The document summarizes research on future oil shale mining technology in Estonia. It finds that as mining conditions worsen and environmental taxes increase, higher quality oil shale with more homogeneous material properties will be required. One solution is selective mining and backfilling to decrease environmental impacts and opposition from local communities. Tests of selective surface mining and continuous underground mining show promise and establish criteria for evaluating and selecting the best available technologies for sustainable oil shale extraction in Estonia.
This document discusses technologies for decreasing losses from mining oil shale in Estonia. It analyzes selective mining methods like surface miners, longwall miners, and shortwall miners that can extract the oil shale more precisely and reduce losses compared to traditional ripping. Selective crushing methods like impact crushers and axial crusher buckets are also explored to optimize rock fractions. Additional technologies investigated include mine backfilling to reduce surface waste, fine material separation through jigging or cycloning, and optimized rock crushing and screening simulations. The analyses found that selective extraction with surface miners and longwall or shortwall miners has the potential to significantly reduce mining losses from 12% to below 5%. Overall, the tested technologies could help increase the amount of extracted
The document discusses oil shale mining-related research in Estonia. It notes that efficiency of oil shale usage depends mainly on mining technology. Current topics being investigated include backfilling mines, mechanical extraction of shale, and digital modeling of mining processes. The document outlines challenges with current room and pillar mining techniques and potential benefits of introducing continuous miners for underground mining, which could increase productivity and safety. Overall the research aims to develop environmentally friendly and sustainable mining practices for oil shale extraction in Estonia.
Abstract — Mining waste reduction methods include all
mining processes beginning from resource distribution until
final yield in the plant. For comparing and testing possibilities of
mine waste reduction cooperation project has been set up aiming
to create a transnational network with regional networks. The
activities carried out on the regional and transnational level will
secure better access to knowledge, state-of-the-art technologies
and good practice to Small and Medium Enterprises active in
the mineral waste management & prevention sector. The project
addresses all the waste management challenges and
opportunities, which face the Baltic Sea Region mining industry,
which should be understood as extending to all forms of
extraction of natural non-renewable resources. The project
activities will be facilitated by the commitment to participate by
an additional 15 associated organizations representing mining
industry stakeholder associations and/or national government
bodies.
E Waste Management by Utilization of E-Plastic as Coarse Aggregate in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on utilizing e-waste plastic as a substitute for coarse aggregate in concrete. The study aims to address e-waste management and environmental issues by reusing e-plastic in concrete production. Concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing coarse aggregate with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% e-plastic. The mechanical properties of the concrete such as workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength were then tested and analyzed at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that workability increased with higher e-plastic content, while compressive and flexural strengths decreased as e-plastic replacement levels rose.
This study evaluated the use of stone dust to stabilize soil for road construction. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of stone dust added. The optimum stone dust content was found to be 30% based on compaction and CBR tests. Pavement thickness designs were calculated for unstabilized soil and soil stabilized with 30% stone dust according to Indian code specifications. The results showed that using stone dust to stabilize the soil reduced the required pavement thickness by about 115 mm or 18%, which could provide substantial cost savings for road construction.
- Estonian oil shale reserves are currently estimated based on energy content requirements for existing power plants, but as oil production increases, reserves should be estimated based on oil production criteria.
- Using oil shale for solid-heat-carrier oil production has economic advantages over lump-oil-shale processing and should be considered in calculating the cut-off grade for reserves.
- Preliminary calculations using GIS modeling indicate the cut-off grade could be lower than the current 35 GJ/m2, increasing Estonia's mineable oil shale reserves available for oil production.
IRJET - Durability of Potholes Filled with Waste MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using waste materials to fill potholes. It discusses how various waste materials like plastic, rubber, glass and construction debris can be used with binders to fill potholes in an affordable and environmentally friendly way. The document reviews several past studies that investigated the durability and performance of pothole patches made with different waste materials. It also outlines various pothole repair techniques and factors that influence patch longevity like material type, weather conditions, traffic levels and patch installation methods. The goal of the research is to promote the use of locally available waste materials for pothole repairs as a way to reduce costs and environmental impacts compared to conventional repair methods.
Experimental study on strength characteristics of concrete with recycled aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of providing eco-friendly concrete is gaining hike in the global construction industry. The depleting resources have made the researchers to focus on sustainable development in all areas and more particularly in concrete production, due to the high rate of growth of industries and their infrastructure development, which increase the rate of consumption of concrete. The practice of recycling of demolished concrete for use in sub grades has already been set up. However a new concrete that is produced with such a recycled concrete seems to have higher porosity, lower strength and modulus of elasticity when compared to normal conventional concrete. Some of the earlier studies have attempted to improve the recycled material so as to reduce its high porosity. From review of literature it is found that studies under rural roads using recycled aggregates was done. This project deals with the use of recycled aggregates for rigid pavements replacing natural aggregates in rural roads. The tests are conducted for various proportion mix of Recycled aggregates and Natural aggregates.M30 grade of concrete is being used for the design .Aggregates at maximum size of 20mm is taken. The required strength for rigid pavements under recycled aggregates is being evaluated in this project. The ultimate aim is to attain a suitable strength on usage of recycled aggregates for rigid pavements in rural roads thus to implement cost effective nature and durability.
Keywords: sustainable development, rigid pavements, recycled aggregates etc..
This document discusses technologies for decreasing losses from mining oil shale in Estonia. It analyzes selective mining methods like surface miners, longwall miners, and shortwall miners that can extract the oil shale more precisely and reduce losses compared to traditional ripping. Selective crushing methods like impact crushers and axial crusher buckets are also explored to optimize rock fractions. Additional technologies investigated include mine backfilling to reduce surface waste, fine material separation through jigging or cycloning, and optimized rock crushing and screening simulations. The analyses found that selective extraction with surface miners and longwall or shortwall miners has the potential to significantly reduce mining losses from 12% to below 5%. Overall, the tested technologies could help increase the amount of extracted
The document discusses oil shale mining-related research in Estonia. It notes that efficiency of oil shale usage depends mainly on mining technology. Current topics being investigated include backfilling mines, mechanical extraction of shale, and digital modeling of mining processes. The document outlines challenges with current room and pillar mining techniques and potential benefits of introducing continuous miners for underground mining, which could increase productivity and safety. Overall the research aims to develop environmentally friendly and sustainable mining practices for oil shale extraction in Estonia.
Abstract — Mining waste reduction methods include all
mining processes beginning from resource distribution until
final yield in the plant. For comparing and testing possibilities of
mine waste reduction cooperation project has been set up aiming
to create a transnational network with regional networks. The
activities carried out on the regional and transnational level will
secure better access to knowledge, state-of-the-art technologies
and good practice to Small and Medium Enterprises active in
the mineral waste management & prevention sector. The project
addresses all the waste management challenges and
opportunities, which face the Baltic Sea Region mining industry,
which should be understood as extending to all forms of
extraction of natural non-renewable resources. The project
activities will be facilitated by the commitment to participate by
an additional 15 associated organizations representing mining
industry stakeholder associations and/or national government
bodies.
E Waste Management by Utilization of E-Plastic as Coarse Aggregate in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on utilizing e-waste plastic as a substitute for coarse aggregate in concrete. The study aims to address e-waste management and environmental issues by reusing e-plastic in concrete production. Concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing coarse aggregate with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% e-plastic. The mechanical properties of the concrete such as workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength were then tested and analyzed at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that workability increased with higher e-plastic content, while compressive and flexural strengths decreased as e-plastic replacement levels rose.
This study evaluated the use of stone dust to stabilize soil for road construction. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of stone dust added. The optimum stone dust content was found to be 30% based on compaction and CBR tests. Pavement thickness designs were calculated for unstabilized soil and soil stabilized with 30% stone dust according to Indian code specifications. The results showed that using stone dust to stabilize the soil reduced the required pavement thickness by about 115 mm or 18%, which could provide substantial cost savings for road construction.
- Estonian oil shale reserves are currently estimated based on energy content requirements for existing power plants, but as oil production increases, reserves should be estimated based on oil production criteria.
- Using oil shale for solid-heat-carrier oil production has economic advantages over lump-oil-shale processing and should be considered in calculating the cut-off grade for reserves.
- Preliminary calculations using GIS modeling indicate the cut-off grade could be lower than the current 35 GJ/m2, increasing Estonia's mineable oil shale reserves available for oil production.
IRJET - Durability of Potholes Filled with Waste MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using waste materials to fill potholes. It discusses how various waste materials like plastic, rubber, glass and construction debris can be used with binders to fill potholes in an affordable and environmentally friendly way. The document reviews several past studies that investigated the durability and performance of pothole patches made with different waste materials. It also outlines various pothole repair techniques and factors that influence patch longevity like material type, weather conditions, traffic levels and patch installation methods. The goal of the research is to promote the use of locally available waste materials for pothole repairs as a way to reduce costs and environmental impacts compared to conventional repair methods.
Experimental study on strength characteristics of concrete with recycled aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of providing eco-friendly concrete is gaining hike in the global construction industry. The depleting resources have made the researchers to focus on sustainable development in all areas and more particularly in concrete production, due to the high rate of growth of industries and their infrastructure development, which increase the rate of consumption of concrete. The practice of recycling of demolished concrete for use in sub grades has already been set up. However a new concrete that is produced with such a recycled concrete seems to have higher porosity, lower strength and modulus of elasticity when compared to normal conventional concrete. Some of the earlier studies have attempted to improve the recycled material so as to reduce its high porosity. From review of literature it is found that studies under rural roads using recycled aggregates was done. This project deals with the use of recycled aggregates for rigid pavements replacing natural aggregates in rural roads. The tests are conducted for various proportion mix of Recycled aggregates and Natural aggregates.M30 grade of concrete is being used for the design .Aggregates at maximum size of 20mm is taken. The required strength for rigid pavements under recycled aggregates is being evaluated in this project. The ultimate aim is to attain a suitable strength on usage of recycled aggregates for rigid pavements in rural roads thus to implement cost effective nature and durability.
Keywords: sustainable development, rigid pavements, recycled aggregates etc..
Kitaly Venance D. - Blast Design Optimization to Improve Material Fragmentati...Venance Kitaly
This document is a student project report on optimizing blast design to improve material fragmentation at Williamson Diamonds Limited (WDL) mine in Tanzania. It includes background information on WDL's location and drilling/blasting operations. The student collected data on drilling/blasting parameters and fragmentation from WDL in 2013. Through analysis of this data and historical trends, the student predicted optimal parameter values for spacing, burden, powder factor and hole depth that would achieve 95% fragmentation. The predicted optimal values were then recommended to be applied in areas with poor fragmentation.
IRJET- Use of Locally Available Material for Stabilizing Expansive SoilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into using locally available materials to stabilize expansive soil for road construction. Expansive soil has very low strength and high shrinkage, making it a poor foundation material. The study aimed to improve the strength of expansive soil from Olpad, India, measured by its CBR value, through mixing it with local materials. Tests found that mixing the soil with 25% yellow soil, 15% stone dust and 10% grit increased the CBR by 3-5% and the soil's maximum dry density, while decreasing the optimum moisture content. This provides an economical way to stabilize expansive soil for building village roads compared to other commercial stabilizers.
IRJET- Utilization of STP By–Product as a Raw Material in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on utilizing sewage treatment plant (STP) by-products as a raw material in concrete. Specifically, it investigates replacing cement and fine aggregate in concrete mixes with sewage sludge ash (SSA) obtained from incinerating sewage sludge. The study develops concrete mixes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% SSA replacement and tests the compressive and split tensile strengths at curing periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results show that concrete with 5% SSA replacement achieved optimum strength values. The study thus concludes that SSA can successfully be used in minor amounts as a partial replacement for cement and fine aggregate in concrete, providing an effective means
IRJET- A Study of Properties of Concrete Making Partial Replacement of Cement...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the properties of concrete made by partially replacing cement with ceramic waste powder. Ceramic waste powder is used to replace cement at various percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%) by weight. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the ceramic waste powder concrete mixtures are tested and compared to normal concrete at 7, 14, and 28 days. Results show that replacing 15% of cement with ceramic waste powder increases the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, making it a potential sustainable and cost-effective concrete material.
This document discusses recycling asphalt pavements. It begins by noting the increased demand for aggregates due to growth in infrastructure and the benefits of recycling asphalt pavements from an economic and environmental perspective by reducing waste and preserving resources. The document then reviews different methods of recycling asphalt pavements, including hot mix recycling using new aggregates and asphalt cement or recycling agents. It discusses the need to study recycling demolished asphalt materials in India to optimize natural resource use. The objectives are outlined as using recycled material for various purposes after testing. Future work is aimed at evaluating the effects of using recycled asphalt material compared to virgin materials.
IRJET- Stabilization of Clay Soil using Secondary Lime and Rubber Tyre PowderIRJET Journal
The document investigates using secondary lime and rubber tire powder to stabilize clay soil. Standard Proctor and unconfined compression tests were performed on clay soil mixed with various percentages of secondary lime (5-25%) and rubber tire powder (3-15%), with 20% secondary lime. Test results showed maximum dry density of 1.20 g/cm3 and unconfined compressive strength of 3.758 kg/cm2 at 20% secondary lime. Further tests with soil + 20% lime and varying rubber powder showed maximum dry density of 1.92 g/cm3 and strength of 4.417 kg/cm2 at 12% rubber powder. The study concluded that a combination of 20% secondary lime and 12%
IRJET- Review Paper: Utilization of Waste Polythene in Bituminous Concrete fo...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that aims to address two problems in Sagar, India: solid waste management of plastics and maintenance of roads due to excessive traffic. The researchers propose utilizing plastic waste by adding it to bitumen used in pavement construction. They plan to study how different percentages of plastic added to bitumen affect its rheological properties and the performance of bituminous concrete mixes. This could improve pavement performance while reducing the environmental impact of plastic waste. The researchers will conduct tests to determine the properties of raw materials, prepare Marshall samples of mixes with and without plastic modification, and test the samples to identify optimal plastic content. The results could demonstrate that using plastic waste in road construction enhances bitumen and mix properties while
IRJET- Study on Engineering Properties of Soil using Bagasse Ash and Sisal FiberIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the engineering properties of soil stabilized with bagasse ash and sisal fiber. Bagasse ash is a waste product from sugarcane mills that is mixed with clayey soil in proportions from 2-8% by weight. Sisal fiber, a natural fiber, is added to the soil-bagasse ash mixture in lengths of 2, 4, 6 mm and proportions of 1-2% by weight. Tests are conducted to determine the maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio of the stabilized soil mixtures. The results show that mixing 4% bagasse ash and 1% sisal fiber improves the engineering properties of the clayey soil. Further testing is
IRJET- Mechanical properties and Durability Properties of Concrete with P...IRJET Journal
1. The document presents research on using hypo sludge as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Hypo sludge is an industrial waste produced from paper mills.
2. Various concrete mixes were developed with 0-30% replacement of cement with hypo sludge. The mechanical and durability properties of the concrete mixes were then tested.
3. The test results showed that concrete with 10-15% hypo sludge replacement exhibited similar or improved compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength compared to conventional concrete. However, strength properties declined with replacements over 20%.
This document discusses the determination of the Bond work index of limestone samples from Lucky Cement Limited in Pakistan. The Bond work index test involves grinding limestone samples in a ball mill and measuring the grindability over multiple cycles. Test results found that 6 of 7 limestone samples had a Bond work index over 20 kWh/t, qualifying them as "hard rock." However, one sample from Face-4A had a Bond work index under 20 kWh/t, indicating it was less energy intensive to grind and had higher grindability than the other samples. This study aims to help optimize energy efficiency in limestone grinding operations at Lucky Cement.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
IRJET - Improving Engineering Properties of Marine Clay using Tyre ChipsIRJET Journal
This study assessed the impact of adding waste tire chips to marine clay soil at different proportions. Laboratory tests were conducted on the clay soil without additives and with tire chip additives ranging from 0-10% by weight. The tests measured properties like consolidation, compaction, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The CBR increased from 1.18 for untreated clay to a maximum of 2.95 when 5% tire chips were added at the optimum moisture content of 18.5%. Overall, the results showed that the addition of tire chips can improve the engineering properties of marine clay soil by increasing its strength and bearing capacity.
IRJET- Stabilization of Expansive and Weak Subgrade by using Waste Generated ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used fine quarry dust, a waste material from M-sand industry, to stabilize expansive black cotton subgrade soil. Key findings include:
1) When 50% of fine quarry dust is mixed with subgrade soil, the soil classification changes from highly expansive (CH) to low compressibility (CL), indicating reduced expansiveness.
2) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust decreases the subgrade soil's liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and differential free swell, further demonstrating reduced expansiveness.
3) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust increases the maximum dry density and soaked CBR of the subgrade soil. CBR
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Use of Polymer Modified Bitumen in Road ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of polymer modified bitumen in road construction. It begins by explaining that properties of bitumen and bituminous mixes can be improved by adding certain modifiers, creating polymer modified bitumen. The document then describes various types of polymer modified bitumen based on the polymer used, provides specifications for each type, and explains selection criteria. It outlines advantages such as increased strength and bonding, but also notes disadvantages like potential toxic leaching. Overall, the document argues that polymer modified bitumen can improve road performance and save resources compared to standard bitumen.
The compaction is the usual process taken in the construction of the road structure. A particular type of soil has been laid in the work place before laying the soil the reading has been noted down then the compaction process will be carried out. If the layer failed then the re watering/dewatering has to be made then again the rolling has to be carried out in this process lot of time and labour and the finance will be wasted in this project the soil sample will be collected and tested in the laboratory and the number of passing for each type of soil will be identified so that if it is implemented in the field then the compaction will be achieved, this help in saving lot of time and manpower and also help in the saving in the financial condition.
Keywords — Put your keywords here, keywords are separated by comma.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Stabilisation of Gravel Soil by using Plastic Bottle WasteIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing gravel soil using plastic bottle waste. The study aimed to increase the density and bearing capacity of soil while providing an alternative solution for disposing plastic waste. Various tests were conducted including standard proctor compaction, California bearing ratio, and plate load tests. The optimum plastic content was found to be 0.6% by weight, as higher percentages decreased strength. CBR values increased from 1.967 for plain soil to 2.479 with 0.6% plastic addition. The study demonstrates using plastic waste to stabilize soil can improve engineering properties in an economical way while reducing plastic disposal problems.
IRJET- Replacement of River Sand by Crushed Sand and its Effect on Concrete P...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of replacing river sand with crushed sand in concrete. It finds that compressive strength increases up to 5.94% when river sand is replaced with crushed sand up to 70%. Beyond 70% replacement, compressive strength does not significantly increase further but workability continues to improve. The key finding is that river sand can be replaced by up to 70% crushed sand without negatively impacting compressive strength, while workability is improved.
Experimental and Anlytical Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Opening...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study on the use of foundry sand as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in reinforced concrete beams. Foundry sand is a waste byproduct from metal casting industries. The study aims to utilize this waste material in concrete production. Concrete cubes and beams were cast using foundry sand replacements of 0-100% in increments of 10%. Beams were cast with a rounded rectangular opening. Testing found that a 40% replacement of foundry sand provided the maximum compressive strength. Beams were then cast using the 40% optimized mix and tested under two-point loading. Test results showed that foundry sand can be used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete, improving strength and providing an outlet for an
The document summarizes research on the impact of oil shale mining on the groundwater regime in the Kurtna Landscape Reserve area of Estonia. Key points:
1) Oil shale mining surrounds the Kurtna Lakes area. Testing showed building an infiltration dam where the mine front meets the lakes could minimize groundwater impacts by stopping water flow instead of leaving an open trench.
2) Groundwater modeling indicated the dam's hydraulic conductivity must remain below 0.1 m/d and infiltration basins must supply 7000 m3/d of water on average to avoid lowering lake water levels.
3) A test section was mined using techniques to build a low-permeability dam, and monitoring
Abstract – The thesis topic is “Blasting parameters, seismic
data analysis and their correlation in Estonia”. The thesis
focuses on blasting related to mining of oil shale and limestone,
as they are the most important mineral resources mined in
Estonia.
This article describes a case study in the framework of the
general research topic, focusing to the Aru-Lõuna (Aru-South)
limestone quarry in the Ida-Virumaa county.
Kitaly Venance D. - Blast Design Optimization to Improve Material Fragmentati...Venance Kitaly
This document is a student project report on optimizing blast design to improve material fragmentation at Williamson Diamonds Limited (WDL) mine in Tanzania. It includes background information on WDL's location and drilling/blasting operations. The student collected data on drilling/blasting parameters and fragmentation from WDL in 2013. Through analysis of this data and historical trends, the student predicted optimal parameter values for spacing, burden, powder factor and hole depth that would achieve 95% fragmentation. The predicted optimal values were then recommended to be applied in areas with poor fragmentation.
IRJET- Use of Locally Available Material for Stabilizing Expansive SoilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into using locally available materials to stabilize expansive soil for road construction. Expansive soil has very low strength and high shrinkage, making it a poor foundation material. The study aimed to improve the strength of expansive soil from Olpad, India, measured by its CBR value, through mixing it with local materials. Tests found that mixing the soil with 25% yellow soil, 15% stone dust and 10% grit increased the CBR by 3-5% and the soil's maximum dry density, while decreasing the optimum moisture content. This provides an economical way to stabilize expansive soil for building village roads compared to other commercial stabilizers.
IRJET- Utilization of STP By–Product as a Raw Material in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on utilizing sewage treatment plant (STP) by-products as a raw material in concrete. Specifically, it investigates replacing cement and fine aggregate in concrete mixes with sewage sludge ash (SSA) obtained from incinerating sewage sludge. The study develops concrete mixes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% SSA replacement and tests the compressive and split tensile strengths at curing periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results show that concrete with 5% SSA replacement achieved optimum strength values. The study thus concludes that SSA can successfully be used in minor amounts as a partial replacement for cement and fine aggregate in concrete, providing an effective means
IRJET- A Study of Properties of Concrete Making Partial Replacement of Cement...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the properties of concrete made by partially replacing cement with ceramic waste powder. Ceramic waste powder is used to replace cement at various percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%) by weight. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the ceramic waste powder concrete mixtures are tested and compared to normal concrete at 7, 14, and 28 days. Results show that replacing 15% of cement with ceramic waste powder increases the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, making it a potential sustainable and cost-effective concrete material.
This document discusses recycling asphalt pavements. It begins by noting the increased demand for aggregates due to growth in infrastructure and the benefits of recycling asphalt pavements from an economic and environmental perspective by reducing waste and preserving resources. The document then reviews different methods of recycling asphalt pavements, including hot mix recycling using new aggregates and asphalt cement or recycling agents. It discusses the need to study recycling demolished asphalt materials in India to optimize natural resource use. The objectives are outlined as using recycled material for various purposes after testing. Future work is aimed at evaluating the effects of using recycled asphalt material compared to virgin materials.
IRJET- Stabilization of Clay Soil using Secondary Lime and Rubber Tyre PowderIRJET Journal
The document investigates using secondary lime and rubber tire powder to stabilize clay soil. Standard Proctor and unconfined compression tests were performed on clay soil mixed with various percentages of secondary lime (5-25%) and rubber tire powder (3-15%), with 20% secondary lime. Test results showed maximum dry density of 1.20 g/cm3 and unconfined compressive strength of 3.758 kg/cm2 at 20% secondary lime. Further tests with soil + 20% lime and varying rubber powder showed maximum dry density of 1.92 g/cm3 and strength of 4.417 kg/cm2 at 12% rubber powder. The study concluded that a combination of 20% secondary lime and 12%
IRJET- Review Paper: Utilization of Waste Polythene in Bituminous Concrete fo...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that aims to address two problems in Sagar, India: solid waste management of plastics and maintenance of roads due to excessive traffic. The researchers propose utilizing plastic waste by adding it to bitumen used in pavement construction. They plan to study how different percentages of plastic added to bitumen affect its rheological properties and the performance of bituminous concrete mixes. This could improve pavement performance while reducing the environmental impact of plastic waste. The researchers will conduct tests to determine the properties of raw materials, prepare Marshall samples of mixes with and without plastic modification, and test the samples to identify optimal plastic content. The results could demonstrate that using plastic waste in road construction enhances bitumen and mix properties while
IRJET- Study on Engineering Properties of Soil using Bagasse Ash and Sisal FiberIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the engineering properties of soil stabilized with bagasse ash and sisal fiber. Bagasse ash is a waste product from sugarcane mills that is mixed with clayey soil in proportions from 2-8% by weight. Sisal fiber, a natural fiber, is added to the soil-bagasse ash mixture in lengths of 2, 4, 6 mm and proportions of 1-2% by weight. Tests are conducted to determine the maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio of the stabilized soil mixtures. The results show that mixing 4% bagasse ash and 1% sisal fiber improves the engineering properties of the clayey soil. Further testing is
IRJET- Mechanical properties and Durability Properties of Concrete with P...IRJET Journal
1. The document presents research on using hypo sludge as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Hypo sludge is an industrial waste produced from paper mills.
2. Various concrete mixes were developed with 0-30% replacement of cement with hypo sludge. The mechanical and durability properties of the concrete mixes were then tested.
3. The test results showed that concrete with 10-15% hypo sludge replacement exhibited similar or improved compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength compared to conventional concrete. However, strength properties declined with replacements over 20%.
This document discusses the determination of the Bond work index of limestone samples from Lucky Cement Limited in Pakistan. The Bond work index test involves grinding limestone samples in a ball mill and measuring the grindability over multiple cycles. Test results found that 6 of 7 limestone samples had a Bond work index over 20 kWh/t, qualifying them as "hard rock." However, one sample from Face-4A had a Bond work index under 20 kWh/t, indicating it was less energy intensive to grind and had higher grindability than the other samples. This study aims to help optimize energy efficiency in limestone grinding operations at Lucky Cement.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
IRJET - Improving Engineering Properties of Marine Clay using Tyre ChipsIRJET Journal
This study assessed the impact of adding waste tire chips to marine clay soil at different proportions. Laboratory tests were conducted on the clay soil without additives and with tire chip additives ranging from 0-10% by weight. The tests measured properties like consolidation, compaction, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The CBR increased from 1.18 for untreated clay to a maximum of 2.95 when 5% tire chips were added at the optimum moisture content of 18.5%. Overall, the results showed that the addition of tire chips can improve the engineering properties of marine clay soil by increasing its strength and bearing capacity.
IRJET- Stabilization of Expansive and Weak Subgrade by using Waste Generated ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used fine quarry dust, a waste material from M-sand industry, to stabilize expansive black cotton subgrade soil. Key findings include:
1) When 50% of fine quarry dust is mixed with subgrade soil, the soil classification changes from highly expansive (CH) to low compressibility (CL), indicating reduced expansiveness.
2) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust decreases the subgrade soil's liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and differential free swell, further demonstrating reduced expansiveness.
3) Mixing 50% fine quarry dust increases the maximum dry density and soaked CBR of the subgrade soil. CBR
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Use of Polymer Modified Bitumen in Road ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of polymer modified bitumen in road construction. It begins by explaining that properties of bitumen and bituminous mixes can be improved by adding certain modifiers, creating polymer modified bitumen. The document then describes various types of polymer modified bitumen based on the polymer used, provides specifications for each type, and explains selection criteria. It outlines advantages such as increased strength and bonding, but also notes disadvantages like potential toxic leaching. Overall, the document argues that polymer modified bitumen can improve road performance and save resources compared to standard bitumen.
The compaction is the usual process taken in the construction of the road structure. A particular type of soil has been laid in the work place before laying the soil the reading has been noted down then the compaction process will be carried out. If the layer failed then the re watering/dewatering has to be made then again the rolling has to be carried out in this process lot of time and labour and the finance will be wasted in this project the soil sample will be collected and tested in the laboratory and the number of passing for each type of soil will be identified so that if it is implemented in the field then the compaction will be achieved, this help in saving lot of time and manpower and also help in the saving in the financial condition.
Keywords — Put your keywords here, keywords are separated by comma.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Stabilisation of Gravel Soil by using Plastic Bottle WasteIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on stabilizing gravel soil using plastic bottle waste. The study aimed to increase the density and bearing capacity of soil while providing an alternative solution for disposing plastic waste. Various tests were conducted including standard proctor compaction, California bearing ratio, and plate load tests. The optimum plastic content was found to be 0.6% by weight, as higher percentages decreased strength. CBR values increased from 1.967 for plain soil to 2.479 with 0.6% plastic addition. The study demonstrates using plastic waste to stabilize soil can improve engineering properties in an economical way while reducing plastic disposal problems.
IRJET- Replacement of River Sand by Crushed Sand and its Effect on Concrete P...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of replacing river sand with crushed sand in concrete. It finds that compressive strength increases up to 5.94% when river sand is replaced with crushed sand up to 70%. Beyond 70% replacement, compressive strength does not significantly increase further but workability continues to improve. The key finding is that river sand can be replaced by up to 70% crushed sand without negatively impacting compressive strength, while workability is improved.
Experimental and Anlytical Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Opening...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study on the use of foundry sand as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in reinforced concrete beams. Foundry sand is a waste byproduct from metal casting industries. The study aims to utilize this waste material in concrete production. Concrete cubes and beams were cast using foundry sand replacements of 0-100% in increments of 10%. Beams were cast with a rounded rectangular opening. Testing found that a 40% replacement of foundry sand provided the maximum compressive strength. Beams were then cast using the 40% optimized mix and tested under two-point loading. Test results showed that foundry sand can be used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete, improving strength and providing an outlet for an
The document summarizes research on the impact of oil shale mining on the groundwater regime in the Kurtna Landscape Reserve area of Estonia. Key points:
1) Oil shale mining surrounds the Kurtna Lakes area. Testing showed building an infiltration dam where the mine front meets the lakes could minimize groundwater impacts by stopping water flow instead of leaving an open trench.
2) Groundwater modeling indicated the dam's hydraulic conductivity must remain below 0.1 m/d and infiltration basins must supply 7000 m3/d of water on average to avoid lowering lake water levels.
3) A test section was mined using techniques to build a low-permeability dam, and monitoring
Abstract – The thesis topic is “Blasting parameters, seismic
data analysis and their correlation in Estonia”. The thesis
focuses on blasting related to mining of oil shale and limestone,
as they are the most important mineral resources mined in
Estonia.
This article describes a case study in the framework of the
general research topic, focusing to the Aru-Lõuna (Aru-South)
limestone quarry in the Ida-Virumaa county.
Saint-Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts – Partner of Institute...Jeffrey Kleinpeter
Today, St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts - one of the largest centers for training and advanced training of specialists in the sphere of culture and art, the leader of the Russian humanitarian creative education. Our University - the largest university of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.
In developed SPbGUKI known scientific and creative schools have formed a unique team of professors, whose composition teachers on the staff (most of which - with academic degrees and titles), folk and Honored Artists of the USSR, Russia, Honored Scientist, Honored Art Worker of Higher and deserved Russian school.
Faculties, departments and centers of the University annually provides training for thousands of students. The main fields of activity are the educational library and information work, museum studies, socio-cultural activities and folk art creation. Being received at the basic educational program undergraduate, graduate and specialties. In graduate school SPbGUKI under preparation of the teaching staff, working dissertation councils.
In the educational process is being actively implemented modern information technologies are used multimedia hardware and software. Educational work is carried out in close cooperation with cultural institutions, formed a joint information resources (virtual museum, Automated Library Information System) with a number of major libraries and museums of St. Petersburg.
This document summarizes research on the potential use of mine water from abandoned oil shale mines in Estonia as a source of geothermal energy. Underground mining of oil shale over the past 90 years has created large underground voids that have filled with stable temperature water. The researchers created a 3D model of the mined areas and calculated the volume of mine water. Their analysis shows the mine water could be used for large heat pump stations to provide winter heating. The first pilot heat pump using mine water began operating in 2011. Using this renewable geothermal energy source could reduce heating costs.
The document provides an overview of the oil shale industry in Estonia. It discusses how oil shale is the primary fuel for power generation, accounting for over 90% of power production. It is also used in the chemical industry for oil production. The largest oil shale miners are AS Eesti Põlevkivi, which operates two underground mines and two open-cast mines. Oil shale is consumed by power plants, oil producers like VKG Aidu Oil and Kiviõli Keemiatööstus, and cement producer Kunda Nordic Tsement. Proven oil shale reserves are expected to last 40 more years at the current consumption level. New mines may need to be opened to meet potential increased
The document summarizes a study on the influence of water discharging from oil shale and limestone mining sites on water balance and quality in the Toolse River in Estonia from 2005-2009. Water is pumped from underground mines and quarries to keep the mining areas dry. This pumped water is directed to sedimentation ponds and the Toolse River, increasing its flow. Water quality in the river was analyzed at various points and complied with standards except for higher total phosphorus levels downstream. The mining activities lower local groundwater levels and affect flows in the Toolse River and regional aquifers.
Karu european union_baltic_sea_region_project_min-novationMäeinstituut Ttü
The document summarizes the MIN-NOVATION project, an EU Baltic Sea Region project focused on mining and mineral waste innovation for small and medium enterprises. The project involves partners from Poland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Estonia. In Estonia, the project focuses on utilizing and analyzing oil shale waste rock and aggregate production. The goals are to create a transnational network to improve access to knowledge and technologies for SMEs in mineral waste management, and to establish regional networks in six Baltic Sea regions to analyze challenges and opportunities in waste management. The Tallinn University of Technology will lead work on piloting oil shale waste rock crushing and sieving technology in Estonia.
Põlevkivi kaevandamine ja kaevandusvee kasutamine
Grupitöö läbiviija: Veiko Karu, TTÜ Mäeinstituut
Vesi ümbritseb meid kõikjal, 70% meie koduplaneedist on kaetud ookeanitega. Öeldakse, et vesi on elu alus. Seega peame me vett väärikalt kohtlema. Eestil on geograafilise asukoha mõttes vedanud - meil on vett piisavalt ja isegi rohkem. Vett on meil põhjavees (erinevad põhjaveekompleksid), pinnavees (jõed, järved, rabad). Kuna vett on meil palju, siis mõningatel juhtudel on vesi isegi takistavaks teguriks, näiteks maavarade kaevandamisel, ehitusobjektidel ja mujalgi tuleb enamasti vett ümber suunata, et mainitud tegevusi edukalt teostada. Üheks suurimaks kohaks, kus on vaja vett ümber suunata on Eestis põlevkivi kaevandamiskohad (karjäärid ja kaevandused), seda on nad olnud samuti ajalooliselt. Tänaseks on osa põlevkivi kaevandamiskohti veega täitunud ja avanud uusi kasutusvõimalusi. Hetkel on veega täitumas hiljuti suletud Aidu karjäär ja Viru kaevandus. Kiikla külas kasutatakse kaevandusvett soojusallikana soojuspumbas, et küttekulude pealt kokku hoida. Kõige selle juures on tähtis vee kvaliteet, et me seda ei muudaks ja ei ohustaks.
Grupitöös arutleti järgmistel teemadel: põlevkivi kaevandamine Eestis; põlevkivi kaevandamisviisid; kaevandusvee tekkimine ja selle hulk; kaevandusvee väljavoolud; kuidas kaevandusvett saaks ära kasutada; mis saab kaevandusveega tulevikus; kuidas uued kaevandamiskohad tekitavad uusi alanduslehtreid; Kiikla kaevandusvee baasil töötav soojuspump. Lisaks nendele teoreetilisele ülevaatele ja diskussioonile meisterdasid grupitöös osalenud maketid kaevandusvee teemal, et näha kuidas vesi maapõues liigub ja kui kiiresti.
This document presents an economic model for optimizing the oil shale industry in Estonia. It begins with an overview of Estonia's oil shale industry, which currently provides over 90% of the country's power generation. The author then outlines the goal of developing a mathematical model to determine the optimal flows and costs of oil shale mining given geological conditions and limitations. The model considers factors such as mining expenditures, heating value of the shale, and technological options for processing. The conclusions recommend this model be used to evaluate different mining scenarios and their economic impacts.
1) The document discusses technologies for decreasing losses when mining stratified deposits like oil shale deposits in Estonia. Selective mining, crushing, and separation techniques have been tested that show potential for reducing mining losses.
2) Rock crushing and screening simulations were used to optimize rock fractions. Additional technologies analyzed for reducing losses include mine backfilling, fine separation of oil shale, and optimized drilling and blasting.
3) The tested methods all show potential for reducing losses depending on how the mined material is used. Questions around maintaining stable material flows and how quality fluctuations impact final yields still need to be addressed.
Karu improvement-of-technologies-for-mining-waste-managementMäeinstituut Ttü
This document summarizes a study on improving mining waste management technologies in the Baltic Sea region. It discusses how mining waste is generated and located. The main goals of mining waste management are to minimize waste production and maximize the use of best available technologies. The study examines different methods for reducing mining waste, such as testing various waste processing methods and choosing the most practical for each site. Specifically, the study describes designing pilot plants to process mining waste into aggregates for construction and to extract valuable metals. The document also analyzes the sources and standards for mining waste in Estonia, including waste from oil shale and limestone mining. Future research will focus on more environmentally friendly mining and utilizing old waste heaps as new raw materials.
Karu improvement-of-technologies-for-mining-waste-managementIngo Valgma
This document summarizes a study on improving mining waste management technologies in the Baltic Sea region. It addresses challenges related to large volumes of waste produced from mining activities and aims to identify solutions. The study examines 48 waste heaps in Estonia to characterize their composition and potential for re-use. Pilot projects are proposed to test constructing a mobile unit for processing waste into aggregates and extracting valuable metals. The goals are reducing waste and developing opportunities to use old waste as a resource. Additionally, the document analyzes specifications that result in high waste production from limestone and dolostone mining and evaluates composition of sand and gravel deposits to identify suitable quarry locations. Future work will focus on more environmentally friendly mining methods and determining how
Karu improvement-of-technologies-for-mining-waste-managementIngo Valgma
This document summarizes a study on improving mining waste management technologies in the Baltic Sea region. It identifies 48 mining waste sites in Estonia containing over 76 million cubic meters of waste rock and analyzes their characteristics. The study aims to locate waste heaps, analyze waste reduction methods, and find ways to use waste as a product. Two potential solutions explored are 1) constructing a mobile unit to process waste into aggregate for construction industries and 2) a pilot plant to extract valuable metals from waste. The document discusses standards for aggregates used in road construction that contribute to high waste production. It analyzes the composition of sand and gravel deposits to identify suitable mining locations. Future research will focus on environmentally friendly mining methods and determining how to
This document summarizes research on reducing oil shale losses during mining operations in Estonia. It finds that oil shale utilization losses can reach up to 70% depending on the mine and methods used. The researchers analyzed various extraction, crushing, separation and processing methods used in Estonia's oil shale mines. These included selective blasting, longwall mining, surface mining, mechanical shovel extraction, and fine separation technologies. Test results showed that surface miners can achieve productivities over 500 tonnes per hour with cutting speeds around 0.05-0.12 meters per second. Overall losses were highest (over 30%) in the deepest underground mine due to weak rock layers and increased depth. The researchers aim to further reduce losses through optimizing
Abstract. Oil shale utilisation losses reach 70% in some cases. These are closely related to legislation, backfilling and waste rock usage. Much smaller sections include production of oil, electricity and chemicals in which most of the research and development is performed today. Current urgent topics for investigating, testing and developing of oil shale mining related questions are backfilling, mechanical extracting of shale, fine separation, selective separation and optimised drilling and blasting. Reducing oil shale losses will be more actual in the future, because the depth of mining increases and the taxes for resource and pollutants are increasing as well.
Equipment selection for high selective excavation surface coal miningwybawa
The document discusses equipment selection for high selective excavation of coal seams at the Seyitömer Lignite Enterprise (SLE) in Turkey. SLE extracts lignite coal from opencast mines to supply a nearby power plant. The B3 coal seam contains thin ash bands that reduce coal quality when excavated. Two potential high selective excavation methods were identified - hydraulic excavator and truck, and surface miner and truck. The research aimed to select equipment that could extract the coal seam separately from the ash bands to improve quality. Hydraulic excavators and surface miners were found to have the necessary high selectivity and productivity for the task. Surface mining with selective excavation was estimated to improve coal quality by 52% lower
This document summarizes research on backfilling technologies for underground oil shale mines in Estonia. It discusses how backfilling mine voids with waste rock and ash can reduce environmental impacts by decreasing surface disposal needs. Studies included modeling mine spaces, testing fill materials, and evaluating technological schemes. Laboratory tests showed lower ash mixtures had higher strength. Mine tests indicated warming from large mixtures improved hardening. Overall the research aims to determine if backfilling is technically feasible under local mining conditions.
create a vision of the Mine of the Future, identify the most strategic problems that need to be solved in present mining operations to become world class in production and on a level with worldclass manufacturers in other sectors,improved methods for resource characterization; The Mine of the Future covers the value chain from mineral economy to waste management
IRJET- Assessment of Slope Stability in Opencast Coal Mines using SoftwareIRJET Journal
This document discusses using FLAC/Slope software to analyze slope stability in an open cast coal mine. It summarizes the software's ability to model different failure mechanisms and assess slope stability through numerical modeling. The study area contains three coal seams within barakar sandstone formations. Geo-mechanical testing of the lithologies was performed to obtain properties like density and shear strength for the slope stability analysis. Parametric studies show slope angle significantly impacts stability, with steeper angles reducing stability.
HEAVY EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPATIBILITY OF COAL MINE OVERB...IAEME Publication
A mining activity starts with clearing the land from plants and overburden
stripping. The purpose of this study is to analyze the value of work efficiency,
productivity, and compatibility of heavy equipment in overburden work. This research
employs a descriptive method and includes a case study, then the data were obtained
from observations. The research results found that the value of workload efficiency is
74.63% and the value of conveyance is 58.37%; while the productivity of loading
equipment is 5,055 BCM/hour and conveyance is 5,189 BCM/hour; furthermore, the
match factor level of the equipment is 0.65. However, the match factor level is still
below the standard. Thus, further research is required to determine the appropriate
strategy to make the equipment's match factor level equal to one
The document discusses the techno-economic feasibility analysis of using surface miners versus shovels for coal mining. Surface miners provide advantages like continuous cutting, precise depth control, and sized material production without blasting or primary crushing. They are more environmentally friendly and suitable for thinner seams or areas where blasting is prohibited. A case study shows that surface miners have lower overall costs per metric ton than shovel operations due to eliminating costs associated with drilling, blasting, and primary crushing. Direct loading with surface miners provides the lowest overall costs but requires more supervision than loading with an additional loader.
The document discusses possibilities for selective mining of kukersite oil shale in Estonia based on tests and studies. It finds that:
1) Selective and high selective mining methods have the potential to increase oil shale yield and decrease losses compared to traditional full seam extraction.
2) Productivity analyses show that surface miners can extract oil shale and limestone layers at rates of 591-736 tonnes per hour, depending on the material.
3) Sieving and particle size analyses found that selective mining produced oil shale particles predominantly between 0-400 mm in size, suitable for further processing.
The most important mineral resource in Estonia is a specific kind of oil shale. About 99% of electric
and large share of thermal energy are being generated from oil shale. The importance of oil shale
production can not be overestimated for development of Estonian economy. It is estimated that about
80-90% of the total underground oil shale production is obtained by room-and-pillar method with
blasting. The method is cheap, highly productive and relatively simple to apply.
The document discusses oil shale mining-related research in Estonia. It notes that efficiency of oil shale usage depends mainly on mining technology. Current topics being investigated include backfilling mines, mechanical extraction of shale, and digital modeling of mining processes. The document advocates for further developing mechanical extraction methods like continuous miners to increase oil yield and productivity compared to current room and pillar mining techniques. Overall the research aims to identify best available technologies for sustainable and environmentally-friendly underground mining in Estonia.
TECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF SURFACE MINER Vs SHOVEL IN COAL MININ...riverfp93
The document discusses the techno-economic feasibility of using surface miners versus shovels for coal mining. It outlines the conventional shovel-dumper mining process and introduces surface miners as an alternative. Surface miners cut coal continuously without blasting, creating a clean, level surface for direct loading. They are well-suited for gentle deposits below 60 MPa and reduce costs by eliminating drilling, blasting, and primary crushing. A case study shows surface miners yield higher quality coal at lower cost than shovels, especially when using the windrow or direct loading methods. The document concludes surface miners provide environmental, safety, and economic benefits and are recommended for blasting-restricted and conflict-affected mining areas.
This document summarizes a study on optimizing ball mills for clinker grinding in cement plants. It presents empirical equations relating particle size reduction to specific energy requirements. Data from plant operations and lab experiments on grinding various materials to the superfine and nanoscale are used. Equations are proposed to estimate parameters like particle size, surface area, and energy consumption quickly. Calculations are performed to quantify design parameters that can significantly reduce energy for clinker grinding, such as selecting optimal ball size and configuration. The use of additives like fly ash and grinding aids is also investigated for improvements to grinding efficiency and cement strength.
The document provides summaries of presentations from the Mine Tech '10 conference held in Bhubaneswar, India. Key topics discussed include Orissa's mineral wealth, outsourcing non-statutory mining activities, iron ore reserves in India, production figures from major coal companies, use of explosives in mining, application of life cycle cost analysis, continuous miners, mine planning software, permitted explosives to increase production, strata control problems, wide stall mining method, effects of blast hole diameter on explosives, blasting performance index, controlled blasting techniques, coal preparation, use of robotics in mining, and green energy initiatives in the mining industry.
This document discusses underground mining challenges for Estonia's oil shale deposits. It notes that oil shale currently provides over 90% of Estonia's power generation. Two key challenges are identified: 1) Increasing the heating value of oil shale by removing limestone to reduce CO2 emissions and costs. Heavy media separation is currently used but high-selective mining with surface miners is being tested. 2) Developing continuous miners that can cut both soft oil shale and hard limestone layers. Previous tests of road headers and shearers showed potential but high-powered modern continuous miners from manufacturers like Dosco need testing. The document concludes key steps are separating limestone, backfilling mines, and testing shortwall mining to allow underground
Valgma estonian oil_shale_resources_calculated_by_gis_methodIngo Valgma
1) A digital map of Estonian oil shale deposits was created using GIS methods to calculate oil shale resources by combining data on deposit characteristics, mining limitations, and exploration data.
2) The economic reserves, defined as those with an energy rating over 35 GJ/m2, were estimated to be 1.5 billion tons as of 2002 for power generation. Additional reserves were estimated for potential oil production.
3) Different interpolation methods were evaluated to calculate deposit properties like seam thickness and energy content, with inverse distance weighting found to give the most reliable results.
4) The models allow estimating remaining resource lifetime under different production scenarios and recalculating reserves based on new criteria like large-scale oil production.
Similar to Karu future of_oil_shale_mining_technology_in_estonia (20)
This document summarizes a study of the technogenic water body that has formed in closed oil shale mines in Estonia. Key findings include:
1) A large interconnected technogenic water body has formed across multiple closed and flooded underground oil shale mines in central Estonia. The water levels and quality within this body are analyzed.
2) Water quality testing of samples from four mines show average sulfate and iron levels exceeding drinking water standards, though decreasing over time. Variation is influenced by mine location and time since closure.
3) Modeling of the water table shows the mines forming a relatively stable interconnected water body. Water quality is improving over time, with sulfate and iron levels predicted to meet drinking water
This document discusses quality control of oil shale production in Estonian mines. It contains the following key points:
1) The basic quality parameters of oil shale are heating value and grain-size composition. Heating value can vary within a deposit depending on concretions and limestone content. Grain size and heating value depend on the mining technology used.
2) New power plants and oil retorts require a relatively constant quality of raw materials. The study investigates possibilities to increase the calorific value of oil shale used for electricity generation through separation processes.
3) Computational modeling and equipment design are used to analyze separation processes. Various separation stages including screening, concentration, and dewatering are evaluated
The document discusses methods for evaluating the quality and resources of oil shale. It finds that determining the calorific value of oil shale is time-consuming, and using indicators like ash content alone is not adequate. However, the content of burning matter can sometimes accurately evaluate quality when mining technology and material structure are constant. Additionally, current methods for calculating oil shale resources based on calorific value do not account for relationships between clay and lime minerals, leading to deviations from actual resources. The authors evaluate errors in this method and provide recommendations for recalculating oil shale resources.
The document analyzes vegetation restoration on opencast oil shale mines in Estonia. It compares four 30-year-old forest stand types: 1) a natural stand from spontaneous succession, and plantations of 2) Scots pine, 3) silver birch, and 4) European black alder. Properties of the tree layer, understory, and ground vegetation were measured in each stand type. Spontaneous succession resulted in the most diverse but sparsest tree layer. Understory species richness was highest in the natural stand but total richness was equal across stand types. Ground vegetation biomass varied by tree species, being highest under alder and lowest under pine. Spontaneous succession promotes diverse vegetation establishment while plantations
Valgma estonian oil_shale_resources_calculated_by_gis_methodMäeinstituut Ttü
This document summarizes research calculating Estonia's oil shale resources using GIS methods. The key points are:
1) A digital map of Estonia's oil shale deposit was created, and resource amounts, tonnages, energies, and oil yields were calculated using borehole data and interpolation methods.
2) Economic reserves for power generation were defined as having an energy rating over 35 GJ/m2, with remaining reserves below 35 GJ/m2 deemed subeconomic. Total reserves were estimated at 5 billion tonnes.
3) Models of the deposit show that most mined areas had energy ratings over 35 GJ/m2. Resource lifetimes of 25-60 years were
This document summarizes research on surface mining technologies that can be used in zones of tectonic disturbances within the Estonian oil shale deposit. The researchers analyzed the geological conditions and determined the uniaxial compressive strength of rocks using indirect testing methods. A variety of excavation methods were considered, including digging, ripping, blasting, and hydraulic breaking. The researchers proposed feasible mining technologies for different zones based on the rock characteristics and strength parameters. Restrictions related to nearby inhabitation were also taken into account when assessing the appropriate excavation methods.
Karu quality control_of_oil_shale_production_in_estonian_minesMäeinstituut Ttü
This document discusses quality control of oil shale production in Estonian mines. It makes the following key points:
1) The basic parameters for oil shale quality are heating value and grain-size composition, which can vary significantly based on mining technology and location within a deposit.
2) New power plants and oil retorts require a relatively constant quality of raw materials, so enrichment and mixing of oil shale is needed.
3) The study investigates possibilities for increasing the calorific value of oil shale used for electricity generation by examining separation equipment and processes. Computational modeling and equipment design were used to analyze separation processes.
Karu application of_modelling_tools_in_estonian_oil_shale_mining_areaMäeinstituut Ttü
This document summarizes research on applying modelling tools to oil shale mining in Estonia. Key points:
1) Computer modelling is used to study the environmental impacts of large-scale mining tests, as such tests are complicated to perform directly in nature. Modelling allows evaluation of different mining technologies and development plans.
2) The research aims to develop criteria and demonstration methods for sustainable mining through modelling. Case studies apply various modelling software to tasks like visualizing mine plans, assessing underground impacts, and planning infrastructure like sewage systems near mines.
3) The results of the modelling research are intended to help institutions with planning and decision-making regarding mineral resource extraction and land use in a way that considers economic,
This document summarizes the usage of Estonian oil shale over the past 90 years. It has mainly been used for electricity and oil generation, with the ash being used to make cement and bricks. Usage has always depended on available mining and processing technology, as well as global petroleum prices. Two types of oil shale exist in Estonia - Dictyonema argillite and kukersite. Kukersite is the primary oil shale type and forms deposits in the Baltic basin of Estonia and parts of Russia. It contains kerogen as the useful component and pyrite as the main harmful component. The mineable bed contains layers A-F that are the thickest and richest. New technologies are
This document summarizes the usage of Estonian oil shale over the past 90 years. Estonian oil shale has mainly been used for electricity and oil generation, with the ash being used to make cement and bricks. The usage has depended on available mining and processing technology, as well as global petroleum prices. New technologies are now being applied in power generation, oil production, and mining processes. The main type of Estonian oil shale is kukersite, which contains kerogen as the useful component for energy production. The quality and characteristics of the different oil shale layers in Estonia are analyzed, including organic content, calorific value, and oil yield.
1. Mining of Estonian oil shale deposits impacts local groundwater levels, requiring pumping of 10-40 m3 of water per ton of oil shale produced.
2. Researchers are developing a computational groundwater monitoring and management system for the oil shale region using a Visual ModFlow groundwater model. Input data is organized in MS Access and GIS databases.
3. The initial groundwater model covers 7,000 km2, with 5 layers and a 100x100 m grid. It is calibrated using observation well data and will be used to assess groundwater dynamics and quality over time.
Abstract - Sustainable mining conditions depend on definitions,
technological level and administrative system. The main tools to
analyse these conditions is geometrical, quality, numerical and
economic analyses. As a result, most of the processes are
evaluated and concluded for following decision making. The
main directions in Estonian mining are selective mining,
selective crushing, quality management of the mineral,
backfilling and long- and shortwall mining.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
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V. Karu, A. Västrik, et al.
successful continuation of an independent energy supply (oil shale) for
Estonia [1]. New flexible and powerful mining technology will guarantee
securing independence for the Estonian energy sector until the establishment
of secure renewable energy production takes place.
Purpose of the study
The main purpose of the research is analysing the BAT and establishing
criteria for selecting, planning and design of mining technology. The
requirement for using a more effective extraction method is related to the
worsening of mining conditions for oil shale and the increase in environmental taxes. Higher quality (calorific value, moisture, grain size) and
courser material is required for more effective usage of boilers and generator
units in power stations and oil plants [2]. The goals are
* to map possibilities for utilising BAT,
* to create criteria, methods, and bases for planning for choosing BAT
for Estonian and similar mineral resources,
* to decrease the impact of mining on the environment,
* to improve mining environment, and
* to decrease the opposition of society to use of the minerals industry for
the economy.
Additional goals include
* finding and selecting the criteria and bases for BAT,
* decreasing losses of minerals and
* lowering the impact on the environment from surface and underground
oil shale mining. In general the objective is to optimize usage of
mineral resources in the economy, and to establish sustainable
development of mining, land usage, resource and subsurface usage.
Hypothesis
Coordinating criteria and methodology allows for decreasing expenses both in
mining and planning. The experiences, gained in this field, can be used for
other similar deposits elsewhere. It is possible to extract minerals in populated
areas with suitable technology and at an acceptable cost. The criteria for solving the problems include minimum influence and cost, minimum influence to
the environment and social sphere, minimum waste and residue production
and maximum benefit for society, economy, education and country.
Methods
The main methods for the research include installation of sensors, gathering
data and defining mining conditions, converting received data and using
3. Future of Oil Shale Mining Technology in Estonia
127
them for modelling. The methods also include testing of application,
cooperation, range of usability and suitability of mine planning and software,
laboratory and fieldworks for application of mining measurements equipment for modelling.
Analyses of Estonian energy systems have shown that increasing the fuel
quality in power stations could improve the issues of high CO2 emissions
and at the same time increase effectiveness of power or oil generator
units [2]. This goal can be achieved by decreasing CO2, ash and water
pollution. To avoid a potential problem of non-utilizable waste in stockpiles
of mine areas, selective mining leaves the low-grade ore in mined-out
underground or surface areas [3].
Selection of future technology
The selection of technology depends directly on economic considerations,
but if economic issues are set aside, then BAT criteria have to be used
(Fig. 1).
Quality of trade oil
shale
25
BAT selecting criteria
30
Optimal reserve
usage
20
Siderock
marketing
15
Minimal
environmental
impact
10
Level of
occupational
health
5
Transport
minimization
0
Average
influence
Blasting
Ripper dozer
Excavator
ripping
Surface Miner
Fig. 1. Selecting mining technology for testing by BAT criteria.
Mechanical extracting
Given the condition of continually decreasing mining conditions, the main
ways of increasing output material quality are selective mining (Fig. 1) or
more effective processing after mining. The tests of mechanical mining have
shown that selective mining with ripper-dozers have proved themselves, but
in order to decrease losses, higher accuracy of cutting samples is needed [4].
This has been tested with high selective cutting with surface miners.
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V. Karu, A. Västrik, et al.
A surface miner breaks, crushes and loads material in one operation. The
size of particles of the extracted rock depends on milling depth and operating
speed. Usually it does not exceed 200 mm [5]. Two types of surface miners
have been tested in Estonian mines, with centrally located and rear located
cutting drum (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3).
Fig. 2. High-selective surface mining with centrally located cutting drum.
Fig. 3. High-selective surface mining with rear located cutting drum.
5. Future of Oil Shale Mining Technology in Estonia
129
Testing of limestone and oil shale cutting in surface mines
Recent tests have shown that the decision for changing or improving extracting technology depends on usability of the equipment. Usability has been
tested by measuring the production parameters. The main factors influencing
production are: rock strength, cutting depth, and operator skills. Real productivity and effectiveness cannot be evaluated during short tests but with
actual working conditions that depend on organizational conditions.
Mechanical cutting is accepted if the quality of the product and productivity of the machine is satisfactory. Generalized initial productivity chart
of surface miner in various types of ore bodies shows a dependence on the
material being mined and it mainly differs by resistivity to cutting, compressive strength and seam thickness (Fig. 4).
According to the tests, actual cutting time varies from 35 to 75% from
total surface miners working time (Fig. 5) [6]. This percentage is highly
2000
Productivity t/h
1500
1000
500
0
Coal
Shale
Lignite
Oil Shale Limestone
Mineral resources
Fig. 4. Generalized initial productivity chart of surface miner, depending on cut
material.
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Repairing
Other downtime
Refuelling
Cutter change
Maneuvering
Maintenance
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Real cutting
Fig. 5. Initial results of the surface milling tests in oil shale and limestone deposits.
6. 130
V. Karu, A. Västrik, et al.
dependent on organizational conditions, testing period and preparation and
operational skills as well as suitability of the cutting drum and cutting tools.
As the result of initial tests – the minimum criteria for Estonian oil shale
surface milling are: cutting depth 500 mm; machine weight 100 t; power
1000 hp; hard rock specific cutting tools and selectivity 5 cm.
Conventional underground mining
In spite of the shallow depth of oil shale bedding, underground mining has
spread instead of surface mining. Currently room-and-pillar mining with
drill and blast technology is used. Roof supporting is done with bolts. Total
mining production is 14 Mt/y, including 7 Mt/y from underground mines.
Total raw material production from underground mines is 12 Mt/y. Tests are
made for opening two new mines, with total production up to 10 Mt/y. Room
dimensions in oil shale mines could be up to 15 m in comparison with
conventional coal mining with 5 m dimensions.
Development of oil shale underground continuous mining
technology
The strategic aim of the development of oil shale underground continuous
mining technology is to expand mining technology in stratified conditions by
testing continuous mining systems in Estonian oil shale deposits [7]. This
method improves coal mining possibilities due to enhancing cutting, supporting and face transport from high productive short-wall face. The main
problems to solve are unstable roof, dilution of side rock and abrasive and
hard parts of side rock inside or between usable seams.
The project stages include selective mining research for mining machinery
development. In addition, it results in increasing oil yield, decreasing CO2
pollution, decreasing ash amount, decreasing oil shale losses, avoiding
vibration caused by blasting, avoiding ground surface subsidence (in the
case of longwall mining), increasing drifting and extracting productivity
compared with current room-and-pillar mining and increasing safety of
mining operations. The final aim of the research is to use BAT for underground mining in difficult conditions of coal and oil-shale deposits.
The main problem to be solved is to selectively cut oil shale (15 MPa)
and hard limestone (up to 100 MPa). The oil shale seam consists of up to
50% limestone layers and concretions. Other tasks are roof support at the
face, stability of the main roof, roof bolting, selection of pillar parameters,
backfilling with rock or residues (ash) from power plants or oil production,
water stopping and pumping in problematic environment (30 m3/t of
produced oil shale expected).
7. Future of Oil Shale Mining Technology in Estonia
131
The planned research project is based on the Sustainable Development Act
and directs the development of the Estonian fuel and energy sector until the
year 2015. This document defines the current situation in the sector, presents
issues set out in the EU accession treaty, predicts developments in energy consumption, and states the strategic development objectives for the energy
sector, the development principles and the extent of the necessary investments.
The plan describes the problems that require further analysis and the functions
of the state relating to supervision and regulation. Estonia’s oil-shale industry
is at the beginning of introducing modern mechanized continuous miner
systems, which will increase productivity and safety in underground mines.
Previous experience of short-wall continuous mining
A longitudinal cutting head type was first introduced by Alo Adamson and
Viktor Andrejev from the Estonian Branch of Skotchinsky Institute of
Mining Engineering (Kohtla-Järve, Estonia) in the former Soviet Union, by
modifying the Hungarian F2 road headers and in the 1970’s in Estonia by
modifying the Russian coal road header 4PP-3. Evaluation of breakability
was performed by a method developed by Skotchinsky Institute of Mining
Engineering (Moscow, Russia). For this purpose over a hundred tests were
performed by cutting oil shale and limestone. Evaluations were made for
using coal-mining equipment for mining oil shale. Comparative evaluations
were made by the experimental cutting of oil shale in both directions – along
and across the bedding, including also mining scale experiments with cutting
heads rotating around horizontal (transverse heads) and vertical axes
(longitudinal heads). In both cases the efficiency was estimated by
measuring the power requirement for cutting. The feasibility of breaking oil
shale by cutting across the bedding using cutting drums on the horizontal
axis of rotation was shown. The research also showed that the existing coal
shearers proved to have a low endurance for mining oil shale. Therefore, the
problem arose of developing special types of shearers or modifying the
existing coal shearers for mining oil shale [8].
It was further stated that the better pick penetration of the longitudinal
machines allows excavation of harder strata and at higher rates with lower
pick wear for an equivalent-sized transverse machine. It was reported that
with the longitudinal cutting heads the formation of dust per unit of time
decreases due to the lower peripheral speed. The change in the magnitude of
the resultant boom force reaction during a transition from arcing to lifting is
relatively high for the transverse heads, depending on cutting head design.
Specific energy for cutting across the bedding with longitudinal heads is
1.3–1.35 times lower which practically corresponds to the difference in
stratification factor.
The results of these tests were used in a large body of fundamental
research into rock and coal cutting in Great Britain during the 1970’s and
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V. Karu, A. Västrik, et al.
early 1980’s at the Great Britain Mining Research and Development
Establishment.
Three decades ago a progressive mining method with continuous miner,
which is most suitable for the case of high-strength limestone layers in oilshale bed, did not exist in oil-shale mines of the former USSR and in
Estonia. Therefore, up to now, oil shale mining with blasting has been used
as a basic mining method in Estonia minefields while a continuous miner
was tested for drifting only. With regard to cutting, the installed power of
coal shearers and continuous miners has increased since the original tests.
The market has changed and a range of powerful mining equipment from
manufacturers like DOSCO, EIMCO, EICKHOFF, etc. is now available.
Estonia has 30 years of experience in cutting oil shale with longwall
shearers which were not capable of cutting the hardest limestone layer inside
of the seam. Currently mechanical short-wall mining is in the planning stage
being in close relation with backfilling options (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Double-drum continuous miner for mechanical – selective room and pillar
mining.
Backfilling
Previous experience with backfilling of oil shale mines and phosphorite
mines allows one to consider that there is the possibility of using ash from
powerplants, oil shale separation waste rock and/or limestone – as siderock
from selective mining for perfoming backfilling [1, 9]. Selfhardening
concrete could be used as a backfilling material for making artificial pillars
in the case of room-and-pillar mining (Fig. 7). This allows for a decrease in
the size of current oil shale pillars and an attendant decrease in the amount of
deposited ash in the ash deposit.
The question of using advanced technology is directly dependent on mining conditions that have to be suited together by criteria and successful tests.
9. Future of Oil Shale Mining Technology in Estonia
133
Fig. 7. Principal layout of backfilling in underground mines with concrete made
from power plant ash and from waste rock aggregate.
Conclusions
The main reason for developing oil shale mining technology is to decrease
CO2 emissions from furnaces and to offset the continuing decline of mining
conditions and increase of oil price as side product for Estonian electricity
production. BAT analyses showed that one of the solutions for increasing oil
shale quality (calorific value as well as grain distribution) is selective
mining. Tests have shown that mechanical cutting is possible, and the size
distribution and increasing oil shale quality are possible. In addition to better
quality of the product that is related to the higher yield and less dilution, the
opposition of society to the mining industry decreases due to its lower
impact on the surroundings. The results of the test can be used for redistricting of mining regions and for creating criteria for resource usage and mining
impact evaluation.
Acknowledgements
This study is a part of the Estonian Science Foundation Grant No 7499
“Conditions of sustainable mining”, and a part of the project No SF0140093s08
of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research.
10. 134
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Received September 20, 2007