program which helps in
identifying the critical control points for successful security
plan for defeating threats ranging from cyber-sabotage to ecrime in food establishments and water supplies.
Due to the technical nature of cyber terrorism's threats on
the electronic information infrastructure, requirement for
skillful computer security advisors is a must in this case. It
is recommended that experts who are knowledgeable in
dealing with Cyberspace should either participate in or
verify the completeness of the hazard analysis and the
HACCP security plan.
HACCP team will then establish a flow diagram for the
Cyberspace used and then will perform an on-site review of
the operation to verify the accuracy and completeness of the
flow diagram. Modifications should be made to the flow
diagram as necessary and documented. After the
preliminary tasks have been completed, the seven principles
of HACCP will be applied.
The HACCP team will also determine critical limits,
monitoring methods, and any corrective action to be taken.
The success of security HACCP based defeating plans
against threats or attacks to food & water supplies aimed at
crippling the Cyberspace is dependant upon each one of the
specialists of HACCP and employees of the food processing
in the organization itself but those who are controlling the
cyberspace have the major role in this particular case.
Although it is quite hard, but a clear distinguish must be
checked and define between real threat and hoax.
Responding to false alarms can overwhelm public safety
response capabilities, engender a sense of nonchalance after
numerous repetitions, incite public fear and anxiety
inappropriately and cost money.
Employee and contractor screening will become
increasingly important. According to their
experiences, authors of this paper recommend that
both criminal background and credit checks be
conducted as a condition of employment.
Individuals purporting to be inspectors should
provide appropriate identification and be escorted
at all times within the plant.
Employees should be made aware of their responsibilities
to stay alert for and report suspicious activities, objects, and
people. Employees can also help watch for surveillance of
their facilities by suspicious person or party, surveillance of
employees at work, presence of unidentified, unattended or
unauthorized vehicles, presence of containers in or near
facilities and for unauthorized access by any unidentified
persons or employees
It is prudent for all food companies to have procedures in
place about handling packages or heavy envelopes which
arrive in the mail or by delivery services from unknown
senders, have unclear return address, and or have unusual
odor or appearance.
Management should also file a copy of the company’s
safety and emergency procedures with the local municipal
planning department and with emergency response agencies,
19
4. In order to develop such plan successfully in a food
establishment, we would suggest its local HACCP team to
follow these guidelines and tips:
your organization. Passwords and IDs validity for the
other departments or the validation of some codes or
signatures of people involved in the Cyberspace used in
a whole.
1.
Analyze hazards; identify their effective controlling
10.
measures.
2.
Develop adequate flow diagram for each manufacturing
or other process.
3.
Modify the flow diagram as necessary; develop 11.
adequate records.
4.
Examine each step to determine whether there are
significant food security hazards. Conducting a hazard
analysis evaluates significant hazards and exposure;
determine risk.
5.
Develop and institute preventive measures to prevent or
reduce hazards and threats.
6.
Identify and determine critical control points for your
operation. These could be in general; locations, 12.
processes, functions, or time duration when your
operation is at greatest risk, but in this paper it will be
related also to preparedness of the specialists
13.
employees and functionality of the computers or other
electronic systems and devices including the software
used, e-mails received and if they are coming from free
Internet e-mail services available to anyone in the world.
7.
Establish and develop preventive or risk control
measures to reduce hazards acceptable levels; these
measures must include the insidious electronic hazards
on controlling cyberspace too.
8.
Establish critical limits (CLs) for the determined
(CCPs). A particular CCP in this case could be related
for example to some of these situations (each
organization has got it's own specific situation:
Ensure that electronic security problems are fixed.
Revise critical controls and/or monitoring procedures
accordingly. Retest monitoring procedures. The nature
of some suspicious inquiries and of the specific highly
toxic chemicals for instance, have to cause the
specialist to forward the above mentioned e-mail
concerning the long-term storage of highly toxic
pesticide to the management in his organization or
perhaps directly to the authorities. A special report
related must be prepared too.
Establishing a Verification of the System; Test or verify
periodically the developed security program to ensure
that it works properly.
At the end, establish effective record keeping for the
HACCP system in your company. This would include
records of hazards and their control methods, the
monitoring of safety requirements and action taken to
correct potential problems. Having a confidential
(Excel) written protocol is vital; it should be revised as
your operations, electronic system, machines or
equipments change.
The success of HACCP program is every ones
responsibility and dependant also on its correct
implementing during every production run. We all must
work together toward a common goal of making sure that
our food and water supplies everywhere in the world are
fully safe and controlled by safe cyberspace.
• The inquiry conditions or any other segments in your
electronic controlling system.
• The shortest time period before checking the
functionality of the computers or systems or
CONCLUSION
• Checking the ordered quantity of some chemicals
which should be inquired in an acceptable limits in
accordance to already established written procedures
and whether the e-mail are not signed and contains
for example inquiry about long-term storage of
highly toxic pesticide in two-liter soft-drink-type
bottles (6)
9.
Establish and Develop a procedure as a corrective
action program under HACCP to fix electronic security
problems or failures that occur if a critical control has
been breached or compromised.
While the perpetrators of cyber-crime can carry out their
activities in this apparently seamless environment, law
enforcement is constrained by issues of jurisdiction.
However, assessing the real extent of the future threat from
cyber-terrorism requires conceptually clear strategic
analysis and more detailed case studies and related training
courses prepared by HACCP specialist, food safety
scientists, research workers, electronic infrastructure experts
and computer security advisors.
If the computer security advisor at your organization
states that your Cyberspace related to your food processing
chain is safe behind a system put into place by people who
have never heard about "cyber-battles", behind firewalls,
Establish or Develop monitoring procedures for each
CCP. Monitoring is a systematic periodic activity to
ensure that critical controls are in place and have not
been breached or compromised in any way. These
should be in writing. Make sure your monitoring
procedure works and is both tolerable and feasible for
20
5. behind audit trails, passwords, and encryption or other
possibilities, then be sure that a great and dangerous fallacy
is being perpetrated upon your food establishment or
organization.
The key to preventing from terrorist attacks on your
Cyberspace is coming from improving quality control and
implementing a reasonable security measures at production
facilities based on vulnerability assessment.
Rooted in the above context, this paper sets out a novel
method for defeating cyber-terrorism's threats by
implementing the enhanced HACCP Based Defeating Plan
against possible terrorist threats to food & water supplies
aimed at crippling the Cyberspace of the sophisticated food
chain. Improving the preparedness and robustness of our
Cyber security defenses continually evolves as the
technology develops and thus this policy must ensure that
continually collaborate and work together to ensure that our
Cyberspace is secure by implementing correctly the
enhanced security plan based on HACCP principles as
described above.
On the other hand, highly trained HACCP team with its
enhanced structure in today’s operational environment will
show that only knowledge management using secure
information communication technologies can ensure that we
can realistically aspire and achieve our local and global
collective vision.
Authors of this paper suggest that all governments have
to improve communications among themselves and with
other governmental organizations involved in intelligence
and response to food terrorism. On the other hand,
communication and cooperation with industry is also critical.
Governments must have written procedures of basic
controlling systems to prevent deliberate contamination of
their food supplies and, if threaten or attacked, to respond
rapidly to minimize efficiently the health, economic and
other effects (7). Food industry representatives should report
all possible or actual threats of terrorism to their local
authorities or to the government. Sometimes people are
reluctant to contact local authorities, but this is truly a case
where we, all over the world, must pool our intelligence
resources and work together to save our food and water
recourses. Finally, Cooperation between governments in all
countries has to occur and exchanging information is
something vital in order to minimize threat and
contamination to critical infrastructures or areas of
vulnerability such as agriculture & food and water supplies.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
Computer Science and Telecommunications Board
(CSTB), National Research Council. 1991. Computers
At Risk: Safe Computing in the Information Age.
National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
David L. Carter (2003). Computer crime and cyber
terrorism, an overview. School of Criminal Justice,
21
560 Baker Hall, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI 48824-1116.
Mohamad Azzam Sekheta, Abeer H. Sahtout, Nizam
F. Sekheta, Medhija Kapkovic and Nela Pantovic
(2005). The HACCP Implementation and the Mental
Illness of Food Handlers as the 4th Eventual Hazard.
Internet Journal of Food Safety. Vol. 6, pp 5-10.
Papo-Griffin (2001). Terrorism on the Hoof:
Livestock as a Bioterrorism Target. Agrichemical &
Environmental News. No. 187.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (1997). Hazard
analysis critical control point principles and
application guidelines. U.S. Department of
Agriculture National Advisory Committee on
Microbiological Criteria for Foods Adopted.
Carol Ramsay and Catherine Daniels (2001).
Pesticides as Weapons. Agrichemical Industry’s Role
in Anti-Terrorism. Agrichemical and Environmental
News, No. 187.
Stefano Baldi, Eduardo Gelbstein, and Jovan
Kurbalija Hacktivism (2003). Cyber-terrorism and
cyberwar, ISBN 9993253049, Diplo Foundation.