This document summarizes research on reducing oil shale losses during mining operations in Estonia. It finds that oil shale utilization losses can reach up to 70% depending on the mine and methods used. The researchers analyzed various extraction, crushing, separation and processing methods used in Estonia's oil shale mines. These included selective blasting, longwall mining, surface mining, mechanical shovel extraction, and fine separation technologies. Test results showed that surface miners can achieve productivities over 500 tonnes per hour with cutting speeds around 0.05-0.12 meters per second. Overall losses were highest (over 30%) in the deepest underground mine due to weak rock layers and increased depth. The researchers aim to further reduce losses through optimizing
Abstract — Mining waste reduction methods include all
mining processes beginning from resource distribution until
final yield in the plant. For comparing and testing possibilities of
mine waste reduction cooperation project has been set up aiming
to create a transnational network with regional networks. The
activities carried out on the regional and transnational level will
secure better access to knowledge, state-of-the-art technologies
and good practice to Small and Medium Enterprises active in
the mineral waste management & prevention sector. The project
addresses all the waste management challenges and
opportunities, which face the Baltic Sea Region mining industry,
which should be understood as extending to all forms of
extraction of natural non-renewable resources. The project
activities will be facilitated by the commitment to participate by
an additional 15 associated organizations representing mining
industry stakeholder associations and/or national government
bodies.
This document discusses technologies for decreasing losses from mining oil shale in Estonia. It analyzes selective mining methods like surface miners, longwall miners, and shortwall miners that can extract the oil shale more precisely and reduce losses compared to traditional ripping. Selective crushing methods like impact crushers and axial crusher buckets are also explored to optimize rock fractions. Additional technologies investigated include mine backfilling to reduce surface waste, fine material separation through jigging or cycloning, and optimized rock crushing and screening simulations. The analyses found that selective extraction with surface miners and longwall or shortwall miners has the potential to significantly reduce mining losses from 12% to below 5%. Overall, the tested technologies could help increase the amount of extracted
The document discusses oil shale mining-related research in Estonia. It notes that efficiency of oil shale usage depends mainly on mining technology. Current topics being investigated include backfilling mines, mechanical extraction of shale, and digital modeling of mining processes. The document outlines challenges with current room and pillar mining techniques and potential benefits of introducing continuous miners for underground mining, which could increase productivity and safety. Overall the research aims to develop environmentally friendly and sustainable mining practices for oil shale extraction in Estonia.
- Estonian oil shale reserves are currently estimated based on energy content requirements for existing power plants, but as oil production increases, reserves should be estimated based on oil production criteria.
- Using oil shale for solid-heat-carrier oil production has economic advantages over lump-oil-shale processing and should be considered in calculating the cut-off grade for reserves.
- Preliminary calculations using GIS modeling indicate the cut-off grade could be lower than the current 35 GJ/m2, increasing Estonia's mineable oil shale reserves available for oil production.
Abstract – The thesis topic is “Blasting parameters, seismic
data analysis and their correlation in Estonia”. The thesis
focuses on blasting related to mining of oil shale and limestone,
as they are the most important mineral resources mined in
Estonia.
This article describes a case study in the framework of the
general research topic, focusing to the Aru-Lõuna (Aru-South)
limestone quarry in the Ida-Virumaa county.
This document summarizes information about mining waste and its management. It discusses different types of mining and waste produced, including tailings, slag, overburden, and mine water. It describes environmental impacts and health threats of mining as well as sector-specific wastes. The document outlines management practices for waste such as deposition, backfilling, and commercial use. Major concerns regarding public health, water, and leaching are addressed. An example of waste management at the Atik copper mine in Sweden is provided, along with conclusions on the role and impacts of mining.
IRJET- Understanding the Soil Pollution Surrounding Municipal Solid Waste Lan...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes soil samples from 100 sites within a 25 km2 area surrounding a municipal solid waste landfill in southwest Ahmedabad, India.
2) Heavy metal concentrations were measured in the soil samples, including copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, arsenic, lead, chromium, cadmium, mercury, and zinc.
3) The results found elevated concentrations of some heavy metals, such as copper, iron, lead, and arsenic, in samples taken near the landfill, a major highway, and industrial areas, indicating pollution from these sources.
This document provides guidelines for enforcement and monitoring of sand mining in India. It outlines the need for such guidelines due to issues of illegal mining observed across the country. Key points include:
- The guidelines supplement existing sustainable sand mining guidelines and focus on effective enforcement of regulations and monitoring of mining activities.
- Effective monitoring requires cooperation from government agencies, leaseholders, transporters, dealers and consumers.
- The guidelines were developed in response to orders from the National Green Tribunal to establish dedicated monitoring mechanisms and revise existing guidelines to ensure safeguards are followed.
- Technological advancements can help effective monitoring but current mechanisms have failed to curb illegal mining on the ground.
Abstract — Mining waste reduction methods include all
mining processes beginning from resource distribution until
final yield in the plant. For comparing and testing possibilities of
mine waste reduction cooperation project has been set up aiming
to create a transnational network with regional networks. The
activities carried out on the regional and transnational level will
secure better access to knowledge, state-of-the-art technologies
and good practice to Small and Medium Enterprises active in
the mineral waste management & prevention sector. The project
addresses all the waste management challenges and
opportunities, which face the Baltic Sea Region mining industry,
which should be understood as extending to all forms of
extraction of natural non-renewable resources. The project
activities will be facilitated by the commitment to participate by
an additional 15 associated organizations representing mining
industry stakeholder associations and/or national government
bodies.
This document discusses technologies for decreasing losses from mining oil shale in Estonia. It analyzes selective mining methods like surface miners, longwall miners, and shortwall miners that can extract the oil shale more precisely and reduce losses compared to traditional ripping. Selective crushing methods like impact crushers and axial crusher buckets are also explored to optimize rock fractions. Additional technologies investigated include mine backfilling to reduce surface waste, fine material separation through jigging or cycloning, and optimized rock crushing and screening simulations. The analyses found that selective extraction with surface miners and longwall or shortwall miners has the potential to significantly reduce mining losses from 12% to below 5%. Overall, the tested technologies could help increase the amount of extracted
The document discusses oil shale mining-related research in Estonia. It notes that efficiency of oil shale usage depends mainly on mining technology. Current topics being investigated include backfilling mines, mechanical extraction of shale, and digital modeling of mining processes. The document outlines challenges with current room and pillar mining techniques and potential benefits of introducing continuous miners for underground mining, which could increase productivity and safety. Overall the research aims to develop environmentally friendly and sustainable mining practices for oil shale extraction in Estonia.
- Estonian oil shale reserves are currently estimated based on energy content requirements for existing power plants, but as oil production increases, reserves should be estimated based on oil production criteria.
- Using oil shale for solid-heat-carrier oil production has economic advantages over lump-oil-shale processing and should be considered in calculating the cut-off grade for reserves.
- Preliminary calculations using GIS modeling indicate the cut-off grade could be lower than the current 35 GJ/m2, increasing Estonia's mineable oil shale reserves available for oil production.
Abstract – The thesis topic is “Blasting parameters, seismic
data analysis and their correlation in Estonia”. The thesis
focuses on blasting related to mining of oil shale and limestone,
as they are the most important mineral resources mined in
Estonia.
This article describes a case study in the framework of the
general research topic, focusing to the Aru-Lõuna (Aru-South)
limestone quarry in the Ida-Virumaa county.
This document summarizes information about mining waste and its management. It discusses different types of mining and waste produced, including tailings, slag, overburden, and mine water. It describes environmental impacts and health threats of mining as well as sector-specific wastes. The document outlines management practices for waste such as deposition, backfilling, and commercial use. Major concerns regarding public health, water, and leaching are addressed. An example of waste management at the Atik copper mine in Sweden is provided, along with conclusions on the role and impacts of mining.
IRJET- Understanding the Soil Pollution Surrounding Municipal Solid Waste Lan...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes soil samples from 100 sites within a 25 km2 area surrounding a municipal solid waste landfill in southwest Ahmedabad, India.
2) Heavy metal concentrations were measured in the soil samples, including copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, aluminum, arsenic, lead, chromium, cadmium, mercury, and zinc.
3) The results found elevated concentrations of some heavy metals, such as copper, iron, lead, and arsenic, in samples taken near the landfill, a major highway, and industrial areas, indicating pollution from these sources.
This document provides guidelines for enforcement and monitoring of sand mining in India. It outlines the need for such guidelines due to issues of illegal mining observed across the country. Key points include:
- The guidelines supplement existing sustainable sand mining guidelines and focus on effective enforcement of regulations and monitoring of mining activities.
- Effective monitoring requires cooperation from government agencies, leaseholders, transporters, dealers and consumers.
- The guidelines were developed in response to orders from the National Green Tribunal to establish dedicated monitoring mechanisms and revise existing guidelines to ensure safeguards are followed.
- Technological advancements can help effective monitoring but current mechanisms have failed to curb illegal mining on the ground.
Tohver. Oil shale waste rock aggregate propertiesIngo Valgma
1) The document discusses properties of aggregates produced from oil shale waste rock, specifically their resistance to fragmentation and freezing/thawing.
2) Testing found that resistance to fragmentation and freezing/thawing depends on the oil shale content, with higher content improving resistance.
3) The conclusion is that oil shale waste rock aggregate's resistance to freezing/thawing depends directly on its oil shale content.
This document discusses petroleum refining and its products. It defines petroleum refining as the chemical, thermal, and physical separation of crude oil into major fractions through separation and conversion. The refining process separates crude oil into smaller fractions to produce over 2,500 separate products. Some of the main products discussed include liquefied petroleum gas, petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel, naphtha, furnace oil, and lubricants. It provides details on the composition of crude oil and the refining process.
This document is an undergraduate graduation project on unconventional oil shale and shale gas. It contains an introduction that defines oil shale as a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing organic matter that yields oil and gas upon heating. It was deposited in various environments like lakes and swamps. The document consists of 8 chapters that discuss topics like the origin and composition of oil shale, exploration techniques, extraction methods, global resources and production, and an introduction to shale gas. It aims to provide an overview of unconventional oil and gas resources to undergraduate students.
The document discusses the issues with oil shale development in Utah. It notes that oil shale is a sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which can be converted to fuel. However, extracting kerogen from oil shale uses large amounts of water and has a poor energy return on investment. Developing oil shale would also destroy natural lands, require more dams, and release high greenhouse gas emissions. The document concludes that oil shale is not a responsible energy source due to its environmental impacts.
Hydraulic fracturing is necessary to produce economic quantities of gas from shale reservoirs with very low permeability. Complex fracture geometry is important to maximize contact between the fracture and reservoir. The fracturing process involves pumping fluid to create fractures, then a slurry of proppant to prop open the fractures. Proppant and fluid selection depends on factors like embedment and closure stress. While aspects like rate, volume, and proppant quantity can be controlled, the natural variations in shale make the exact fracture geometry and productivity impacts difficult to predict. Monitoring tools provide some insight into the fracture treatment results.
This document provides an overview of shale gas in the USA. It discusses the US shale gas revolution, which began with increased production from the Barnett Shale play using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. This led US natural gas production to increase significantly between 2000-2010. It also discusses key shale gas basins in the US like the Marcellus shale and the production and distribution of shale gas across the US natural gas pipeline network. The large increase in shale gas production has positively impacted the US energy market through increased domestic supply, lower natural gas prices, and economic benefits.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It explains how diesel fuel is produced from petroleum and the various hydrocarbon components. It then covers the ASTM D975 specification for diesel fuel, outlining important properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, and lubricity. It discusses how these properties can impact engine performance and emissions. Finally, it briefly mentions recent changes to the diesel fuel specification and resources for further information.
Physical and chemical properties of petroleumMasoom Shani
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of petroleum. It defines petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons that are mostly liquid, but can also be in gas or solid states. The four main hydrocarbon series in petroleum are paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and asphaltenes. Key physical properties discussed include specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index, color, odor, and boiling point. The document also describes how petroleum can be classified based on its relative amounts of different hydrocarbon groups.
Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that are separated into useful fractions via fractional distillation. It is formed from the remains of ancient microorganisms and plants that were deposited under intense heat and pressure over millions of years. The key fractions obtained include liquid petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and fuel oils of varying viscosity. When burned as fuels, the hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil and its fractions react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other emissions.
This document discusses shale gas, including its formation, extraction through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, presence worldwide and in India, benefits and concerns. Shale gas forms from natural gas trapped within shale rock formations thousands of feet underground. It is extracted through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. While shale gas is a viable energy source and cleaner than other fossil fuels, there are environmental and social concerns around its extraction methods and impacts. The document outlines the current state of shale gas production globally and potential for development in India.
A very simple presentation on crude oil,important for student to understand the concept of crude oil and its importance in world.how does it impact india.imports bill has improved but export is facing downturn due to sluggish growth of world economy.
Petroleum Products: Refining and Distillation (Lubricants, Waxes and Petroche...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Petroleum refineries are large, capital-intensive manufacturing facilities with extremely complex processing schemes. More than 660 refineries, in 116 countries, are currently in operation, producing more than 85million barrels of refined products per day. Each refinery has a unique physical configuration, as well as unique operating characteristics and economics.
Rising crude oil prices powered revenue growth as refiners have passed costs down the distribution line. Since 2011, profit has steadily recovered in line with improving demand, while low domestic oil prices further bolstered margins. In 2016, profit is anticipated to rise slightly, though it remains below historic levels. This industry is anticipated to recover over the next five years as fuel prices rise and consumption increases.
See more
http://goo.gl/hFbfk3
http://goo.gl/kdbj7r
http://goo.gl/N4POyi
Email:
npcs.ei@gmail.com
info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Asphalt crude oil, Asphalt Manufacturing Process, Asphalt Production and Oil Refining, Asphalt production plant, Asphalt refining process, Business guidance, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Chemical Thermodynamics for Industry, Crude oil distillation process, Crude Oil Processing, Crude oil refining process, Distillation and Refining of Petrochemicals, Distillation and Refining of Petroleum Products, Distillation in the Petroleum Industry, Distillation of Petroleum Products, Feedstock for petrochemicals, Great Opportunity for Startup, How Asphalt Is Produced, How lubricating oil is made, How to get petrol from crude oil?, How to start a business Oil Refinery (Petroleum Products), How to Start a Petroleum Production Business, How to Start a Petroleum refining and distillation industry?, How to start a successful Petroleum products making business, How to start Petroleum Products manufacturing in India, Lube Oil manufacturing, Lubricating oil manufacturing process, Lubricating oil refining process, Manufacture of Absorbent, Manufacture of Asphalt from Petroleum, Manufacture of Crude Oil, Manufacture of Fuels Oils, Manufacture of Gasoline, Manufacture of Kerosene, Manufacture of Oils, Manufacture of Petroleum Asphalts, Manufacturing Process of Lubricants, Method for distillation of petroleum products, Most Profitable Petroleum Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Petroleum processing industry, Oil and gas production, Oil refinery in India, Oil refinery, Petro products manufacturing, Petroleum asphalt production process, Petroleum Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Petroleum Distillation, Petroleum Fuels Manufacturing, Petroleum Processing Projects, Petroleum Products manufacturing Industry in India, Petroleum Products Refining Business, Petroleum Products, Petroleum Refinery, Petroleum refining and distillation Business, Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) Asit Dholakia
OPEC is an intergovernmental organization of 12 oil-producing countries that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries. It seeks to ensure stable oil prices and a steady supply of oil to consumers. Some of its key objectives are stabilizing oil prices to eliminate harmful fluctuations, overseeing an efficient supply of oil, and ensuring a fair return for investors in the petroleum industry. The organization influences global oil prices and works to balance supply and demand in international markets.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
Karu improvement-of-technologies-for-mining-waste-managementMäeinstituut Ttü
This document summarizes a study on improving mining waste management technologies in the Baltic Sea region. It discusses how mining waste is generated and located. The main goals of mining waste management are to minimize waste production and maximize the use of best available technologies. The study examines different methods for reducing mining waste, such as testing various waste processing methods and choosing the most practical for each site. Specifically, the study describes designing pilot plants to process mining waste into aggregates for construction and to extract valuable metals. The document also analyzes the sources and standards for mining waste in Estonia, including waste from oil shale and limestone mining. Future research will focus on more environmentally friendly mining and utilizing old waste heaps as new raw materials.
Karu improvement-of-technologies-for-mining-waste-managementIngo Valgma
This document summarizes a study on improving mining waste management technologies in the Baltic Sea region. It addresses challenges related to large volumes of waste produced from mining activities and aims to identify solutions. The study examines 48 waste heaps in Estonia to characterize their composition and potential for re-use. Pilot projects are proposed to test constructing a mobile unit for processing waste into aggregates and extracting valuable metals. The goals are reducing waste and developing opportunities to use old waste as a resource. Additionally, the document analyzes specifications that result in high waste production from limestone and dolostone mining and evaluates composition of sand and gravel deposits to identify suitable quarry locations. Future work will focus on more environmentally friendly mining methods and determining how
Karu improvement-of-technologies-for-mining-waste-managementIngo Valgma
This document summarizes a study on improving mining waste management technologies in the Baltic Sea region. It identifies 48 mining waste sites in Estonia containing over 76 million cubic meters of waste rock and analyzes their characteristics. The study aims to locate waste heaps, analyze waste reduction methods, and find ways to use waste as a product. Two potential solutions explored are 1) constructing a mobile unit to process waste into aggregate for construction industries and 2) a pilot plant to extract valuable metals from waste. The document discusses standards for aggregates used in road construction that contribute to high waste production. It analyzes the composition of sand and gravel deposits to identify suitable mining locations. Future research will focus on environmentally friendly mining methods and determining how to
Paste Fills Technology in Condition of Estonian Oil Shale Mineirwan zulkifli
Pertambangan minyak dan industri pengolahan di Estonia menghasilkan berbagai macam limbah yang dapat dianggap sebagai pengisi bahan bakar yang tersedia. Batuan limbah sisa yang tidak digunakan dalam teknik sipil dan pembangunan jalan dapat digunakan untuk penimbunan tambang bawah tanah. Paste adalah sebuah teknologi yang memiliki beberapa manfaat diantaranya sebagai teknologi pengurukan, memerlukan pemilihan yang cermat limbah serpih minyak agregat batu dan batu karbonat lainnya. Tes laboratorium dan penyelidikan teoritis dibuat untuk penentuan penerapan batu kapur dan dolostone agregat sebagai bahan untuk pengerukan. Hal ini memungkinkan untuk menentukan parameter yang layak jumlah agregat dari serpih minyak limbah tambang batuan. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa kapur agregat tambang serpih minyak Estonia adalah yang terbaik untuk teknologi pengurukan.
This document summarizes research on using paste fills technology for backfilling underground mines in Estonia's oil shale industry. The oil shale industry produces large amounts of waste rock that could be used for backfilling. Laboratory tests and theoretical investigations were conducted to determine the suitability of limestone and dolostone aggregates from Estonian oil shale mines as backfill materials. Analysis showed that limestone aggregates best meet the parameters for paste fills technology in Estonian conditions, including having a porosity of 40-50%, uniformity coefficient below 4, and flakiness index below 11%. The aggregates from Estonian oil shale mines are therefore suitable for use as backfill materials.
The document discusses paste fill technology for backfilling underground mines in Estonia's oil shale industry. It begins with background on Estonia's oil shale deposits and mining operations, which produce large amounts of waste rock. Paste fill methods are preferred for backfilling and require carefully selecting waste rock aggregates. The researchers conducted laboratory tests and analysis of limestone and dolostone aggregates from Estonian oil shale mines to determine their suitability as backfill materials. Results showed that limestone aggregates are best suited for paste fill backfilling in Estonian oil shale mine conditions.
The document discusses mining waste reduction methods through several pilot projects in different countries in the Baltic Sea Region. The Estonian project involves a mobile unit for processing mining waste like oil shale waste rock into construction aggregates. The Swedish project aims to recover valuable and hazardous metals from mining and metal processing waste through a leaching and extraction process. The Finnish project involves a mobile module for testing the recycling of mining waste by grinding and classifying the material for potential use as an adsorbent. The Polish project develops artificial aggregates from mining waste for construction use through an agglomeration process. The overall goal is to promote sustainable waste management and resource efficiency in the mining industry through knowledge sharing between countries in the region.
Tohver. Oil shale waste rock aggregate propertiesIngo Valgma
1) The document discusses properties of aggregates produced from oil shale waste rock, specifically their resistance to fragmentation and freezing/thawing.
2) Testing found that resistance to fragmentation and freezing/thawing depends on the oil shale content, with higher content improving resistance.
3) The conclusion is that oil shale waste rock aggregate's resistance to freezing/thawing depends directly on its oil shale content.
This document discusses petroleum refining and its products. It defines petroleum refining as the chemical, thermal, and physical separation of crude oil into major fractions through separation and conversion. The refining process separates crude oil into smaller fractions to produce over 2,500 separate products. Some of the main products discussed include liquefied petroleum gas, petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel, naphtha, furnace oil, and lubricants. It provides details on the composition of crude oil and the refining process.
This document is an undergraduate graduation project on unconventional oil shale and shale gas. It contains an introduction that defines oil shale as a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing organic matter that yields oil and gas upon heating. It was deposited in various environments like lakes and swamps. The document consists of 8 chapters that discuss topics like the origin and composition of oil shale, exploration techniques, extraction methods, global resources and production, and an introduction to shale gas. It aims to provide an overview of unconventional oil and gas resources to undergraduate students.
The document discusses the issues with oil shale development in Utah. It notes that oil shale is a sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which can be converted to fuel. However, extracting kerogen from oil shale uses large amounts of water and has a poor energy return on investment. Developing oil shale would also destroy natural lands, require more dams, and release high greenhouse gas emissions. The document concludes that oil shale is not a responsible energy source due to its environmental impacts.
Hydraulic fracturing is necessary to produce economic quantities of gas from shale reservoirs with very low permeability. Complex fracture geometry is important to maximize contact between the fracture and reservoir. The fracturing process involves pumping fluid to create fractures, then a slurry of proppant to prop open the fractures. Proppant and fluid selection depends on factors like embedment and closure stress. While aspects like rate, volume, and proppant quantity can be controlled, the natural variations in shale make the exact fracture geometry and productivity impacts difficult to predict. Monitoring tools provide some insight into the fracture treatment results.
This document provides an overview of shale gas in the USA. It discusses the US shale gas revolution, which began with increased production from the Barnett Shale play using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. This led US natural gas production to increase significantly between 2000-2010. It also discusses key shale gas basins in the US like the Marcellus shale and the production and distribution of shale gas across the US natural gas pipeline network. The large increase in shale gas production has positively impacted the US energy market through increased domestic supply, lower natural gas prices, and economic benefits.
The document discusses the key properties and standards for diesel fuel. It explains how diesel fuel is produced from petroleum and the various hydrocarbon components. It then covers the ASTM D975 specification for diesel fuel, outlining important properties like cetane number, viscosity, sulfur content, and lubricity. It discusses how these properties can impact engine performance and emissions. Finally, it briefly mentions recent changes to the diesel fuel specification and resources for further information.
Physical and chemical properties of petroleumMasoom Shani
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of petroleum. It defines petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons that are mostly liquid, but can also be in gas or solid states. The four main hydrocarbon series in petroleum are paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and asphaltenes. Key physical properties discussed include specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index, color, odor, and boiling point. The document also describes how petroleum can be classified based on its relative amounts of different hydrocarbon groups.
Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that are separated into useful fractions via fractional distillation. It is formed from the remains of ancient microorganisms and plants that were deposited under intense heat and pressure over millions of years. The key fractions obtained include liquid petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and fuel oils of varying viscosity. When burned as fuels, the hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil and its fractions react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other emissions.
This document discusses shale gas, including its formation, extraction through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, presence worldwide and in India, benefits and concerns. Shale gas forms from natural gas trapped within shale rock formations thousands of feet underground. It is extracted through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. While shale gas is a viable energy source and cleaner than other fossil fuels, there are environmental and social concerns around its extraction methods and impacts. The document outlines the current state of shale gas production globally and potential for development in India.
A very simple presentation on crude oil,important for student to understand the concept of crude oil and its importance in world.how does it impact india.imports bill has improved but export is facing downturn due to sluggish growth of world economy.
Petroleum Products: Refining and Distillation (Lubricants, Waxes and Petroche...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Petroleum refineries are large, capital-intensive manufacturing facilities with extremely complex processing schemes. More than 660 refineries, in 116 countries, are currently in operation, producing more than 85million barrels of refined products per day. Each refinery has a unique physical configuration, as well as unique operating characteristics and economics.
Rising crude oil prices powered revenue growth as refiners have passed costs down the distribution line. Since 2011, profit has steadily recovered in line with improving demand, while low domestic oil prices further bolstered margins. In 2016, profit is anticipated to rise slightly, though it remains below historic levels. This industry is anticipated to recover over the next five years as fuel prices rise and consumption increases.
See more
http://goo.gl/hFbfk3
http://goo.gl/kdbj7r
http://goo.gl/N4POyi
Email:
npcs.ei@gmail.com
info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Asphalt crude oil, Asphalt Manufacturing Process, Asphalt Production and Oil Refining, Asphalt production plant, Asphalt refining process, Business guidance, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Chemical Thermodynamics for Industry, Crude oil distillation process, Crude Oil Processing, Crude oil refining process, Distillation and Refining of Petrochemicals, Distillation and Refining of Petroleum Products, Distillation in the Petroleum Industry, Distillation of Petroleum Products, Feedstock for petrochemicals, Great Opportunity for Startup, How Asphalt Is Produced, How lubricating oil is made, How to get petrol from crude oil?, How to start a business Oil Refinery (Petroleum Products), How to Start a Petroleum Production Business, How to Start a Petroleum refining and distillation industry?, How to start a successful Petroleum products making business, How to start Petroleum Products manufacturing in India, Lube Oil manufacturing, Lubricating oil manufacturing process, Lubricating oil refining process, Manufacture of Absorbent, Manufacture of Asphalt from Petroleum, Manufacture of Crude Oil, Manufacture of Fuels Oils, Manufacture of Gasoline, Manufacture of Kerosene, Manufacture of Oils, Manufacture of Petroleum Asphalts, Manufacturing Process of Lubricants, Method for distillation of petroleum products, Most Profitable Petroleum Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Petroleum processing industry, Oil and gas production, Oil refinery in India, Oil refinery, Petro products manufacturing, Petroleum asphalt production process, Petroleum Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Petroleum Distillation, Petroleum Fuels Manufacturing, Petroleum Processing Projects, Petroleum Products manufacturing Industry in India, Petroleum Products Refining Business, Petroleum Products, Petroleum Refinery, Petroleum refining and distillation Business, Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) Asit Dholakia
OPEC is an intergovernmental organization of 12 oil-producing countries that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries. It seeks to ensure stable oil prices and a steady supply of oil to consumers. Some of its key objectives are stabilizing oil prices to eliminate harmful fluctuations, overseeing an efficient supply of oil, and ensuring a fair return for investors in the petroleum industry. The organization influences global oil prices and works to balance supply and demand in international markets.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
Karu improvement-of-technologies-for-mining-waste-managementMäeinstituut Ttü
This document summarizes a study on improving mining waste management technologies in the Baltic Sea region. It discusses how mining waste is generated and located. The main goals of mining waste management are to minimize waste production and maximize the use of best available technologies. The study examines different methods for reducing mining waste, such as testing various waste processing methods and choosing the most practical for each site. Specifically, the study describes designing pilot plants to process mining waste into aggregates for construction and to extract valuable metals. The document also analyzes the sources and standards for mining waste in Estonia, including waste from oil shale and limestone mining. Future research will focus on more environmentally friendly mining and utilizing old waste heaps as new raw materials.
Karu improvement-of-technologies-for-mining-waste-managementIngo Valgma
This document summarizes a study on improving mining waste management technologies in the Baltic Sea region. It addresses challenges related to large volumes of waste produced from mining activities and aims to identify solutions. The study examines 48 waste heaps in Estonia to characterize their composition and potential for re-use. Pilot projects are proposed to test constructing a mobile unit for processing waste into aggregates and extracting valuable metals. The goals are reducing waste and developing opportunities to use old waste as a resource. Additionally, the document analyzes specifications that result in high waste production from limestone and dolostone mining and evaluates composition of sand and gravel deposits to identify suitable quarry locations. Future work will focus on more environmentally friendly mining methods and determining how
Karu improvement-of-technologies-for-mining-waste-managementIngo Valgma
This document summarizes a study on improving mining waste management technologies in the Baltic Sea region. It identifies 48 mining waste sites in Estonia containing over 76 million cubic meters of waste rock and analyzes their characteristics. The study aims to locate waste heaps, analyze waste reduction methods, and find ways to use waste as a product. Two potential solutions explored are 1) constructing a mobile unit to process waste into aggregate for construction industries and 2) a pilot plant to extract valuable metals from waste. The document discusses standards for aggregates used in road construction that contribute to high waste production. It analyzes the composition of sand and gravel deposits to identify suitable mining locations. Future research will focus on environmentally friendly mining methods and determining how to
Paste Fills Technology in Condition of Estonian Oil Shale Mineirwan zulkifli
Pertambangan minyak dan industri pengolahan di Estonia menghasilkan berbagai macam limbah yang dapat dianggap sebagai pengisi bahan bakar yang tersedia. Batuan limbah sisa yang tidak digunakan dalam teknik sipil dan pembangunan jalan dapat digunakan untuk penimbunan tambang bawah tanah. Paste adalah sebuah teknologi yang memiliki beberapa manfaat diantaranya sebagai teknologi pengurukan, memerlukan pemilihan yang cermat limbah serpih minyak agregat batu dan batu karbonat lainnya. Tes laboratorium dan penyelidikan teoritis dibuat untuk penentuan penerapan batu kapur dan dolostone agregat sebagai bahan untuk pengerukan. Hal ini memungkinkan untuk menentukan parameter yang layak jumlah agregat dari serpih minyak limbah tambang batuan. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa kapur agregat tambang serpih minyak Estonia adalah yang terbaik untuk teknologi pengurukan.
This document summarizes research on using paste fills technology for backfilling underground mines in Estonia's oil shale industry. The oil shale industry produces large amounts of waste rock that could be used for backfilling. Laboratory tests and theoretical investigations were conducted to determine the suitability of limestone and dolostone aggregates from Estonian oil shale mines as backfill materials. Analysis showed that limestone aggregates best meet the parameters for paste fills technology in Estonian conditions, including having a porosity of 40-50%, uniformity coefficient below 4, and flakiness index below 11%. The aggregates from Estonian oil shale mines are therefore suitable for use as backfill materials.
The document discusses paste fill technology for backfilling underground mines in Estonia's oil shale industry. It begins with background on Estonia's oil shale deposits and mining operations, which produce large amounts of waste rock. Paste fill methods are preferred for backfilling and require carefully selecting waste rock aggregates. The researchers conducted laboratory tests and analysis of limestone and dolostone aggregates from Estonian oil shale mines to determine their suitability as backfill materials. Results showed that limestone aggregates are best suited for paste fill backfilling in Estonian oil shale mine conditions.
The document discusses mining waste reduction methods through several pilot projects in different countries in the Baltic Sea Region. The Estonian project involves a mobile unit for processing mining waste like oil shale waste rock into construction aggregates. The Swedish project aims to recover valuable and hazardous metals from mining and metal processing waste through a leaching and extraction process. The Finnish project involves a mobile module for testing the recycling of mining waste by grinding and classifying the material for potential use as an adsorbent. The Polish project develops artificial aggregates from mining waste for construction use through an agglomeration process. The overall goal is to promote sustainable waste management and resource efficiency in the mining industry through knowledge sharing between countries in the region.
The document discusses mining waste reduction methods through several pilot projects in different Baltic Sea Region countries. The Estonian project involves a mobile unit for processing mining waste into construction aggregates. The Swedish project develops a process for extracting valuable and hazardous metals from mining and metal waste. The Finnish project tests recycling mine waste by constructing a mobile module to grind and classify materials for potential use in wastewater purification. The Polish project produces artificial aggregate from mineral processing waste for construction using an agglomeration process. Overall the projects aim to promote sustainable waste management and resource recovery in the mining industry through knowledge sharing and demonstration of technologies across the Baltic Sea Region.
Karu future of_oil_shale_mining_technology_in_estoniaMäeinstituut Ttü
The document summarizes research on future oil shale mining technology in Estonia. It finds that as mining conditions worsen and environmental taxes increase, higher quality oil shale with more homogeneous material properties will be required. One solution is selective mining and backfilling to decrease environmental impacts and opposition from local communities. Tests of selective surface mining and continuous underground mining show promise and establish criteria for evaluating and selecting the best available technologies for sustainable oil shale extraction in Estonia.
The document discusses sustainable mining conditions in Estonia. It outlines that sustainable mining depends on definitions, technology level, and administrative systems. The main tools for analyzing sustainable mining conditions are geometrical, quality, numerical, and economic analyses. Sustainable mining in Estonia focuses on selective mining, crushing, quality management of minerals, backfilling, and longwall and shortwall mining. The document also notes that mining impacts the environment and landscapes, and that creating acceptable mining requires engineering research and computer modeling to define criteria and restrictions that satisfy all stakeholders.
Abstract - Sustainable mining conditions depend on definitions,
technological level and administrative system. The main tools to
analyse these conditions is geometrical, quality, numerical and
economic analyses. As a result, most of the processes are
evaluated and concluded for following decision making. The
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selective crushing, quality management of the mineral,
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The document discusses possibilities for selective mining of kukersite oil shale in Estonia based on tests and studies. It finds that:
1) Selective and high selective mining methods have the potential to increase oil shale yield and decrease losses compared to traditional full seam extraction.
2) Productivity analyses show that surface miners can extract oil shale and limestone layers at rates of 591-736 tonnes per hour, depending on the material.
3) Sieving and particle size analyses found that selective mining produced oil shale particles predominantly between 0-400 mm in size, suitable for further processing.
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2) Rock crushing and screening simulations were used to optimize rock fractions. Additional technologies analyzed for reducing losses include mine backfilling, fine separation of oil shale, and optimized drilling and blasting.
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A review on utilization of mine waste on black cotton soileSAT Journals
Abstract Mine wastes are one of the chronic waste concerns. The volume of solid waste generated during mining process, is one of the main pollution concern. The presence of high concentration of heavy metals and acid producing mineral phases can endanger the environment if management of these wastes are not addressed properly. Mine wastes have numerous ecological effects viz Air, Land and Water. There is a great difficulty in finding space for the storage of wastes generated in enormous quantity. The review of past studies indicated that 50 to 60% of mine waste by volume can be used as coarse grained particle and 10 to 15% by volume as fine aggregate. Despite quite a lot of attempts to diminish the amount of waste, mine waste remains one of world’s largest waste streams. Black cotton soil on the other hand is problematic due to the presence of momtmorillonite that imparts high swell- shrink potentials. These soils are very hard when dry but loose strength completely when wet. Pavement surface on poor soil subgrade show early distress causing pavement failure. The present study examines the utilization of these wastes as stabilizers for black cotton soil for unpaved road construction. Keywords: Mine Waste, slag aggregate, Solid Waste Materials, Iron Ore slag
This document summarizes research on backfilling technologies for underground oil shale mines in Estonia. It discusses how backfilling mine voids with waste rock and ash can reduce environmental impacts by decreasing surface disposal needs. Studies included modeling mine spaces, testing fill materials, and evaluating technological schemes. Laboratory tests showed lower ash mixtures had higher strength. Mine tests indicated warming from large mixtures improved hardening. Overall the research aims to determine if backfilling is technically feasible under local mining conditions.
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Ernő Garamvölgyi
Bay Zoltán Nonprofit Ltd.
garamvolgyi.erno@bayzoltan.hu
Project Partners:
- ENCO s.r.l. (IT)
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- University of Patras (GR)
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- University of Aveiro (PT)
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2. Valgma I., Väizene V., Kolats M., Karu V., Pastarus J.-R., Rahe T., Iskül R. REDUCTION OF OIL SHALE
LOSSES
the Environmental Register are the Ministry of the
Environment and Estonian Land Board. This part of
the register consists of mineral reserves of the deposit,
mined amounts of the mineral reserves and changes of
the mineral reserves of the deposits [26].
Overall losses are higher in underground mines
because of roof supporting pillars and it grows with
depth increase [29][30]. Deepest oil shale mine
Estonia has up to 30% overall losses (Fig. 1, Fig. 2,
Fig. 3). At the same time largest losses are in the
largest mine. In the future this trend continues
[11][12]. Mining depth and amount of losses is related
to the stability of the overburden rocks [5][6][7].
Losses and stability are influencing each other if
backfilling is not used [19]. At the same time
monitoring systems have developed rapidly [24][25].
16000
14000
Annual production, kt/y
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Ubja open cast
Sompa mine
Ojamaa mine
Vanaküla open cast
Põhja-Kiviõli open cast
Narva open cast
Aidu open cast
Viru mine
Sirgala open cast
Estonia mine
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
101
109
33
26
832
896
1375
1682
1761
2779
4499
162
1
96
761
908
1090
1664
1699
2587
4738
58
31
12
410
868
1147
1582
1740
2261
4500
59
77
204
481
885
1493
1724
1836
2813
5537
146
315
288
575
637
1539
1770
1730
2677
6188
516
818
727
1286
1706
2345
4478
Fig. 1 Annual oil shale production in Estonia, thousand tonnes per year
Overall losses in oil shale mines
35.0
30.0
Overall losses, %
25.0
Estonia mine
Ojamaa mine
20.0
Viru mine
Narva II open cast
15.0
Sirgala open cast
Sirgala II open cast
10.0
Aidu open cast
Ubja open cast
5.0
0.0
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Fig. 2 Overall losses in oil shale mines during last five years [Environmental Register]
202
2012
3. Valgma I., Väizene V., Kolats M., Karu V., Pastarus J.-R., Rahe T., Iskül R. REDUCTION OF OIL SHALE
LOSSES
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-10
Mining depth, m
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
y = -0,0452x2 - 0,2363x - 11,031
Losses, %
in 2012 show that surface miner productivity in F3
layer is 736 t/h and in C/D interlayer 591 t/h. The
cutting speed in F3 layer is 0,12 m/s and in C/D
interlayer 0,05 m/s.
Surface miner Wirtgen 2500SM studies in 2009
show that surface miner productivity in limestone
interlayer H/J layer is 594 t/h and cutting speed is 0,06
m/s. Initial studies show that 80% of material pass
through 25mm mesh and 30% through 3mm mesh
(Fig. 4). Larger pieces are required for vertical oil
generators. Solid heat carrier could use such material
more easily.
Fig. 3 Amount of losses depending on mining depth
100.00
y = 45.073x0.1228
R² = 0.7356
90.00
A. Processes
B. Extracting
Pass-Through, %
80.00
The main processes affecting resource usage are
resource management, extracting, crushing, separating
and processing.
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
5
10
0
20.00
Finer, %
Several extraction technologies have been used for
10.00
Aste (Finer, %)
mining oil shale during last 96 years [42]. In first
0.00
years high selective hand mining was used due to
Sieve mesh size, mm
absence of machines. The main problem related to
losses and dilution was the rock that contained both
oil shale and limestone what could not be separated by Fig. 4 Mechanical sieving analyses
hand [3].
Later, when drilling and blasting was applied, only
C. Crushing
sorting or selective blasting influenced losses and
Initial tests with bucket crushers have been
dilution. Both full seam and selective seam blasting
performed, showing promising dry separation results.
was used. In case of underground mining full seam
D. Separating
and partial seam blasting was used. In years 1970 to
2000 partial seam longwall mining was used
Fine separation machine, with the aim to separate
[32][33][34][35].
fines from the separation pulp before it goes to
Due to weak limestone layers on top of sedimentation pond (Fig. 5).
underground room and pillar mining sections in
Estonia mine, dilution is high and not only full seam,
but in some cases 1.3 times higher seam is extracted
[35].
Also surface miners have been used for selective
mining of the oil shale [46][47]. For analysing
possibilities of selective mining, range of tests and
theoretical studies have been carried out during last
decades [2]. Tests of high selective mining have been
carried out in Estonia in limestone, dolostone and oil
shale mining areas [42]. As well selective extraction
has been performed by mechanical shovel, bulldozer
ripper and hydraulic excavator ripping in several oil
shale mining fields [38][39].
Several separation technologies have been used for
Fig. 5 Fine separation cyclones
processing the run of mine [40][41]. Due to the
complex chain of mining processes optimisation is
The fine separation machine is a hydro cyclone,
performed in some cases for finding optimal solution
what could process 50 m3 in hour. The testing was
between losses, dilution, yield and other factors [4].
done in two ways, first was with coagulant and the
At the same time extraction technology has not been
second one without it. Coagulant is additive what
well analysed [36][37].
combines fine particles together and it should increase
Surface miners productivity result show great
the amount of material. Fine particles were divided
variation in different oil shale layers and in other
into the size 0-8 mm and 0-5 mm.
minerals layers. Surface miner Vermeer T1255 studies
203
4. Valgma I., Väizene V., Kolats M., Karu V., Pastarus J.-R., Rahe T., Iskül R. REDUCTION OF OIL SHALE
LOSSES
Fine particles with size 0-8 mm productivity were
162 kg/h and 0-5 mm 29 kg/h. Hydro cyclone
productivity was 191 kg/h. Also was tested separated
fine particles moisture, calorific value, ash value and
were done mechanical sieving (Fig. 4). Initial tests
showed that it is not possible to concentrate higher
calorific value with coagulant.
.
Fig. 6 Mechanical sieving results
[3]
III CONCLUSION
Reducing oil shale losses will be more actual in the
future, because the depth of mining increases and the
taxes for resource and pollutants are increasing as
well. In several cases selectivity is the key solution for
extraction, separation or processing. Fine separations
has not shown good results for oil shale, but limestone
fine separation, granulating or jigging should still be
analysed with more options. In addition dry separation
with sizers, drum crushers and roll-crusher sieves
should be considered.
IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research is related to the project MINNOVATION
–
http://www.min-novation.eu;
ETF8123 “Backfilling and waste management in
Estonian
oil
shale
industry”
–
http://mi.ttu.ee/ETF8123;
Energy
Technology
Program Sustainable and environmentally acceptable
Oil shale mining No. 3.2.0501.11-0025 - mi.ttu.ee/etp
and Doctoral School of Energy and Geotechnology II,
interdisciplinary research group “Sustainable mining”
DAR8130/1.2.0401.09-0082 – mi.ttu.ee/doktorikool
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