The document provides an overview of environmental impact assessments (EIA). It defines EIA as a systematic process that identifies potential impacts of an activity on the environment, efforts to mitigate impacts, and monitoring. It discusses key terminology, components of the baseline situation, types of impacts and their attributes. It outlines the phases and steps of the EIA process, including screening, preliminary assessment, baseline studies, impact identification, prediction and evaluation. Finally, it discusses tools used in EIA such as checklists, interaction matrices, and cost-benefit analysis.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (EIA)
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2. Definisi EIA
 Environmental Impact Assessment
Proses sistematis yang
meliputi:
Terminologi
Identifikasi dari dampak yang “lingkungan” 
mungkin terjadi pada phsyical, biological,
lingkungan dari suatu aktivitas social
tertentu
Usaha memitigasi dan
monitoring dari dampak
“dampak” vs
tersebut
“efek”
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3. “dampak”?
Dampak dari suatu
aktivitas adalah baseline
penyimpangan atau
perubahan dari suatu situation:
baseline situation yang Kondisi
diakibatkan aktivitas tersebut
lingkungan
sebelum suatu
! Untuk dapat mengukur aktivitas tertentu
dampak dari suatu
aktivitas, kita harus berlangsung
mengetahui baseline
situation terlebih dahulu.
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4. Physical components: Ecological Components:
Topography Fisheries
Soils Aquatic biology
Climate Forest
Surface water Endangered species
Ground water Wilderness/Protected areas
Komponen dalam Baseline Situation
Human and Economic
Development: Quality of life values:
population and communities socioeconomic values, public
,industries, infrastructural facilities health, recreational components
(, institutions, transportation
(roads, harbors, airports, navigation), and
land using Power sources and development, aesthetic values,
transmissions Agricultural archaeological or historical
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treasures, and cultural values.
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5. Types of impacts & their
attributes
Direct & indirect
The EIA process is impacts
concerned with
Short-term & long-
all types of impacts and term impacts
may describe them in a
Adverse & beneficial
number of ways
impacts
Cumulative impacts
 Intensity
 Direction
 Spatial extent
 Duration
But all impacts are
 Frequency
 Reversibility NOT treated
 Probability equally.
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6. Fungsi EIA
• Mengidentifikasi potensi dampak
• Mempelajari signifikansi dari implikasi
ingkungan
• Memberikan penilaian apakah dampak
tersebut bisa dimitigasi
• Merekomendasikan langkah-langkah mitigasi
dan koreksi
• Menginformasikan pembuat keputusan dan
pihak yang terlibat mengenai implikasi
lingkungan
• Memberikan saran terkait perlu tidaknya
suatu proyek dilanjutkan
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7. The EIA Process
Proses EIA
Phase 1 Phase 2
Initial Full EIA
Inquiries (if needed)
Understanding the project Baseline study
Screening Selecting alternatives
Preliminary assessment Identifying potential impacts
(if needed) Quantifying/predicting impacts
Scoping (if needed) Selecting mitigation options
Implementing mitigation
and monitoring plans

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9. Phase 1 of the EIA Process
Understand Screen the Conduct a
Phase I Phase II
proposed activity Preliminary
activity Assessment
Based on the ACTIVITY IS SIGNIFICANT BEGIN
Why is the nature of the OF MODERATE A rapid, ADVERSE FULL
activity being activity what OR UNKNOWN simplified EIA IMPACTS EIA
proposed? level of RISK study using POSSIBLE STUDY
environmental simple tools SIGNIFICANT
What is being review is (e.g. the ADVERSE
proposed? indicated? USAID IEE) IMPACTS
VERY UNLIKELY
ACTIVITY IS LOW
RISK (Of its STOP
nature, very unlikely the EIA
to have significant process
adverse impacts)
ACTIVITY IS
HIGH RISK (Of its
nature, likely to have
significant adverse
impacts)
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10. Steps in Impact
Assessment
– Conduct baseline study
– Identify and evaluate alternatives
– Identify potential impacts
– Predict impacts
– Determine impact significance
– Consider mitigation options
– Determine residual impacts and
environmental risks
– Prepare environmental management
plan
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11. Identify, Predict and
Judge
1
Identify potential Many resources describe the potential
impacts impacts of typical small-scale activities.
2 Determine which potential impacts are likely
Predict potential
to become actual, and quantify these
impacts
impacts to the extent possible.
3 Judge the Determine whether the predicted impacts are
significance of indeed significant!
potential impacts THIS WILL OFTEN DEPEND ON HOW
EFFECTIVE THE PROPOSED MITIGATION
MEASURES ARE!
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12. • Magnitude criterion (M) [1-5] linked to:
- extent
- harmfulness
- duration
- economic aspects EF = M x F x D
• Frequency criterion (F) [1-5]
• Detection criterion (D) [1-5]
Environmental Factor Types of impact
1≤EF≤8 Non significant
9≤EF≤27 Slightly significant
EF≥28 Significant
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13. Tools in Assessing
Environmental Impacts
• Checklist
• Interactional Matrices
• Cost Benefit Analysis
• Life Cycle Assessment
• Environmental Risk Assessment
• Ecological Footprint
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14. Checklist
• Daftar berupa dampak yang mungkin
timbul dari suatu aktivitas
• Bentuk paling sederhana dari penilaian
terhadap dampak lingkungan
• Dapat digunakan secara universal
• Tidak dapat dianggap lengkap
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15. Example of Checklist
Disease vectors
(a) Are there known disease problems in
the project area transmitted through
vector species such as mosquitoes,
flies, snails etc. ? yes no not known
(b) Are these vector species associated with:
– aquatic habitats ? yes no not known
– forest habitats ? yes no not known
– agricultural habitats ? yes no not known
(f) Will the project provide opportunities
for vector control through improved
standards of living ? yes no not known
Estimated impact on disease vectors ?
high adverse insignificant high benefit

16. Interactional Matrices
• Merupakan pengembangan dari
checklist
• Salah satu sumbu merupakan daftar
dari parameter lingkungan, dan
sumbu lain adalah rincian
tindakan/aktivitas
• Kemungkinan interaksi atau dampak
yang terjadi daris etiap tindakan
terhadap setiap parameter lingkungan
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18. Cost-Benefit Analysis
• Usaha untuk memberikan nilai secara
ekonomis terhadap aspek lingkungan
• Langkah-langkah dalam CBA:
– Identifikasi cost dan benefit dari proyek ybs
– Lakukan valuasi ekonomis terhadap setiap
poin yang teridentifikasi
– Perhitungkan reduksi maupun pertambahan
nilai valuasi tersebut
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19. WIND-FARM POWER
COAL-FIRED
GENERATOR
Cost Criteria POWER
Centralized Distributed
GENERATOR
Generator Generator
Economic Cost
Initial Cost
site exploration ** *** ***
securing land access ** *** ***
plant establishment ***
wind turbines and components ** ***
installation cost ** **
foundation cost ** **
Total Initial Cost **** ***** ***
Operational - Maintenance Cost
maintenance cost ** ** ***
replacement cost *** *** **
energy production cost ** ** *
transmission cost *** *** **
Total Operational-Maintenance Cost *** *** **
Average plant life 25 years 20 years 50 years
Social Cost
health damage of the society * * **
Environmental Cost
environmental damage * ** ***
emission trading scheme - - ***

20. BENEFIT ANALYSIS
WIND-FARM POWER
GENERATOR COAL-FIRED
Benefit Criteria POWER
Centralized Distributed GENERATOR
Generator Generator
Economic Benefit
reliability + + +++
security of supply +++ +++ ++
Social Benefit
employment
opportunities + + +++
Environmental Cost
reduction of air pollution +++ +++ -

21. Next week:
LCA
RA
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
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