ESSENTIALITY OF BORON IN PLANT GROWTH NUTRIENT MANAGEMENTHARISH J
This document discusses boron, an essential micronutrient for plant growth. It summarizes boron's forms in soil, factors that affect its availability in salt-affected soils, and empirical equations that describe boron adsorption. It also examines the availability of boron in different agroclimatic zones of Karnataka, India. Key points include that boron availability decreases with high pH, low organic matter, and drought conditions. The document reviews literature on boron deficiency globally and in Indian soils. It concludes that soil properties like pH, organic matter, texture and microbial activity influence boron availability.
Case Study on Removal of Ambazari lake Water impurities By using Corn Cob and...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on using corn cobs and neem leaves as bio-adsorbents to remove impurities from Ambazari lake water in India. The study found that corn cobs and neem leaves effectively adsorbed various contaminants like salts, detergents, dyes, oils and grease due to their high porosity and mechanical strength. Water quality tests showed reductions in suspended solids, chlorine, E. coli and other parameters after treatment. The document concludes that corn cobs and neem leaves are low-cost and effective natural adsorbents for removing surface water impurities and protecting water quality.
Bryophytes are useful as pollution indicators and for monitoring air quality. They accumulate pollutants in quantities higher than other plants due to their simple structure and ability to absorb nutrients from ambient moisture. Bryophyte populations decline and disappear in polluted areas, with sensitive species showing visible symptoms from low pollutant levels. Common symptoms include plasmolysis and chlorophyll degradation. Bryophytes can also indicate ecological conditions like pH levels. Their ability to store pollutants over long periods makes them valuable for establishing pollution levels and gradients over time.
Rock En Lenguas Originarias. Un Viaje Al Rock Tsotsil De Zinacantáninventionjournals
At the end of the eighties some young native people started playing rock in their own language, however, it was in the second half of the nineties when this genre exploded more clearly in two opposite regions of Mexico. At north, in the state of Sonora, emerged Hamac Caziim (Sacred Fire), who sing in Seri heavy metal rhythms. Meanwhile in the south, in the highlands of Chiapas, appeared Sak Tzevul (Lightning), alternative rock band singing in tsotsil.The following text is focused on the tsotsil rock of Zinacantan, where Lightning emerged and detonated in a movement of young people that began to sing in their native language. The historical construction it emphasizes on the emergence of new ways of being young in the context ofnative people, andthe musical and social transformations that have resulted from the introduction of rock. Resumen: A finales de los ochenta algunos jóvenes de pueblos originarios empezaron a tocar rock en su lengua, no obstante, fue en la segunda parte de los noventacuando este género musical detonóen dos regiones opuestas de México. En el norte, en el estado de Sonora, surgióHamacCaziim (Fuego Sagrado), quienes cantan en Seri a ritmos de heavy metal. Mientras tantoen el sur, en los Altos de Chiapas, aparecióSakTzevul (Relámpago), banda de rock alternativo que canta en tsotsil. El siguiente texto está enfocado en el rock tsotsil deZinacantán, lugar donde surgió Relámpagoy que detonó en un movimiento de jóvenes que empezaron a cantar en su lengua originaria. La construcción históricaenfatiza en la emergencia de nuevas formas de ser jóvenes en el contexto de un pueblo originario,y enlas transformaciones musicales y sociales que han derivado de la introducción del rock
Plants response to high soil Zn availability. Feasibility of biotechnological...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Cabrera M, Torres- Duggan. 2013. Plants response to high soil Zn availability. Feasibility of biotechnological improvement. En: Biotechnologic Techniques of Stress in Plants, Editor: M. Miransari, Stadium Press LLC USA, ISBN : 1-62699-031-X, 101-118.
The Role of Micronutrients in Crop GrowthNualgi.org
This document summarizes micronutrient deficiencies in soils and crops in Pakistan and their effects on human health. It discusses that zinc, boron, and iron deficiencies are widespread in Pakistani soils, affecting many field and horticultural crops. Approximately 70% of Pakistani soils are deficient in zinc. These deficiencies are reducing crop yields and nutritional quality. Additionally, the low micronutrient contents of crops in Pakistan's cereal-based diets are posing health risks. Addressing micronutrient deficiencies through fertilizer use, biofortification of crops, and other agricultural strategies can improve both crop production and human health.
ESSENTIALITY OF BORON IN PLANT GROWTH NUTRIENT MANAGEMENTHARISH J
This document discusses boron, an essential micronutrient for plant growth. It summarizes boron's forms in soil, factors that affect its availability in salt-affected soils, and empirical equations that describe boron adsorption. It also examines the availability of boron in different agroclimatic zones of Karnataka, India. Key points include that boron availability decreases with high pH, low organic matter, and drought conditions. The document reviews literature on boron deficiency globally and in Indian soils. It concludes that soil properties like pH, organic matter, texture and microbial activity influence boron availability.
Case Study on Removal of Ambazari lake Water impurities By using Corn Cob and...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on using corn cobs and neem leaves as bio-adsorbents to remove impurities from Ambazari lake water in India. The study found that corn cobs and neem leaves effectively adsorbed various contaminants like salts, detergents, dyes, oils and grease due to their high porosity and mechanical strength. Water quality tests showed reductions in suspended solids, chlorine, E. coli and other parameters after treatment. The document concludes that corn cobs and neem leaves are low-cost and effective natural adsorbents for removing surface water impurities and protecting water quality.
Bryophytes are useful as pollution indicators and for monitoring air quality. They accumulate pollutants in quantities higher than other plants due to their simple structure and ability to absorb nutrients from ambient moisture. Bryophyte populations decline and disappear in polluted areas, with sensitive species showing visible symptoms from low pollutant levels. Common symptoms include plasmolysis and chlorophyll degradation. Bryophytes can also indicate ecological conditions like pH levels. Their ability to store pollutants over long periods makes them valuable for establishing pollution levels and gradients over time.
Rock En Lenguas Originarias. Un Viaje Al Rock Tsotsil De Zinacantáninventionjournals
At the end of the eighties some young native people started playing rock in their own language, however, it was in the second half of the nineties when this genre exploded more clearly in two opposite regions of Mexico. At north, in the state of Sonora, emerged Hamac Caziim (Sacred Fire), who sing in Seri heavy metal rhythms. Meanwhile in the south, in the highlands of Chiapas, appeared Sak Tzevul (Lightning), alternative rock band singing in tsotsil.The following text is focused on the tsotsil rock of Zinacantan, where Lightning emerged and detonated in a movement of young people that began to sing in their native language. The historical construction it emphasizes on the emergence of new ways of being young in the context ofnative people, andthe musical and social transformations that have resulted from the introduction of rock. Resumen: A finales de los ochenta algunos jóvenes de pueblos originarios empezaron a tocar rock en su lengua, no obstante, fue en la segunda parte de los noventacuando este género musical detonóen dos regiones opuestas de México. En el norte, en el estado de Sonora, surgióHamacCaziim (Fuego Sagrado), quienes cantan en Seri a ritmos de heavy metal. Mientras tantoen el sur, en los Altos de Chiapas, aparecióSakTzevul (Relámpago), banda de rock alternativo que canta en tsotsil. El siguiente texto está enfocado en el rock tsotsil deZinacantán, lugar donde surgió Relámpagoy que detonó en un movimiento de jóvenes que empezaron a cantar en su lengua originaria. La construcción históricaenfatiza en la emergencia de nuevas formas de ser jóvenes en el contexto de un pueblo originario,y enlas transformaciones musicales y sociales que han derivado de la introducción del rock
Plants response to high soil Zn availability. Feasibility of biotechnological...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Cabrera M, Torres- Duggan. 2013. Plants response to high soil Zn availability. Feasibility of biotechnological improvement. En: Biotechnologic Techniques of Stress in Plants, Editor: M. Miransari, Stadium Press LLC USA, ISBN : 1-62699-031-X, 101-118.
The Role of Micronutrients in Crop GrowthNualgi.org
This document summarizes micronutrient deficiencies in soils and crops in Pakistan and their effects on human health. It discusses that zinc, boron, and iron deficiencies are widespread in Pakistani soils, affecting many field and horticultural crops. Approximately 70% of Pakistani soils are deficient in zinc. These deficiencies are reducing crop yields and nutritional quality. Additionally, the low micronutrient contents of crops in Pakistan's cereal-based diets are posing health risks. Addressing micronutrient deficiencies through fertilizer use, biofortification of crops, and other agricultural strategies can improve both crop production and human health.
Ssac 353 mechanism of nutrient transportDrAnandJadhav
The document discusses mechanisms of nutrient transport from soil to plants including mass flow, diffusion, and root interception. It describes factors that affect nutrient availability to plants such as soil texture, structure, reaction, temperature, moisture, air composition, available and total nutrient content, microbial activity, and organic matter. Finally, it provides measures to overcome nutrient deficiencies and toxicities including maintaining soil physical properties, soil testing, irrigation water testing, organic matter application, and use of micronutrients and multi-nutrient fertilizers.
The document discusses the phyllosphere, which refers to the above-ground parts of plants that serve as habitat for microorganisms. It notes that leaf surfaces can provide conditions for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. A variety of bacteria, fungi, algae, and other microbes inhabit plant leaves. Certain bacteria and cyanobacteria are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Understanding the microbial communities on leaves is important for agriculture to control plant pathogens and foodborne illnesses from contaminated produce.
Bryophytes are a diverse group of land plants.
Have large ecological impact.
23,000 described species world wide.
Largest group of land plants except for the flowering plants.
Integral part of natural environment of forest ecosystems.
Bryophytes are of small size.
Some of them attain a height up to half meter or a little more.
Store large amount of water, nutrients and carbon in their biomass.
In peatlands, bryophytes function as carbon sinks, which is a matter of great concern when considered with the rise of global carbon dioxide level.
Ability to remain alive for a long period without water even
under high temperature, and then resume photosynthesis within seconds after being moistened by rain or dew.
Most bryophytes are ectohydric, i.e., ability to absorb water, inorganic nutrients and mineral elements directly from the atmosphere rather than the soil and substratum.
Bryophytes possess short-lived sporophytic and dominant gametophytic phase.
research into micronutrients and their need for North Dakota crops. This presentation was not given at conference due to time, but a handout was provided.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nas...IOSR Journals
The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower. Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit. Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
The document discusses the role of siderophores in plant pathogen interactions. It provides background on siderophores, their importance in microbial metabolism, types of siderophores produced by different organisms, and their mechanism of iron acquisition. It summarizes several case studies that demonstrate how siderophore-producing bacteria can be used for biocontrol of plant pathogens through competition for iron and activation of plant defense responses. Siderophores are shown to elicit plant defenses, modulate signaling pathways, and promote bacterial growth during infection.
Role of micro nutrients and their deficiency symptoms in Mulberrymohd younus wani
The document discusses the roles of various micronutrients in mulberry plants and their deficiency symptoms. It begins by defining nutrients and classifying them as macronutrients and micronutrients. It then discusses 17 essential plant nutrients and the criteria for determining essentiality. Specific roles and deficiency symptoms are described for zinc, boron, and iron in mulberry plants. The document also discusses factors affecting micronutrient availability in soil and presents data on the effects of deficient and excess levels of zinc, boron, and iron on mulberry plant growth and dry matter yield.
Ssac 353 lecture 10 and 11 vermicomposting and green manuringDrAnandJadhav
This document summarizes information about green manuring and vermicomposting. It discusses the objectives and types of green manuring, including green manuring crops grown in-situ and green leaf manuring. The benefits of incorporating green manuring crops into soil are outlined, along with some potential disadvantages. Vermicomposting is introduced as the practice of using earthworms to turn organic wastes into nutrient-rich material. The key differences between vermicomposting and conventional composting are summarized, including differences in temperature, pathogen destruction mechanisms, and the final product. The pros and cons of each method are also compared.
This document discusses managing plant roots for health. It provides examples of root systems from different crops and environments. Healthy roots are white in color, proliferate in all directions, and efficiently use soil resources. Unhealthy roots are less efficient and may show deformities or nutrient deficiencies. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding root function and architecture through direct observation.
Microorganisms play a key role in transforming micronutrients in soil. Bacteria oxidize iron from the ferrous to the ferric state, precipitating it out as iron hydroxide. They also solubilize zinc, making it more available to plants. Various bacteria and fungi transform manganese and copper in the soil through oxidation and precipitation reactions. These microbial transformations influence the availability and forms of essential micronutrients for plant uptake.
Root Exudates :Functions in plant-microbe interactionDebayan Nandi
Root exudates are chemicals exuded by plant roots that influence the surrounding soil environment and microbiome. They regulate microbial communities, encourage beneficial symbiotic relationships, and change soil chemical and physical properties. Root exudates are composed of low and high molecular weight compounds, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, phenolics, proteins, and polysaccharides. They mediate both positive and negative interactions between plant roots and other organisms such as communication between roots and microbes or inhibition of competing plant species. The rate and composition of root exudates can be influenced by microorganisms, soil properties, and plant characteristics.
The document discusses the genetics of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. It describes how:
1) Farmers have known for millennia that legumes improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation via their symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria in root nodules.
2) In the late 19th century, it was discovered that the root nodules themselves were responsible for converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia through the microorganisms now known as rhizobia.
3) A complex process involving infection of roots by rhizobia, nodule development, nitrogen fixation in nodules, and nodule senescence allows legumes to fix atmospheric nitrogen thanks to their symbiotic relationship
Azobacter and Rhizobium are soil bacteria. Azobacter is free-living while Rhizobium lives symbiotically with legume plants. Both bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium to benefit plant growth, though Rhizobium does so through its symbiotic relationship with legumes. The document provides details on the size, shapes, environmental conditions and benefits of these nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamicsKarthekaThirumugam1
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamics with factors affecting availability, chelation illustrations, appropriate pictures and cycles for all nutrients.
BORON – ITS Forms and distribution in soilskirankumar2916
This document summarizes boron as an essential plant micronutrient. It discusses boron's discovery, properties, functions in plants and animals, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, soil fractions and factors affecting availability. Ten soil profiles across Karnataka's agroclimatic zones were analyzed to evaluate hot water soluble boron distribution with soil depth and properties. Concentrations generally decreased with depth and were highest in surface horizons, ranging from 0.88 to 1.92 mg/kg.
Micronutrients play an essential role in plant growth and development. They are needed in smaller amounts than macronutrients but are still critical for plant metabolism. The main micronutrients are boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc. Deficiencies of these micronutrients can result in various symptoms and negatively impact crop yield. Soil tests are not very reliable for predicting response to micronutrient fertilization. Tissue testing provides a better indication of a plant's micronutrient status.
1) The document discusses a seminar presentation on the effect of zinc in increasing the productivity of maize and mustard crops. It covers the forms, role, deficiency, management and case studies of zinc in soil and crops.
2) A case study on the effect of zinc sulfate and zinc oxide on mustard crop yield shows applying zinc up to 6 kg/ha improved mustard oil quality and nutrient uptake compared to the control.
3) Another case study on the effect of zinc concentration and application techniques on maize growth found applying zinc increased maize ear length and kernel rows but had no effect on plant height. The optimal application method for maximum maize yield is identified.
Maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] is the third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively. Maize–wheat system is the third dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in food grain production (Jat et al., 2013).
Interactions between nutrients in plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution and functions of another nutrient. Generally P and Zn interact negatively, which depends upon a number of physico-chemical properties of soil. Antagonistic P×Zn interaction has been subject of intensive research in several countries and has been thoroughly reviewed. Although some positive interactions of P and Zn are also reported (Shivay, 2013).
The maximum available P and Zn content in the soil was recorded with super-optimal dose (150% NPK) and optimal dose (100% NPK) along with Zn, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize (Verma and Minhas, 1987). The three Bacillus aryabhattai strains (MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14) were consistent in enhancement of root and shoot dry weight and zinc uptake in wheat (Ramesh et al., 2014).
Management of P×Zn interaction is a challenging task in the era of sustainable food and nutritional security. Use of efficient varieties and application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input.
Ssac 353 mechanism of nutrient transportDrAnandJadhav
The document discusses mechanisms of nutrient transport from soil to plants including mass flow, diffusion, and root interception. It describes factors that affect nutrient availability to plants such as soil texture, structure, reaction, temperature, moisture, air composition, available and total nutrient content, microbial activity, and organic matter. Finally, it provides measures to overcome nutrient deficiencies and toxicities including maintaining soil physical properties, soil testing, irrigation water testing, organic matter application, and use of micronutrients and multi-nutrient fertilizers.
The document discusses the phyllosphere, which refers to the above-ground parts of plants that serve as habitat for microorganisms. It notes that leaf surfaces can provide conditions for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. A variety of bacteria, fungi, algae, and other microbes inhabit plant leaves. Certain bacteria and cyanobacteria are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Understanding the microbial communities on leaves is important for agriculture to control plant pathogens and foodborne illnesses from contaminated produce.
Bryophytes are a diverse group of land plants.
Have large ecological impact.
23,000 described species world wide.
Largest group of land plants except for the flowering plants.
Integral part of natural environment of forest ecosystems.
Bryophytes are of small size.
Some of them attain a height up to half meter or a little more.
Store large amount of water, nutrients and carbon in their biomass.
In peatlands, bryophytes function as carbon sinks, which is a matter of great concern when considered with the rise of global carbon dioxide level.
Ability to remain alive for a long period without water even
under high temperature, and then resume photosynthesis within seconds after being moistened by rain or dew.
Most bryophytes are ectohydric, i.e., ability to absorb water, inorganic nutrients and mineral elements directly from the atmosphere rather than the soil and substratum.
Bryophytes possess short-lived sporophytic and dominant gametophytic phase.
research into micronutrients and their need for North Dakota crops. This presentation was not given at conference due to time, but a handout was provided.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nas...IOSR Journals
The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower. Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit. Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
The document discusses the role of siderophores in plant pathogen interactions. It provides background on siderophores, their importance in microbial metabolism, types of siderophores produced by different organisms, and their mechanism of iron acquisition. It summarizes several case studies that demonstrate how siderophore-producing bacteria can be used for biocontrol of plant pathogens through competition for iron and activation of plant defense responses. Siderophores are shown to elicit plant defenses, modulate signaling pathways, and promote bacterial growth during infection.
Role of micro nutrients and their deficiency symptoms in Mulberrymohd younus wani
The document discusses the roles of various micronutrients in mulberry plants and their deficiency symptoms. It begins by defining nutrients and classifying them as macronutrients and micronutrients. It then discusses 17 essential plant nutrients and the criteria for determining essentiality. Specific roles and deficiency symptoms are described for zinc, boron, and iron in mulberry plants. The document also discusses factors affecting micronutrient availability in soil and presents data on the effects of deficient and excess levels of zinc, boron, and iron on mulberry plant growth and dry matter yield.
Ssac 353 lecture 10 and 11 vermicomposting and green manuringDrAnandJadhav
This document summarizes information about green manuring and vermicomposting. It discusses the objectives and types of green manuring, including green manuring crops grown in-situ and green leaf manuring. The benefits of incorporating green manuring crops into soil are outlined, along with some potential disadvantages. Vermicomposting is introduced as the practice of using earthworms to turn organic wastes into nutrient-rich material. The key differences between vermicomposting and conventional composting are summarized, including differences in temperature, pathogen destruction mechanisms, and the final product. The pros and cons of each method are also compared.
This document discusses managing plant roots for health. It provides examples of root systems from different crops and environments. Healthy roots are white in color, proliferate in all directions, and efficiently use soil resources. Unhealthy roots are less efficient and may show deformities or nutrient deficiencies. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding root function and architecture through direct observation.
Microorganisms play a key role in transforming micronutrients in soil. Bacteria oxidize iron from the ferrous to the ferric state, precipitating it out as iron hydroxide. They also solubilize zinc, making it more available to plants. Various bacteria and fungi transform manganese and copper in the soil through oxidation and precipitation reactions. These microbial transformations influence the availability and forms of essential micronutrients for plant uptake.
Root Exudates :Functions in plant-microbe interactionDebayan Nandi
Root exudates are chemicals exuded by plant roots that influence the surrounding soil environment and microbiome. They regulate microbial communities, encourage beneficial symbiotic relationships, and change soil chemical and physical properties. Root exudates are composed of low and high molecular weight compounds, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, phenolics, proteins, and polysaccharides. They mediate both positive and negative interactions between plant roots and other organisms such as communication between roots and microbes or inhibition of competing plant species. The rate and composition of root exudates can be influenced by microorganisms, soil properties, and plant characteristics.
The document discusses the genetics of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. It describes how:
1) Farmers have known for millennia that legumes improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation via their symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria in root nodules.
2) In the late 19th century, it was discovered that the root nodules themselves were responsible for converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia through the microorganisms now known as rhizobia.
3) A complex process involving infection of roots by rhizobia, nodule development, nitrogen fixation in nodules, and nodule senescence allows legumes to fix atmospheric nitrogen thanks to their symbiotic relationship
Azobacter and Rhizobium are soil bacteria. Azobacter is free-living while Rhizobium lives symbiotically with legume plants. Both bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium to benefit plant growth, though Rhizobium does so through its symbiotic relationship with legumes. The document provides details on the size, shapes, environmental conditions and benefits of these nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamicsKarthekaThirumugam1
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamics with factors affecting availability, chelation illustrations, appropriate pictures and cycles for all nutrients.
BORON – ITS Forms and distribution in soilskirankumar2916
This document summarizes boron as an essential plant micronutrient. It discusses boron's discovery, properties, functions in plants and animals, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, soil fractions and factors affecting availability. Ten soil profiles across Karnataka's agroclimatic zones were analyzed to evaluate hot water soluble boron distribution with soil depth and properties. Concentrations generally decreased with depth and were highest in surface horizons, ranging from 0.88 to 1.92 mg/kg.
Micronutrients play an essential role in plant growth and development. They are needed in smaller amounts than macronutrients but are still critical for plant metabolism. The main micronutrients are boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc. Deficiencies of these micronutrients can result in various symptoms and negatively impact crop yield. Soil tests are not very reliable for predicting response to micronutrient fertilization. Tissue testing provides a better indication of a plant's micronutrient status.
1) The document discusses a seminar presentation on the effect of zinc in increasing the productivity of maize and mustard crops. It covers the forms, role, deficiency, management and case studies of zinc in soil and crops.
2) A case study on the effect of zinc sulfate and zinc oxide on mustard crop yield shows applying zinc up to 6 kg/ha improved mustard oil quality and nutrient uptake compared to the control.
3) Another case study on the effect of zinc concentration and application techniques on maize growth found applying zinc increased maize ear length and kernel rows but had no effect on plant height. The optimal application method for maximum maize yield is identified.
Maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] is the third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively. Maize–wheat system is the third dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in food grain production (Jat et al., 2013).
Interactions between nutrients in plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution and functions of another nutrient. Generally P and Zn interact negatively, which depends upon a number of physico-chemical properties of soil. Antagonistic P×Zn interaction has been subject of intensive research in several countries and has been thoroughly reviewed. Although some positive interactions of P and Zn are also reported (Shivay, 2013).
The maximum available P and Zn content in the soil was recorded with super-optimal dose (150% NPK) and optimal dose (100% NPK) along with Zn, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize (Verma and Minhas, 1987). The three Bacillus aryabhattai strains (MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14) were consistent in enhancement of root and shoot dry weight and zinc uptake in wheat (Ramesh et al., 2014).
Management of P×Zn interaction is a challenging task in the era of sustainable food and nutritional security. Use of efficient varieties and application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of nutrients on rice plants grown in sodic soils. The study was conducted over two years on a farmer's field in India. Soil tests found the soil to be low in organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, zinc and manganese, and medium in potassium. Rice yields and plant nutrient concentrations increased with the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc and manganese fertilizers. The highest yield increases came from nitrogen application, followed by phosphorus and potassium. Cumulatively, the added nutrients increased yields by over 80% compared to the control plot with no added nutrients. The soil was found to be deficient in all the nutrients tested. Satisfactory
This document summarizes a study on the biochemical changes in nutrients in rice plants grown in sodic soil. The soil had low levels of several nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, zinc and manganese. The study found that applying nutrients based on soil test recommendations increased the uptake of all nutrients by rice plants, with the highest uptake occurring when all nutrients were applied. The sequential addition of nutrients also led to increased nutrient uptake. Applying all recommended nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc and manganese - produced the highest dry matter yields of 87.60 and 90.60 quintals per hectare in the two years studied.
Response of Rice Genotypes to Arsenic Contaminated Field Condition during Kha...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— A study was conducted to evaluate rice germplasm for their arsenic content in different plant parts and phosphorus content in grains. Results showed that in the rice plant highest arsenic was accumulated in the roots and the lowest in the grain. The arsenic accumulation follows the order of root>shoot> leaf> grain. The results also revealed that IRRI dhan was quite tolerant to arsenic and Satabdi 1 was susceptible to arsenic accumulation during kharif season, whereas during boro season IET-4094 accumulated more arsenic in grain and IR-50 accumulated less arsenic in grain. Results also showed that kharif rice genotypes bore strong positive association between total phosphorus percent with arsenic content in grain, whereas strong negative association was found in boro season rice genotypes.
Enhancement of phosphorus utilization and availability in the mountainous reg...Open Access Research Paper
The soil has a large reserve of phosphorus. However, phosphorus availability for plant nutrition is limited, and mostly in ferralitic tropical soils, determined by the geochemical distribution of elements. In the mountainous region of Man, West Côte d’Ivoire, the geology and geomorphology constitute a particular characteristic which, more or less, could significantly influence soil phosphorus distribution and availability. A study was thus setup to assess soil oxides and mineralogy, and their influence on soil phosphorous content in Man. Four different rice producing sites were selected for soil sampling; Krikouma, Dompleu, Blolé and Petit-Gbêpleu (PG). Within each site, three composite samples were taken at 0 – 20cm depth from 3 plot of 25m2, each. The results of the X-ray fluorescence analysis showed the presence of large quantities of iron and aluminium oxides in the soil. In addition, these soils were rich in SiO2. The mineralogical matrix had two dominant mineral species Berlinite and Quartz, dividing the soils into two categories. This study provides scientific base for developing strategies for a sustainable phosphorous fertilization of rice cropping soils.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. The experiments involved amending the soils with varying rates of biosolids and WTRs and analyzing the resulting P species after incubation periods of 60 days and 30 days, respectively. The results from both experiments indicated that the dominant P species formed depended on the soil type and application rates of biosolids and WTRs.
EXPLORING PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILIZING ASPERGILLUS SP: ISOLATION AND OPTIMIZATION O...indexPub
Background: The global phosphorus crisis is an evolving concern as the world's phosphorus sources are running out and demand for agricultural production is rising. Phosphorus shortages undermine food security and demand long-term management practices to assure phosphorus availability. Methods: Aspergillus strains were first screened on PVK media to get phosphorus solubilizing species and then the best strain was used to produce acid phosphatases. Finally, the effect of various assay conditions was analyzed to characterize extracellular acid phosphatases. Results: Out of four isolated strains, only A. niger, A. oryzae, and A. flavus were able to solubilize phosphate on PVK, of which A. niger stood out with a maximum solubility index of 2.38. The optimal pH and temperature for enzyme activity were recorded as 4.5 and 30°C. Furthermore, the substrate concentration of 100 mM with a 40-minute incubation period was found as a standard condition to achieve maximum specific activity i.e. 12 U/mg and a 17% higher free phosphorus level. After optimization, a 43.8% increment in the activity of extracellular acid phosphatases was observed. Conclusion: The study concludes that A. niger was the prominent performer, with improved phosphate solubilization and enzyme activity, as well as higher phosphorus release, demonstrating its potential for enhancing phosphorus availability not only in agricultural and environmental fields but in setups with lower phosphate availability too.
Direct and residual effect of rock phosphate on soil and crop production Four...Syedwali Jalalzai
1) The document discusses research on the direct and residual effects of rock phosphate as a phosphorus fertilizer source on soil and crop production. It summarizes four research papers on this topic.
2) The first paper finds that slowly available rock phosphates like partially acidulated rock phosphate showed good residual effects on rice yields in following seasons compared to water soluble phosphorus sources.
3) The second paper shows that inoculation of soybean, mustard and wheat crops with the phosphate solubilizing fungus Aspergillus awamori was more effective at solubilizing rock phosphate than other microbes tested.
4) The third paper demonstrates that inoculation of rice grown with rock phosphate and amendments like farmyard
VARIABILITY, CORRELATION AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN 6 GENOTYPES OF Lentil (Lens culinaris) AT IAAS, PAKLIHAWA, RUPANDEHI, NEPAL. This research had been undertaken as a part of UPA (Undergraduate Practicum Assessment)
I had written on the topic of litchi cultivation as an assignment of Pomology given by Mr. manoj Basnet, Department of Horticulture. This consist of different sub topics including varities, method of planting, diseases of litchi etc
Rice blast, Rust of wheat and downy mildewDinesh Ghimire
Blast of Rice causes significant yield losses in rice. Symptoms include spindle-shaped lesions on leaves and sheaths. The fungus infects plants at all growth stages. It overwinters in crop residues or alternate hosts and spreads via airborne spores, favoring wet and humid conditions. Management involves growing resistant varieties, removing weeds, proper fertilizer use, and fungicide application.
Damping off, collar rot/gummosis of citrus and Papaya and root rot of juteDinesh Ghimire
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
Tip burn is a condition that affects the leaves of rice plants, causing browning and drying of leaf tips and margins. It is caused by excessive moisture from flooding, which can lead to a lack of oxygen and nutrients in the soil. Symptoms include dried, scorched leaf tips that may spread to affect the whole leaf. Management strategies include clipping seedling tips before transplanting, improving soil drainage and aeration, applying ammonium sulfate fertilizer, and green manuring to improve soil conditions.
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017.
By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch.
Powdery Mildew of Apple is caused by the fungus Podosphaera leucotricha. It is an obligate parasite that feeds on the nutrients of apple leaves, shoots, blossoms, and young fruit. Symptoms include a white, felt-like appearance on leaves and silver-gray discoloration of shoots and blossoms. The disease cycle involves overwintering in buds and production of airborne spores in the spring, which infect young apple tissue. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, removing inoculum sources, and applying foliar fungicides during flowering and shoot growth.
Rearing of Chick pea pod borer from larval stageDinesh Ghimire
Larval stage of Chickpea Pod borer was collected from the IAAS, Paklihawa horticulture farm and reared inside plastic box as explained in this presentation.
This document discusses post-harvest management techniques for root crops. It covers maturity indices for harvesting root crops like carrots, radishes, and potatoes. It describes proper harvesting methods to minimize injuries. Pre-cooling techniques like hydrocooling and air cooling are explained to remove field heat. Appropriate packaging, storage, transportation and fungicide treatment practices are outlined to reduce post-harvest losses and maintain quality during distribution. Value addition technologies and grading methods for root crops are also briefly mentioned.
The Fifth Five Year Plan in Nepal (1975-1980) prioritized the agricultural, transport, industrial, and social sectors. The plan's objectives were to maximize output while meeting people's basic needs, promote people-oriented production, regional development, and self-sufficiency in consumer goods. It aimed to increase GDP by 4-5% annually and boost agricultural, food, cash crop, fruit, vegetable, and fish production. The total outlay was Rs. 919.7-1140.4 million with 55% from internal resources and 45% from external aid. Problems included instability and insufficient inputs to achieve targets.
This document presents information on the Fusarium wilt disease of cotton. It discusses the causal fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum, symptoms of the disease including yellowing, wilting and discoloration of leaves and stems, and favorable conditions for disease development like temperatures around 23°C and alkaline black soils. It also describes the disease cycle involving different spore types, survival of the fungus in soil, and secondary spread through irrigation water. Management strategies are outlined, including seed treatment, crop rotation, resistant varieties, and maintaining soil health.
Puccinia is a genus of fungi that includes approximately 5000 species, some of which are devastating pathogens of wheat and other cereals. Puccinia graminis causes stem rust in wheat, P. recondita causes brown leaf rust, and P. striformis causes yellow stripe rust. These rusts have polymorphic life cycles with multiple spore stages. Symptoms vary by species but generally include blisters or pustules that erupt and release spores, which can be brick red in stem rust and cause stems and leaves to blacken. Brown leaf rust first appears on upper leaves while yellow stripe rust primarily affects leaves. In barberry shrubs, rust symptoms appear as yellow to orange spots on leaves.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
3. Introduction
- Physiological disorder
- Mostly seen in Dasheri variety from Lukhnow
- Found when orchard’s near kilns
- Peculiar to India (Singh, R.S. 1978. Plant Diseases. Oxford & IBH publishing CO.)
4. Symptoms
- Necrotic distal tips
- Tips turn brown to black
- Scaly sunken tips with soft, decaying interior flesh
oozing dark liquid
5. Causes:
- Fumes from kilns containing which contains toxic gases
like CO2,SO2, Ethylene etc
- Association with borax deficiency in sandy conditions
(Das Gupta and Sen,1960) and
- fluorine toxicity around kiln vicinity (C,Zhang, H, Huang
and Y. Kuang,1995) dipping fruits in fluorine
concentration turned appearance similar to BT of mango.
In analysis, double concentration of F was seen in fruits
and as high as six times in leaves. The difference is
cause of pericarp protective function.
6. Management
- Spraying Borax (1%), Caustic soda (0.8%) and washing soda (0.5%) thrice in a
season starting from pea stage in 15 days interval
- Kilns of 15-18 m height and orchards approx. 5-6 km away from those kilns
- Orchard orientation = N-S direction
- Covering plants with cellophane bags (how to use and why to use so?)
- Legislative measures ( kiln height, kiln restriction area etc)
8. Introduction
- Nutrient Deficient Disorder
- Y.L Nene first recognize from field of UP (1966)
- Hadda (west pakistan)- similar case (1967)
9. Symptoms
Firstly intervienal chlorosis
Yellow and white streaks at base of leaves
Lower leaves small brown/bronze/tan color spots
Root growth restricted
Spots coalesce with each other and forms entire surface bronze
10. Causes
- Increased PH following flooding results zinc deficiency
- Intensive Cultivation (High NPK)
- Prominent in laterate soil and coarse textured soil
11. Management
- Dressing of Sprouted 1% zinc oxide
- Root dipping with 2% ZnO for 1-2 minutes
- ZnSO4 25-30 kg/ha as soil application (Adhikari,2017)
- 5kg ZnsO4 + 2.5 kg slaked lime + 1000 liter water
First Spray after – 10 DAS in nursery
Second Spray after – 20 DAS in nursery
Third spray after – 15-30 DAP