Abstract – The thesis topic is “Blasting parameters, seismic
data analysis and their correlation in Estonia”. The thesis
focuses on blasting related to mining of oil shale and limestone,
as they are the most important mineral resources mined in
Estonia.
This article describes a case study in the framework of the
general research topic, focusing to the Aru-Lõuna (Aru-South)
limestone quarry in the Ida-Virumaa county.
The document summarizes exploration of the Khongor-Ovoo copper-bearing complex metal occurrence in Mongolia. It describes the location, infrastructure access, geological structures observed, including ore bodies containing copper, zinc and lead. Trenching and sampling was conducted, with spectral analyses identifying average copper contents of 0.05% in Ore Body 1 and zinc contents of 0.02% in Ore Body 3. Based on these results, prognostic resources of 430.1 thousand tons of zinc, 310.5 thousand tons of copper and 50 thousand tons of lead were estimated for the occurrence. Further 1:10,000 scale exploration, drilling and geophysical studies were recommended to better evaluate the gold potential of the area.
The document describes various geophysical lab equipment used for exploration, including their specifications and applications. It discusses the Terrameter SAS 4000 and Terraloc MK-6 used for resistivity and seismic surveys respectively. Other equipment covered are the shielded antenna GPR for medium resolution surveys, gravimeter for gravity surveys, magnetometer for magnetic surveys, portable well logger for shallow well logging, and Mini-Seis seismograph for blast monitoring and earthquake detection. Each equipment is described along with its specifications, accessories, and uses in applications like mineral, oil and gas exploration, engineering projects, and archaeology.
Effect of Ion Refocusing and Focusing at the Ne and Ar Small Angle Ion Bombar...ijtsrd
In this paper presents small angle ion scattering of noble gases from the III-V compound semiconductor surfaces have been studied by the method of computer simulation. The effect ion focusing and refocusing was studied. The coefficient of scattering ions has been calculated. Karimov Muxtor Karimberganovich | Sadullaev Shuxrat Ravshanovich | Sobirov Ravshanbek Yuldashbaevich"Effect of Ion Refocusing and Focusing at the Ne and Ar Small Angle Ion Bombardment on the Surface III-V Compound Semiconductors" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15772.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/15772/effect-of-ion-refocusing-and-focusing-at-the-ne-and-ar-small-angle-ion-bombardment-on-the-surface-iii-v-compound-semiconductors/karimov-muxtor-karimberganovich
Geoelectrical assessment of a proposed dam site around ehuhe area of oji rive...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used geophysical methods to evaluate a proposed dam site near Ehuhe, Nigeria. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was conducted along the proposed 477m dam axis and surrounding area using 12 stations spaced 40-60m apart. The data obtained from the VES were inverted to determine subsurface layer parameters down to depths of 35m. The results identified three lithologic units - loose dry sandstone at the top, underlain by hard but jointed iron oxide-cemented sandstone, and then porous sandstone. Resistivity values ranged from 9,200-66,100 ohm-m, 1,440-161,000 ohm-m, and 555-21,
Replenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paperThushan Igalawithana
1. The document discusses a study on the replenishment dynamics of the heavy mineral sand deposit in Verugal Beach, Sri Lanka. Samples were collected and analyzed before and after the Northeast monsoon season.
2. Analysis found that mean grain size and heavy mineral distribution decreased after the monsoon due to increased river discharge and longshore sediment transport. Ilmenite was the dominant mineral near the shoreline while garnet and zircon increased farther inland.
3. Beach width increased during the Southwest monsoon and decreased after the Northeast monsoon. The deposit replenishes more during the Southwest monsoon making it the optimal time for mining to be sustainable.
The document summarizes a study on the influence of water discharging from oil shale and limestone mining sites on water balance and quality in the Toolse River in Estonia from 2005-2009. Water is pumped from underground mines and quarries to keep the mining areas dry. This pumped water is directed to sedimentation ponds and the Toolse River, increasing its flow. Water quality in the river was analyzed at various points and complied with standards except for higher total phosphorus levels downstream. The mining activities lower local groundwater levels and affect flows in the Toolse River and regional aquifers.
The document summarizes research on the impact of oil shale mining on the groundwater regime in the Kurtna Landscape Reserve area of Estonia. Key points:
1) Oil shale mining surrounds the Kurtna Lakes area. Testing showed building an infiltration dam where the mine front meets the lakes could minimize groundwater impacts by stopping water flow instead of leaving an open trench.
2) Groundwater modeling indicated the dam's hydraulic conductivity must remain below 0.1 m/d and infiltration basins must supply 7000 m3/d of water on average to avoid lowering lake water levels.
3) A test section was mined using techniques to build a low-permeability dam, and monitoring
Karu future of_oil_shale_mining_technology_in_estoniaMäeinstituut Ttü
The document summarizes research on future oil shale mining technology in Estonia. It finds that as mining conditions worsen and environmental taxes increase, higher quality oil shale with more homogeneous material properties will be required. One solution is selective mining and backfilling to decrease environmental impacts and opposition from local communities. Tests of selective surface mining and continuous underground mining show promise and establish criteria for evaluating and selecting the best available technologies for sustainable oil shale extraction in Estonia.
The document summarizes exploration of the Khongor-Ovoo copper-bearing complex metal occurrence in Mongolia. It describes the location, infrastructure access, geological structures observed, including ore bodies containing copper, zinc and lead. Trenching and sampling was conducted, with spectral analyses identifying average copper contents of 0.05% in Ore Body 1 and zinc contents of 0.02% in Ore Body 3. Based on these results, prognostic resources of 430.1 thousand tons of zinc, 310.5 thousand tons of copper and 50 thousand tons of lead were estimated for the occurrence. Further 1:10,000 scale exploration, drilling and geophysical studies were recommended to better evaluate the gold potential of the area.
The document describes various geophysical lab equipment used for exploration, including their specifications and applications. It discusses the Terrameter SAS 4000 and Terraloc MK-6 used for resistivity and seismic surveys respectively. Other equipment covered are the shielded antenna GPR for medium resolution surveys, gravimeter for gravity surveys, magnetometer for magnetic surveys, portable well logger for shallow well logging, and Mini-Seis seismograph for blast monitoring and earthquake detection. Each equipment is described along with its specifications, accessories, and uses in applications like mineral, oil and gas exploration, engineering projects, and archaeology.
Effect of Ion Refocusing and Focusing at the Ne and Ar Small Angle Ion Bombar...ijtsrd
In this paper presents small angle ion scattering of noble gases from the III-V compound semiconductor surfaces have been studied by the method of computer simulation. The effect ion focusing and refocusing was studied. The coefficient of scattering ions has been calculated. Karimov Muxtor Karimberganovich | Sadullaev Shuxrat Ravshanovich | Sobirov Ravshanbek Yuldashbaevich"Effect of Ion Refocusing and Focusing at the Ne and Ar Small Angle Ion Bombardment on the Surface III-V Compound Semiconductors" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15772.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/15772/effect-of-ion-refocusing-and-focusing-at-the-ne-and-ar-small-angle-ion-bombardment-on-the-surface-iii-v-compound-semiconductors/karimov-muxtor-karimberganovich
Geoelectrical assessment of a proposed dam site around ehuhe area of oji rive...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used geophysical methods to evaluate a proposed dam site near Ehuhe, Nigeria. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was conducted along the proposed 477m dam axis and surrounding area using 12 stations spaced 40-60m apart. The data obtained from the VES were inverted to determine subsurface layer parameters down to depths of 35m. The results identified three lithologic units - loose dry sandstone at the top, underlain by hard but jointed iron oxide-cemented sandstone, and then porous sandstone. Resistivity values ranged from 9,200-66,100 ohm-m, 1,440-161,000 ohm-m, and 555-21,
Replenishment Dynamics of Verugal Heavy Mineral Deposit-Research paperThushan Igalawithana
1. The document discusses a study on the replenishment dynamics of the heavy mineral sand deposit in Verugal Beach, Sri Lanka. Samples were collected and analyzed before and after the Northeast monsoon season.
2. Analysis found that mean grain size and heavy mineral distribution decreased after the monsoon due to increased river discharge and longshore sediment transport. Ilmenite was the dominant mineral near the shoreline while garnet and zircon increased farther inland.
3. Beach width increased during the Southwest monsoon and decreased after the Northeast monsoon. The deposit replenishes more during the Southwest monsoon making it the optimal time for mining to be sustainable.
The document summarizes a study on the influence of water discharging from oil shale and limestone mining sites on water balance and quality in the Toolse River in Estonia from 2005-2009. Water is pumped from underground mines and quarries to keep the mining areas dry. This pumped water is directed to sedimentation ponds and the Toolse River, increasing its flow. Water quality in the river was analyzed at various points and complied with standards except for higher total phosphorus levels downstream. The mining activities lower local groundwater levels and affect flows in the Toolse River and regional aquifers.
The document summarizes research on the impact of oil shale mining on the groundwater regime in the Kurtna Landscape Reserve area of Estonia. Key points:
1) Oil shale mining surrounds the Kurtna Lakes area. Testing showed building an infiltration dam where the mine front meets the lakes could minimize groundwater impacts by stopping water flow instead of leaving an open trench.
2) Groundwater modeling indicated the dam's hydraulic conductivity must remain below 0.1 m/d and infiltration basins must supply 7000 m3/d of water on average to avoid lowering lake water levels.
3) A test section was mined using techniques to build a low-permeability dam, and monitoring
Karu future of_oil_shale_mining_technology_in_estoniaMäeinstituut Ttü
The document summarizes research on future oil shale mining technology in Estonia. It finds that as mining conditions worsen and environmental taxes increase, higher quality oil shale with more homogeneous material properties will be required. One solution is selective mining and backfilling to decrease environmental impacts and opposition from local communities. Tests of selective surface mining and continuous underground mining show promise and establish criteria for evaluating and selecting the best available technologies for sustainable oil shale extraction in Estonia.
Saint-Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts – Partner of Institute...Jeffrey Kleinpeter
Today, St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts - one of the largest centers for training and advanced training of specialists in the sphere of culture and art, the leader of the Russian humanitarian creative education. Our University - the largest university of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.
In developed SPbGUKI known scientific and creative schools have formed a unique team of professors, whose composition teachers on the staff (most of which - with academic degrees and titles), folk and Honored Artists of the USSR, Russia, Honored Scientist, Honored Art Worker of Higher and deserved Russian school.
Faculties, departments and centers of the University annually provides training for thousands of students. The main fields of activity are the educational library and information work, museum studies, socio-cultural activities and folk art creation. Being received at the basic educational program undergraduate, graduate and specialties. In graduate school SPbGUKI under preparation of the teaching staff, working dissertation councils.
In the educational process is being actively implemented modern information technologies are used multimedia hardware and software. Educational work is carried out in close cooperation with cultural institutions, formed a joint information resources (virtual museum, Automated Library Information System) with a number of major libraries and museums of St. Petersburg.
Põlevkivi kaevandamine ja kaevandusvee kasutamine
Grupitöö läbiviija: Veiko Karu, TTÜ Mäeinstituut
Vesi ümbritseb meid kõikjal, 70% meie koduplaneedist on kaetud ookeanitega. Öeldakse, et vesi on elu alus. Seega peame me vett väärikalt kohtlema. Eestil on geograafilise asukoha mõttes vedanud - meil on vett piisavalt ja isegi rohkem. Vett on meil põhjavees (erinevad põhjaveekompleksid), pinnavees (jõed, järved, rabad). Kuna vett on meil palju, siis mõningatel juhtudel on vesi isegi takistavaks teguriks, näiteks maavarade kaevandamisel, ehitusobjektidel ja mujalgi tuleb enamasti vett ümber suunata, et mainitud tegevusi edukalt teostada. Üheks suurimaks kohaks, kus on vaja vett ümber suunata on Eestis põlevkivi kaevandamiskohad (karjäärid ja kaevandused), seda on nad olnud samuti ajalooliselt. Tänaseks on osa põlevkivi kaevandamiskohti veega täitunud ja avanud uusi kasutusvõimalusi. Hetkel on veega täitumas hiljuti suletud Aidu karjäär ja Viru kaevandus. Kiikla külas kasutatakse kaevandusvett soojusallikana soojuspumbas, et küttekulude pealt kokku hoida. Kõige selle juures on tähtis vee kvaliteet, et me seda ei muudaks ja ei ohustaks.
Grupitöös arutleti järgmistel teemadel: põlevkivi kaevandamine Eestis; põlevkivi kaevandamisviisid; kaevandusvee tekkimine ja selle hulk; kaevandusvee väljavoolud; kuidas kaevandusvett saaks ära kasutada; mis saab kaevandusveega tulevikus; kuidas uued kaevandamiskohad tekitavad uusi alanduslehtreid; Kiikla kaevandusvee baasil töötav soojuspump. Lisaks nendele teoreetilisele ülevaatele ja diskussioonile meisterdasid grupitöös osalenud maketid kaevandusvee teemal, et näha kuidas vesi maapõues liigub ja kui kiiresti.
The document provides an overview of the oil shale industry in Estonia. It discusses how oil shale is the primary fuel for power generation, accounting for over 90% of power production. It is also used in the chemical industry for oil production. The largest oil shale miners are AS Eesti Põlevkivi, which operates two underground mines and two open-cast mines. Oil shale is consumed by power plants, oil producers like VKG Aidu Oil and Kiviõli Keemiatööstus, and cement producer Kunda Nordic Tsement. Proven oil shale reserves are expected to last 40 more years at the current consumption level. New mines may need to be opened to meet potential increased
This document summarizes research on the potential use of mine water from abandoned oil shale mines in Estonia as a source of geothermal energy. Underground mining of oil shale over the past 90 years has created large underground voids that have filled with stable temperature water. The researchers created a 3D model of the mined areas and calculated the volume of mine water. Their analysis shows the mine water could be used for large heat pump stations to provide winter heating. The first pilot heat pump using mine water began operating in 2011. Using this renewable geothermal energy source could reduce heating costs.
Karu european union_baltic_sea_region_project_min-novationMäeinstituut Ttü
The document summarizes the MIN-NOVATION project, an EU Baltic Sea Region project focused on mining and mineral waste innovation for small and medium enterprises. The project involves partners from Poland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Estonia. In Estonia, the project focuses on utilizing and analyzing oil shale waste rock and aggregate production. The goals are to create a transnational network to improve access to knowledge and technologies for SMEs in mineral waste management, and to establish regional networks in six Baltic Sea regions to analyze challenges and opportunities in waste management. The Tallinn University of Technology will lead work on piloting oil shale waste rock crushing and sieving technology in Estonia.
This document presents an economic model for optimizing the oil shale industry in Estonia. It begins with an overview of Estonia's oil shale industry, which currently provides over 90% of the country's power generation. The author then outlines the goal of developing a mathematical model to determine the optimal flows and costs of oil shale mining given geological conditions and limitations. The model considers factors such as mining expenditures, heating value of the shale, and technological options for processing. The conclusions recommend this model be used to evaluate different mining scenarios and their economic impacts.
This document summarizes a study on using copper slag as backfill material in retaining walls. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the shear strength properties and seismic performance of copper slag compared to sand. Direct shear tests showed that copper slag has higher shear strength and angle of internal friction than sand. Shake table tests on retaining wall models found that walls with copper slag backfill experienced less displacement and lower lateral earth pressures under seismic loading compared to sand backfill. The study concludes that copper slag can be effectively used as a backfill material in retaining walls due to its higher density and shear strength properties.
Approach of signature_hole_vibration_monitoring_and_modeling_for_quarry_vibra...Jordán López Ortiz
An integrated approach of signature hole vibration monitoring and modeling was used to control blast vibrations at a quarry near an urban boundary. Signature holes were monitored to determine ground properties including sonic velocity and resonant frequency. Production blast vibrations were also monitored. This data was used in a multiple seed waveform vibration model to optimize blast design parameters like charge weight per delay. The optimized blast designs effectively managed vibrations below limits while maintaining productivity. Model predictions matched well with field measurements, demonstrating the effectiveness of the integrated monitoring and modeling approach.
The effect of disturbance factor on the stability of tunnels (Case study: Tun...IJRES Journal
Disturbance factor (D) is related to excavation method and cause damage and stress relief in the rock masses. The convergence and plastic zone around tunnels depends on the disturbance factor of rocks.This study has been in the tunnel No.2 of Kurdistan in NW of Iran which is composed of shale rocks. In tunnel modeling, different disturbance factors(0 to 1) areanalyzed using phase2 software and the amount of displacement and extent of plastic zone in around the tunnelis determined. The obtain results show that by increasing of disturbance factor, the displacement and plastic zone around the tunnel has increased and the most increase has occurred in disturbance factors 0.8 to 1. Therefore, for excavation of this tunnel, the blasting method should not be used and instead of it, the mechanical methods must be used.
Determination of Local Site Effects in Taikkyi Area, Yangon Region by using M...ijtsrd
Considering the possible local site effect is one of the most important facts in seismic hazard assessment. Depending on the local site condition, the characteristics of the seismic waves propagated through different geological layers and amplified the surface ground motion. In this study, one of the geophysical method of microtremor observations were carried out at 112 sites throughout the Taikkyi area. After analyzing the recorded microtremor observed data by Cygwin Software, we determined the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio HVRs that reflects the local site effects of the study area. The main outcomes of this research is to develop the fundamental frequency map and peak amplitude or soil amplification map of Taikkyi area. According to the evaluation results, the fundamental frequency is ranging from 1 to 2.3 Hz and most parts of Taikkyi area show in the range of 1.3 to 1.6 Hz. The peak amplitude of HVRs potential soil amplification is ranging from 1.5 to 3.6 and most parts of the area are in the range of 1.5 to 2.5. Ohnmar Khine | Kyaw Kyaw "Determination of Local Site Effects in Taikkyi Area, Yangon Region by using Microtremor Observations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33203.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33203/determination-of-local-site-effects-in-taikkyi-area-yangon-region-by-using-microtremor-observations/ohnmar-khine
An Overview of Explosive Energy Utilization in MiningIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of the utilization of explosive energy in mining. It discusses how blasting uses controlled explosions to break rock for excavation, which is crucial for mining operations. Blasting converts the chemical energy of explosives into mechanical energy, fragmenting rock through the rapid release of heat and high-pressure gases. The document examines different types of explosives and how their energy is measured and transferred effectively to break rock. Maintaining high energy utilization is important for efficient mining operations and reducing environmental impacts.
This document summarizes research on surface mining technologies that can be used in zones of tectonic disturbances within the Estonian oil shale deposit. The researchers analyzed the geological conditions and determined the uniaxial compressive strength of rocks using indirect testing methods. A variety of excavation methods were considered, including digging, ripping, blasting, and hydraulic breaking. The researchers proposed feasible mining technologies for different zones based on the rock characteristics and strength parameters. Restrictions related to nearby inhabitation were also taken into account when assessing the appropriate excavation methods.
IRJET- Effects of Excavation-Geometry on Blast- Geometry with Reference t...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effects of excavation geometry on blast geometry with reference to blast hole diameter and bench height. It analyzes data collected from coal mines in India to investigate the relationship between these factors and develop a new multiple regression model. The study finds that blast hole depth and spacing are statistically significant predictors of hole diameter. While burden is included in the final model, its impact is less significant. The regression model can help mining professionals accurately design blasting operations.
This document summarizes research on predicting volcanic rock fractures in the Yingcheng Formation in the Songliao Basin in China. Three methods were used to predict fractures: coherence analysis, ant colony algorithm, and curvature attributes applied to post-stack seismic data. Coherence identified low coherence zones indicating possible fractures. Ant colony algorithm clearly showed vertically oriented fractures trending NNE, NE, and NS. Curvature attributes identified zones of large curvature values coinciding with predicted fracture belts. Well data including FMI logs confirmed the fracture types and distributions matched the predictions. The methods effectively predicted the distribution of three fracture systems that are important for hydrocarbon exploration in the region.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Hydrogeological Application of Refraction Seismicsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Main objective of the executed researches was assessment of the strain-stress
condition of regional parts of pillar for definition of a possibility of formation of coal
congestions, prone to spontaneous ignition, in goafs of extraction longwall panels.
Analytical researches were carried out for the wide range of geological and mining
conditions of mining of flat coal seams by longwall. When performing researches
equations for definition of the strain-stress condition of regional parts of the coal
pillar were used. As a result of researches the sizes of zones of critical condition for
various conditions are determined and the conclusion is drawn on need of accounting
of a condition of regional parts of coal pillars for an exception of conditions for
emergence of the endogenous fires. The novelty of research consists in taking note of a
condition of regional parts of coal pillar and establishment of dependence of the
strain-stress condition of regional parts of coal pillars on the major mining-andgeological
factors.
The paper reveals the issue of improving the quality of rock mass crushing in
quarries of building materials. The analysis of methods for improving the quality of
crushing has been performed. A method to increase the time of impact of explosion
products on a mountain massif by changing charge design has been proposed. The
method was tested and the results of explosions at the quarry of Leningrad region were
presented. The experimental data show: theoretical calculations are consistent with
experimental data and have a slight deviation; the parameters of the rock mass
disruption allow using wheel loaders in the quarry. Yet, the use of new charge designs
enabled improving the quality of crushing, namely, increasing percentage of output of
an average piece of conditioned fraction, therefore, optimizing operation of the mining
entity as a whole.
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...IJERA Editor
Two Dimensional of geoelectric method can be used to find out the conductive formation in the earth surface. The purpose of this research is to give the description about the geological subsurface formation, that the high resistivity value is indicate the potential area of cave and void in the limestone rocks. The dipole dipolegeoelectric method is used in this research with the path of lines is 250 m with 10 m electrode spacing. The total lines is 7 and the azimuth is from east to west. Resistivity method is started with inject the electrical current into the earth by current electrode, then potential difference will arise and measured by potential electrode. Variation value of resistance for each layer rock can calculated by divided potential defference with current value. The existence of the cavity is known by the resistivity value is more than 2500 ohm-m, while the cracks have a resistivity of 1500 to 2500 ohm-m.
Kilimanjaro ice core records: Evidence of holocene climate in tropical AfricaSimoneBoccuccia
This document summarizes research on drilling holes using microwaves. It discusses how certain material properties enhance the thermal-runaway process during microwave drilling. These include increasing dielectric loss and decreasing thermal conductivity with rising temperature. It also notes that preheating materials can help microwave drilling. The document outlines safety considerations for microwave drilling and compares it to other drilling methods. It concludes that microwave drilling is best suited for common materials in applications requiring silent, clean operations.
Saint-Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts – Partner of Institute...Jeffrey Kleinpeter
Today, St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts - one of the largest centers for training and advanced training of specialists in the sphere of culture and art, the leader of the Russian humanitarian creative education. Our University - the largest university of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.
In developed SPbGUKI known scientific and creative schools have formed a unique team of professors, whose composition teachers on the staff (most of which - with academic degrees and titles), folk and Honored Artists of the USSR, Russia, Honored Scientist, Honored Art Worker of Higher and deserved Russian school.
Faculties, departments and centers of the University annually provides training for thousands of students. The main fields of activity are the educational library and information work, museum studies, socio-cultural activities and folk art creation. Being received at the basic educational program undergraduate, graduate and specialties. In graduate school SPbGUKI under preparation of the teaching staff, working dissertation councils.
In the educational process is being actively implemented modern information technologies are used multimedia hardware and software. Educational work is carried out in close cooperation with cultural institutions, formed a joint information resources (virtual museum, Automated Library Information System) with a number of major libraries and museums of St. Petersburg.
Põlevkivi kaevandamine ja kaevandusvee kasutamine
Grupitöö läbiviija: Veiko Karu, TTÜ Mäeinstituut
Vesi ümbritseb meid kõikjal, 70% meie koduplaneedist on kaetud ookeanitega. Öeldakse, et vesi on elu alus. Seega peame me vett väärikalt kohtlema. Eestil on geograafilise asukoha mõttes vedanud - meil on vett piisavalt ja isegi rohkem. Vett on meil põhjavees (erinevad põhjaveekompleksid), pinnavees (jõed, järved, rabad). Kuna vett on meil palju, siis mõningatel juhtudel on vesi isegi takistavaks teguriks, näiteks maavarade kaevandamisel, ehitusobjektidel ja mujalgi tuleb enamasti vett ümber suunata, et mainitud tegevusi edukalt teostada. Üheks suurimaks kohaks, kus on vaja vett ümber suunata on Eestis põlevkivi kaevandamiskohad (karjäärid ja kaevandused), seda on nad olnud samuti ajalooliselt. Tänaseks on osa põlevkivi kaevandamiskohti veega täitunud ja avanud uusi kasutusvõimalusi. Hetkel on veega täitumas hiljuti suletud Aidu karjäär ja Viru kaevandus. Kiikla külas kasutatakse kaevandusvett soojusallikana soojuspumbas, et küttekulude pealt kokku hoida. Kõige selle juures on tähtis vee kvaliteet, et me seda ei muudaks ja ei ohustaks.
Grupitöös arutleti järgmistel teemadel: põlevkivi kaevandamine Eestis; põlevkivi kaevandamisviisid; kaevandusvee tekkimine ja selle hulk; kaevandusvee väljavoolud; kuidas kaevandusvett saaks ära kasutada; mis saab kaevandusveega tulevikus; kuidas uued kaevandamiskohad tekitavad uusi alanduslehtreid; Kiikla kaevandusvee baasil töötav soojuspump. Lisaks nendele teoreetilisele ülevaatele ja diskussioonile meisterdasid grupitöös osalenud maketid kaevandusvee teemal, et näha kuidas vesi maapõues liigub ja kui kiiresti.
The document provides an overview of the oil shale industry in Estonia. It discusses how oil shale is the primary fuel for power generation, accounting for over 90% of power production. It is also used in the chemical industry for oil production. The largest oil shale miners are AS Eesti Põlevkivi, which operates two underground mines and two open-cast mines. Oil shale is consumed by power plants, oil producers like VKG Aidu Oil and Kiviõli Keemiatööstus, and cement producer Kunda Nordic Tsement. Proven oil shale reserves are expected to last 40 more years at the current consumption level. New mines may need to be opened to meet potential increased
This document summarizes research on the potential use of mine water from abandoned oil shale mines in Estonia as a source of geothermal energy. Underground mining of oil shale over the past 90 years has created large underground voids that have filled with stable temperature water. The researchers created a 3D model of the mined areas and calculated the volume of mine water. Their analysis shows the mine water could be used for large heat pump stations to provide winter heating. The first pilot heat pump using mine water began operating in 2011. Using this renewable geothermal energy source could reduce heating costs.
Karu european union_baltic_sea_region_project_min-novationMäeinstituut Ttü
The document summarizes the MIN-NOVATION project, an EU Baltic Sea Region project focused on mining and mineral waste innovation for small and medium enterprises. The project involves partners from Poland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Estonia. In Estonia, the project focuses on utilizing and analyzing oil shale waste rock and aggregate production. The goals are to create a transnational network to improve access to knowledge and technologies for SMEs in mineral waste management, and to establish regional networks in six Baltic Sea regions to analyze challenges and opportunities in waste management. The Tallinn University of Technology will lead work on piloting oil shale waste rock crushing and sieving technology in Estonia.
This document presents an economic model for optimizing the oil shale industry in Estonia. It begins with an overview of Estonia's oil shale industry, which currently provides over 90% of the country's power generation. The author then outlines the goal of developing a mathematical model to determine the optimal flows and costs of oil shale mining given geological conditions and limitations. The model considers factors such as mining expenditures, heating value of the shale, and technological options for processing. The conclusions recommend this model be used to evaluate different mining scenarios and their economic impacts.
This document summarizes a study on using copper slag as backfill material in retaining walls. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the shear strength properties and seismic performance of copper slag compared to sand. Direct shear tests showed that copper slag has higher shear strength and angle of internal friction than sand. Shake table tests on retaining wall models found that walls with copper slag backfill experienced less displacement and lower lateral earth pressures under seismic loading compared to sand backfill. The study concludes that copper slag can be effectively used as a backfill material in retaining walls due to its higher density and shear strength properties.
Approach of signature_hole_vibration_monitoring_and_modeling_for_quarry_vibra...Jordán López Ortiz
An integrated approach of signature hole vibration monitoring and modeling was used to control blast vibrations at a quarry near an urban boundary. Signature holes were monitored to determine ground properties including sonic velocity and resonant frequency. Production blast vibrations were also monitored. This data was used in a multiple seed waveform vibration model to optimize blast design parameters like charge weight per delay. The optimized blast designs effectively managed vibrations below limits while maintaining productivity. Model predictions matched well with field measurements, demonstrating the effectiveness of the integrated monitoring and modeling approach.
The effect of disturbance factor on the stability of tunnels (Case study: Tun...IJRES Journal
Disturbance factor (D) is related to excavation method and cause damage and stress relief in the rock masses. The convergence and plastic zone around tunnels depends on the disturbance factor of rocks.This study has been in the tunnel No.2 of Kurdistan in NW of Iran which is composed of shale rocks. In tunnel modeling, different disturbance factors(0 to 1) areanalyzed using phase2 software and the amount of displacement and extent of plastic zone in around the tunnelis determined. The obtain results show that by increasing of disturbance factor, the displacement and plastic zone around the tunnel has increased and the most increase has occurred in disturbance factors 0.8 to 1. Therefore, for excavation of this tunnel, the blasting method should not be used and instead of it, the mechanical methods must be used.
Determination of Local Site Effects in Taikkyi Area, Yangon Region by using M...ijtsrd
Considering the possible local site effect is one of the most important facts in seismic hazard assessment. Depending on the local site condition, the characteristics of the seismic waves propagated through different geological layers and amplified the surface ground motion. In this study, one of the geophysical method of microtremor observations were carried out at 112 sites throughout the Taikkyi area. After analyzing the recorded microtremor observed data by Cygwin Software, we determined the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio HVRs that reflects the local site effects of the study area. The main outcomes of this research is to develop the fundamental frequency map and peak amplitude or soil amplification map of Taikkyi area. According to the evaluation results, the fundamental frequency is ranging from 1 to 2.3 Hz and most parts of Taikkyi area show in the range of 1.3 to 1.6 Hz. The peak amplitude of HVRs potential soil amplification is ranging from 1.5 to 3.6 and most parts of the area are in the range of 1.5 to 2.5. Ohnmar Khine | Kyaw Kyaw "Determination of Local Site Effects in Taikkyi Area, Yangon Region by using Microtremor Observations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33203.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33203/determination-of-local-site-effects-in-taikkyi-area-yangon-region-by-using-microtremor-observations/ohnmar-khine
An Overview of Explosive Energy Utilization in MiningIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of the utilization of explosive energy in mining. It discusses how blasting uses controlled explosions to break rock for excavation, which is crucial for mining operations. Blasting converts the chemical energy of explosives into mechanical energy, fragmenting rock through the rapid release of heat and high-pressure gases. The document examines different types of explosives and how their energy is measured and transferred effectively to break rock. Maintaining high energy utilization is important for efficient mining operations and reducing environmental impacts.
This document summarizes research on surface mining technologies that can be used in zones of tectonic disturbances within the Estonian oil shale deposit. The researchers analyzed the geological conditions and determined the uniaxial compressive strength of rocks using indirect testing methods. A variety of excavation methods were considered, including digging, ripping, blasting, and hydraulic breaking. The researchers proposed feasible mining technologies for different zones based on the rock characteristics and strength parameters. Restrictions related to nearby inhabitation were also taken into account when assessing the appropriate excavation methods.
IRJET- Effects of Excavation-Geometry on Blast- Geometry with Reference t...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effects of excavation geometry on blast geometry with reference to blast hole diameter and bench height. It analyzes data collected from coal mines in India to investigate the relationship between these factors and develop a new multiple regression model. The study finds that blast hole depth and spacing are statistically significant predictors of hole diameter. While burden is included in the final model, its impact is less significant. The regression model can help mining professionals accurately design blasting operations.
This document summarizes research on predicting volcanic rock fractures in the Yingcheng Formation in the Songliao Basin in China. Three methods were used to predict fractures: coherence analysis, ant colony algorithm, and curvature attributes applied to post-stack seismic data. Coherence identified low coherence zones indicating possible fractures. Ant colony algorithm clearly showed vertically oriented fractures trending NNE, NE, and NS. Curvature attributes identified zones of large curvature values coinciding with predicted fracture belts. Well data including FMI logs confirmed the fracture types and distributions matched the predictions. The methods effectively predicted the distribution of three fracture systems that are important for hydrocarbon exploration in the region.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Hydrogeological Application of Refraction Seismicsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Main objective of the executed researches was assessment of the strain-stress
condition of regional parts of pillar for definition of a possibility of formation of coal
congestions, prone to spontaneous ignition, in goafs of extraction longwall panels.
Analytical researches were carried out for the wide range of geological and mining
conditions of mining of flat coal seams by longwall. When performing researches
equations for definition of the strain-stress condition of regional parts of the coal
pillar were used. As a result of researches the sizes of zones of critical condition for
various conditions are determined and the conclusion is drawn on need of accounting
of a condition of regional parts of coal pillars for an exception of conditions for
emergence of the endogenous fires. The novelty of research consists in taking note of a
condition of regional parts of coal pillar and establishment of dependence of the
strain-stress condition of regional parts of coal pillars on the major mining-andgeological
factors.
The paper reveals the issue of improving the quality of rock mass crushing in
quarries of building materials. The analysis of methods for improving the quality of
crushing has been performed. A method to increase the time of impact of explosion
products on a mountain massif by changing charge design has been proposed. The
method was tested and the results of explosions at the quarry of Leningrad region were
presented. The experimental data show: theoretical calculations are consistent with
experimental data and have a slight deviation; the parameters of the rock mass
disruption allow using wheel loaders in the quarry. Yet, the use of new charge designs
enabled improving the quality of crushing, namely, increasing percentage of output of
an average piece of conditioned fraction, therefore, optimizing operation of the mining
entity as a whole.
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...IJERA Editor
Two Dimensional of geoelectric method can be used to find out the conductive formation in the earth surface. The purpose of this research is to give the description about the geological subsurface formation, that the high resistivity value is indicate the potential area of cave and void in the limestone rocks. The dipole dipolegeoelectric method is used in this research with the path of lines is 250 m with 10 m electrode spacing. The total lines is 7 and the azimuth is from east to west. Resistivity method is started with inject the electrical current into the earth by current electrode, then potential difference will arise and measured by potential electrode. Variation value of resistance for each layer rock can calculated by divided potential defference with current value. The existence of the cavity is known by the resistivity value is more than 2500 ohm-m, while the cracks have a resistivity of 1500 to 2500 ohm-m.
Kilimanjaro ice core records: Evidence of holocene climate in tropical AfricaSimoneBoccuccia
This document summarizes research on drilling holes using microwaves. It discusses how certain material properties enhance the thermal-runaway process during microwave drilling. These include increasing dielectric loss and decreasing thermal conductivity with rising temperature. It also notes that preheating materials can help microwave drilling. The document outlines safety considerations for microwave drilling and compares it to other drilling methods. It concludes that microwave drilling is best suited for common materials in applications requiring silent, clean operations.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes a study of the technogenic water body that has formed in closed oil shale mines in Estonia. Key findings include:
1) A large interconnected technogenic water body has formed across multiple closed and flooded underground oil shale mines in central Estonia. The water levels and quality within this body are analyzed.
2) Water quality testing of samples from four mines show average sulfate and iron levels exceeding drinking water standards, though decreasing over time. Variation is influenced by mine location and time since closure.
3) Modeling of the water table shows the mines forming a relatively stable interconnected water body. Water quality is improving over time, with sulfate and iron levels predicted to meet drinking water
This document discusses quality control of oil shale production in Estonian mines. It contains the following key points:
1) The basic quality parameters of oil shale are heating value and grain-size composition. Heating value can vary within a deposit depending on concretions and limestone content. Grain size and heating value depend on the mining technology used.
2) New power plants and oil retorts require a relatively constant quality of raw materials. The study investigates possibilities to increase the calorific value of oil shale used for electricity generation through separation processes.
3) Computational modeling and equipment design are used to analyze separation processes. Various separation stages including screening, concentration, and dewatering are evaluated
The document discusses methods for evaluating the quality and resources of oil shale. It finds that determining the calorific value of oil shale is time-consuming, and using indicators like ash content alone is not adequate. However, the content of burning matter can sometimes accurately evaluate quality when mining technology and material structure are constant. Additionally, current methods for calculating oil shale resources based on calorific value do not account for relationships between clay and lime minerals, leading to deviations from actual resources. The authors evaluate errors in this method and provide recommendations for recalculating oil shale resources.
- Estonian oil shale reserves are currently estimated based on energy content requirements for existing power plants, but as oil production increases, reserves should be estimated based on oil production criteria.
- Using oil shale for solid-heat-carrier oil production has economic advantages over lump-oil-shale processing and should be considered in calculating the cut-off grade for reserves.
- Preliminary calculations using GIS modeling indicate the cut-off grade could be lower than the current 35 GJ/m2, increasing Estonia's mineable oil shale reserves available for oil production.
The document discusses oil shale mining-related research in Estonia. It notes that efficiency of oil shale usage depends mainly on mining technology. Current topics being investigated include backfilling mines, mechanical extraction of shale, and digital modeling of mining processes. The document outlines challenges with current room and pillar mining techniques and potential benefits of introducing continuous miners for underground mining, which could increase productivity and safety. Overall the research aims to develop environmentally friendly and sustainable mining practices for oil shale extraction in Estonia.
This document discusses technologies for decreasing losses from mining oil shale in Estonia. It analyzes selective mining methods like surface miners, longwall miners, and shortwall miners that can extract the oil shale more precisely and reduce losses compared to traditional ripping. Selective crushing methods like impact crushers and axial crusher buckets are also explored to optimize rock fractions. Additional technologies investigated include mine backfilling to reduce surface waste, fine material separation through jigging or cycloning, and optimized rock crushing and screening simulations. The analyses found that selective extraction with surface miners and longwall or shortwall miners has the potential to significantly reduce mining losses from 12% to below 5%. Overall, the tested technologies could help increase the amount of extracted
The document analyzes vegetation restoration on opencast oil shale mines in Estonia. It compares four 30-year-old forest stand types: 1) a natural stand from spontaneous succession, and plantations of 2) Scots pine, 3) silver birch, and 4) European black alder. Properties of the tree layer, understory, and ground vegetation were measured in each stand type. Spontaneous succession resulted in the most diverse but sparsest tree layer. Understory species richness was highest in the natural stand but total richness was equal across stand types. Ground vegetation biomass varied by tree species, being highest under alder and lowest under pine. Spontaneous succession promotes diverse vegetation establishment while plantations
Valgma estonian oil_shale_resources_calculated_by_gis_methodMäeinstituut Ttü
This document summarizes research calculating Estonia's oil shale resources using GIS methods. The key points are:
1) A digital map of Estonia's oil shale deposit was created, and resource amounts, tonnages, energies, and oil yields were calculated using borehole data and interpolation methods.
2) Economic reserves for power generation were defined as having an energy rating over 35 GJ/m2, with remaining reserves below 35 GJ/m2 deemed subeconomic. Total reserves were estimated at 5 billion tonnes.
3) Models of the deposit show that most mined areas had energy ratings over 35 GJ/m2. Resource lifetimes of 25-60 years were
The document discusses possibilities for selective mining of kukersite oil shale in Estonia based on tests and studies. It finds that:
1) Selective and high selective mining methods have the potential to increase oil shale yield and decrease losses compared to traditional full seam extraction.
2) Productivity analyses show that surface miners can extract oil shale and limestone layers at rates of 591-736 tonnes per hour, depending on the material.
3) Sieving and particle size analyses found that selective mining produced oil shale particles predominantly between 0-400 mm in size, suitable for further processing.
Karu quality control_of_oil_shale_production_in_estonian_minesMäeinstituut Ttü
This document discusses quality control of oil shale production in Estonian mines. It makes the following key points:
1) The basic parameters for oil shale quality are heating value and grain-size composition, which can vary significantly based on mining technology and location within a deposit.
2) New power plants and oil retorts require a relatively constant quality of raw materials, so enrichment and mixing of oil shale is needed.
3) The study investigates possibilities for increasing the calorific value of oil shale used for electricity generation by examining separation equipment and processes. Computational modeling and equipment design were used to analyze separation processes.
Karu application of_modelling_tools_in_estonian_oil_shale_mining_areaMäeinstituut Ttü
This document summarizes research on applying modelling tools to oil shale mining in Estonia. Key points:
1) Computer modelling is used to study the environmental impacts of large-scale mining tests, as such tests are complicated to perform directly in nature. Modelling allows evaluation of different mining technologies and development plans.
2) The research aims to develop criteria and demonstration methods for sustainable mining through modelling. Case studies apply various modelling software to tasks like visualizing mine plans, assessing underground impacts, and planning infrastructure like sewage systems near mines.
3) The results of the modelling research are intended to help institutions with planning and decision-making regarding mineral resource extraction and land use in a way that considers economic,
This document summarizes the usage of Estonian oil shale over the past 90 years. It has mainly been used for electricity and oil generation, with the ash being used to make cement and bricks. Usage has always depended on available mining and processing technology, as well as global petroleum prices. Two types of oil shale exist in Estonia - Dictyonema argillite and kukersite. Kukersite is the primary oil shale type and forms deposits in the Baltic basin of Estonia and parts of Russia. It contains kerogen as the useful component and pyrite as the main harmful component. The mineable bed contains layers A-F that are the thickest and richest. New technologies are
This document summarizes the usage of Estonian oil shale over the past 90 years. Estonian oil shale has mainly been used for electricity and oil generation, with the ash being used to make cement and bricks. The usage has depended on available mining and processing technology, as well as global petroleum prices. New technologies are now being applied in power generation, oil production, and mining processes. The main type of Estonian oil shale is kukersite, which contains kerogen as the useful component for energy production. The quality and characteristics of the different oil shale layers in Estonia are analyzed, including organic content, calorific value, and oil yield.
1. Mining of Estonian oil shale deposits impacts local groundwater levels, requiring pumping of 10-40 m3 of water per ton of oil shale produced.
2. Researchers are developing a computational groundwater monitoring and management system for the oil shale region using a Visual ModFlow groundwater model. Input data is organized in MS Access and GIS databases.
3. The initial groundwater model covers 7,000 km2, with 5 layers and a 100x100 m grid. It is calibrated using observation well data and will be used to assess groundwater dynamics and quality over time.
This document discusses underground mining challenges for Estonia's oil shale deposits. It notes that oil shale currently provides over 90% of Estonia's power generation. Two key challenges are identified: 1) Increasing the heating value of oil shale by removing limestone to reduce CO2 emissions and costs. Heavy media separation is currently used but high-selective mining with surface miners is being tested. 2) Developing continuous miners that can cut both soft oil shale and hard limestone layers. Previous tests of road headers and shearers showed potential but high-powered modern continuous miners from manufacturers like Dosco need testing. The document concludes key steps are separating limestone, backfilling mines, and testing shortwall mining to allow underground
Abstract. Oil shale utilisation losses reach 70% in some cases. These are closely related to legislation, backfilling and waste rock usage. Much smaller sections include production of oil, electricity and chemicals in which most of the research and development is performed today. Current urgent topics for investigating, testing and developing of oil shale mining related questions are backfilling, mechanical extracting of shale, fine separation, selective separation and optimised drilling and blasting. Reducing oil shale losses will be more actual in the future, because the depth of mining increases and the taxes for resource and pollutants are increasing as well.
Abstract - Sustainable mining conditions depend on definitions,
technological level and administrative system. The main tools to
analyse these conditions is geometrical, quality, numerical and
economic analyses. As a result, most of the processes are
evaluated and concluded for following decision making. The
main directions in Estonian mining are selective mining,
selective crushing, quality management of the mineral,
backfilling and long- and shortwall mining.
Karu improvement-of-technologies-for-mining-waste-managementMäeinstituut Ttü
This document summarizes a study on improving mining waste management technologies in the Baltic Sea region. It discusses how mining waste is generated and located. The main goals of mining waste management are to minimize waste production and maximize the use of best available technologies. The study examines different methods for reducing mining waste, such as testing various waste processing methods and choosing the most practical for each site. Specifically, the study describes designing pilot plants to process mining waste into aggregates for construction and to extract valuable metals. The document also analyzes the sources and standards for mining waste in Estonia, including waste from oil shale and limestone mining. Future research will focus on more environmentally friendly mining and utilizing old waste heaps as new raw materials.
Abstract — Mining waste reduction methods include all
mining processes beginning from resource distribution until
final yield in the plant. For comparing and testing possibilities of
mine waste reduction cooperation project has been set up aiming
to create a transnational network with regional networks. The
activities carried out on the regional and transnational level will
secure better access to knowledge, state-of-the-art technologies
and good practice to Small and Medium Enterprises active in
the mineral waste management & prevention sector. The project
addresses all the waste management challenges and
opportunities, which face the Baltic Sea Region mining industry,
which should be understood as extending to all forms of
extraction of natural non-renewable resources. The project
activities will be facilitated by the commitment to participate by
an additional 15 associated organizations representing mining
industry stakeholder associations and/or national government
bodies.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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1. Mine Blasts in the Aru-Lõuna Limestone Quarry – a
Multidiciplinary Study Using Seismology and
Mining Engineering
Merike Ring1, Margus Noška1, Heidi Soosalu1,2, Ingo Valgma1, Riho Iskül1
Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia), 2Geological Survey of Estonia
ring.merike@gmail.com
1
Abstract – The thesis topic is “Blasting parameters, seismic
data analysis and their correlation in Estonia”. The thesis
focuses on blasting related to mining of oil shale and limestone,
as they are the most important mineral resources mined in
Estonia.
This article describes a case study in the framework of the
general research topic, focusing to the Aru-Lõuna (Aru-South)
limestone quarry in the Ida-Virumaa county.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Currently in Estonia, blasting operations are regulated by
the Explosive Substance Act and by the regulation
“Requirements on blasting projects”. It is important to
consider local geological conditions that have an effect on
seismic vibration.
Around 120 blasts are carried out in Aru-Lõuna yearly, but
the amount of explosives used is modest (tens of times lower)
in comparison with the NE Estonian oil shale open cast
mines, from where seismic events are detected almost daily.
Thus, only few of the blasts in Aru-Lõuna are registered by
the Estonian-Finnish co-operative seismic network.
Observation time period was set from January 2010 to end of
July 2012, and there are 12 registered seismic events located
as the result of Aru-Lõuna quarry blasts. The tasks was to
examine the whole process, ascertain the factors which could
affect the blasting result and find the probable solution if
possible.
II.
DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ARULÕUNA LIMESTONE QUARRY
Aru-Lõuna limestone quarry is located in Andja village of
the Sõmeru rural municipality in the West-Viru County. The
total area of the mining allotment is 317.34 ha. The main
purpose of the quarry is to produce raw material for the
cement factory in the Kunda town. In this case, the most
important criteria is the composition of limestone - CaO
content to be more than 44%, MgO content less than 3.2%
and P2O5 content less than 0.5% [5]. Such limestone, which is
not suitable for using as a raw material for cement, is used for
producing construction aggregate.
Technology of Conducting Blasting Operations
Generally, limestone blasting in Aru-Lõuna quarry can be
divided into breaking raw material for the cement factory and
breaking construction aggregate. In the case of limestone for
cement production, blasting is carried out on a 12 - 14 meters
high bench and as limestone pieces with maximum size of 0.8
m are considered as oversized, blasting is performed with two
rows of holes in order to have a gentler slope. Based on long-
term experience, it has been discovered that the most suitable
distance between boreholes is 4 m and between rows 3 m.
Deceleration of 42 ms between the holes and 65 ms between
the rows is used as a delay. Two primary charges are used,
one at the bottom and the other on the hole loaded with an
explosive, and drill cuttings are used as a material of a 1.8 m
long stem.
Blasting with two rows is also used due to chemistry of
varying raw material and weather in winter because of the
desire to not to blast too much at a time. In case of a bigger
deviation in chemical composition, it takes too long to utilize
it together with the rock blasted from other places.
A standard plan of the holes and their spacing of the high
bench is presented in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Typical connection scheme of the high bench.
Vertical holes are drilled with a drilling jumbo in case of
blasting both benches. A drill bit with the diameter of 102
mm and a drill rod with the length of 3.66 m are used. In case
of dry holes EXAN (also ANFO) produced by Lõhketööd OÜ
and Orica Eesti OÜ explosives factory is used as an
explosive. ANFO is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and
diesel. Due to insufficient moisture resistance of ANFO,
holes that are filled with water are loaded with Senatel
Powerfrag packed emulsion explosive. The explosive is
initiated with non-electric percussive and connecting caps of
NONEL type produced by the company Exel. A blasting
circuit gets an impulse from an electric blasting cap, which is
exploded from a safe distance with a capacitor igniter
connected with a 300 m long main cable.
The total charge of the block to be blasted is usually 2,000
± 300 kg. Quantities of the explosive are small, and therefore
the whole process is carried out by manpower. The following
auxiliary means are used: a knife - for opening packages, a
measuring rod - for measuring length of the charge and a
spade - for stemming the loaded holes.
Upon explosion, only part of the released energy goes for
breaking the rock, the rest goes for losses like heat, shock
wave, spattering pieces of rock and creating seismic waves.
272
2. III.
SEISMIC EVENTS
Registrations of monitoring seismic stations recorded in
January 2010 – end-July 2012 were used as a source dataset
in this work. The data are from the Estonian Environmental
Monitoring Programme (seire.keskkonnainfo.ee/seireveeb/)
and Heidi Soosalu, the seismologist of the Geological Survey
of Estonia (pers. comm., 2012). The date, location and
magnitude of the seismic events are shwon in Table I.
TABLE I
REGISTERED EVENTS COORDINATES.
Fig. 3. Registered seismic events.
In order to find out the accuracy of localization and the
result of localization of the events with respect to the quarry,
Fig. 3 was drawn up on the basis of coordinates in Table I.
Unfortunately, current records of the locations of the sites
to be blasted are written down only with the accuracy of a
sector. An illustrative picture of the sectors of the quarry is
provided in Fig. 4.
The aim was to find a potential regularity between
registering the seismic waves due to blasting and explosions
of an explosive. During the period under study, the
monitoring network registered 12 seismic events in AruLõuna area, with magnitudes of 0.7 – 1.1. The total number of
explosions was around 450 during the above-mentioned
period.
Fig. 4. The sectors A to E of the quarry.
IV.
Fig. 2. Seismic stations in Finland, Estonia and Latvia (red triangles) that are
routinely used for detection of Estonian seismic events.
VIBRATION VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
The terms vibration velocity and vibration acceleration of
particles are used in the chapter of Local Measurements.
These terms characterize the impact of seismic waves on the
surrounding environment. Waves create elastic deformations
in the environment as a result of which the environment
vibrates. Vibration velocity demonstrates the horizontal and
vertical movement, which occurs during a unit of time,
acceleration demonstrates the speed of the change of this
movement. Generally, mm/s or c/s are used as a unit of
measure in case of velocity and m/s2 in case of acceleration.
In order to find velocity and acceleration, amplitude and
frequency of vibration have to be measured, i.e. maximum
deviation from equilibrium state (normal state) and the
number of full vibrations per unit of time. To put this in a
more simple way, by considering the vibrations as
harmonious and taking only the maximum values into
account, the equations of vibration velocity and acceleration
can be found by using formulae (1) and (2):
273
3. where:
,
v – vibration velocity [mm/s];
f – vibration frequency [Hz];
A – vibration amplitude [mm]
(1)
,
a – vibration acceleration [mm/s2] [3].
(2)
and
where:
The speed of spreading of seismic waves remains within
kilometres per second, which makes it complicated to
measure it without special measuring equipment.
V.
FACTORS AFFECTING VIBRATION INTENSITY
Parameters affecting vibration velocity of particles caused
by seismic waves can be divided into two categories:
uncontrollable and controllable. Uncontrollable factors are
geological and geomechanical structure of the block to be
blasted and its surrounding [3]. Vibration spreads equally in
all directions in homogeneous environment, but
unfortunately, almost the whole calcareous upper layer of
Estonia is mostly full of south-east and north-west directional
disturbances. [1]. In addition to the disturbances, shaking of
the ground reaching the objects under protection located
nearby is also affected by the thickness of the soil layer
covering mineral resources having the effect of decreasing the
speed and frequency of a seismic wave due to larger elasticity
modulus than the rock mass.
Controllable parameters determining the seismic effect are
the quantity of explosive to be blasted at a time, distance of
the area to be blasted from the object under protection,
specific charge of an explosive, type of an explosive and
geometric parameters of the blasting operations, such as hole
diameter, height of the bench, distance of the first row holes
from the smallest resistance line, length of the stem [3].
VI.
APPLICABLE EXPLOSIVES
As to the dimensions affecting the performance of an
explosive, the blasting result as well as impact on the
surrounding environment, depend mostly on two parameters:
detonation speed and amount of the explosive gases that
emerge. Explosives with higher detonation speed cause a
larger seismic effect. Studies have demonstrated that
emulsion explosive causes two times more intensive vibration
than ANFO [3]. ANFO’s detonation speed is 2,500 – 3,500
m/s, emulsion explosive Senate Powerfrag 3,500 – 5,300 m/s
[4].
Specific Charge of an Explosive and Geometric Parameters
of the Block to be Blasted
Specific charge of an explosive is the quantity of an
explosive needed for crushing a volume unit of a rock. The
specific charge of an explosive is in the Aru-Lõuna quarry
generally 0.45 – 0.6 kg/m3.
Together with the wish to reduce vibration velocity of the
particles, a desire to reduce the specific charge of an
explosive may emerge. In practice, such logic does not
correspond to reality - by decreasing only the quantity of an
explosive and not changing the geometric dimensions of the
holes, a situation is created where the pressure and radial
tensile stress, reflecting from the free surface, created upon
detonation of the explosive cannot make enough fissures in
the rock any more, capacity of explosive gases to enlarge the
fissures and push mass is inhibited and the energy unused for
effective work is added as an amplifying force to the creation
of seismic waves [2].
The rock mass has tectonic fissures, which may have been
stretched quite large due to the previous blasting, which
occurred nearby, and thus the work as a drilling jumbo
operator requires good eyes and intuition. When drilling holes
in such situation in regular distance from the smallest
resistance line, there is a risk of hitting hollow spaces and
heavily weakened rock mass, which additionally to
complexity of loading causes very likely the so-called
“spattering blasting”, i.e. pieces of rock coming horizontally
out from the vertical free surface (bench wall) of the block to
be blasted. Although the hazard zone is marked and guard is
exhibited before each blasting, it is a very dangerous
situation.
In order to avoid this, the operator drills the holes
somewhat further than usual from the edge of the bench, at
the same time looking for pillars not weakened by fissures.
By doing so, the result is holes of quality and usual charge
mass. In addition to the decreased specific charge, the
destruction power of the first row decreases significantly too.
The Aru-Lõuna quarry is very sensitive to the abovedescribed situation. The bottom layer of the quarry is in
addition to softness also slippery. Due to good sliding
qualities, there are occasions when as a result of blasting, a
part of the mass between the first row and vertical free
surface move vertically by preserving its initial height and
creating tremendous monuments.
VII.
RESULTS
The aim of this study was to find out what is the relation
between registering the blasting parameters and seismic
events, if there is any relation at all. One single and
conclusive answer was not reached, and additional studies are
needed to be conducted for clarifying the situation.
Differences of the magnitudes of the seismic events under
observation are small. Based on the logic that the larger the
seismic event the more stations register it, the localization of
man-made events of magnitudes 0.7 – 1.1 at the bordering
areas of the monitoring network can be considered to be very
good. Ten events have been localized with the smaller error
than 10 km, eight of them with a standard error smaller than 5
km. The actual epicentres were mostly located in the D sector
of the quarry (Fig. 4.) but contrary to the expectations, the
qualities, quantities, duration of the delay and specific charge
of the explosive used did not differ between blasts that were
seismically detected and blasts that were not.
VIII.
SUMMARY
Today, co-operation between the companies conducting
blasting operations and seismologists is not directly regulated
and it is only based on the principle of voluntariness.
Although the work of seismic stations is not affected by the
exchange of information, it facilitates the work of the people
processing seismograms by increasing certainty upon
localization and enabling to distinguish between seismic
events caused by regular mining or military activity and
natural earthquakes or events caused by other human activity.
274
4. For example, by doing this, it is possible to detect illegal
application of explosives.
Sending the times when blasting operations are carried out
causes only a minimal amount of additional work for
seismologists. Operative feedback makes it possible for the
blaster to reduce the need for periodical local measuring as it
helps to assess the scope of the impact of the ground vibration
caused by seismic waves on the nearby objects and the scope
of the risk caused to them. At the same time, it is possible to
compare and even improve the quality of blasting as larger
seismic effect of the blasting with approximate charge
parameters, without taking geological anomalies into account,
is caused by the efficiency of the explosion energy – in other
words, the ratio of effective work to potential energy is
(usually less than 10%). Potential energy of an explosive is
maximum work that explosive gases can perform upon the
transfer of the whole internal energy to mechanical work. [6].
Potential reasons for registering and not registering the
seismic events from the position of the blaster were dealt with
in this study. Unfortunately, the lower limit of seismic
registration is set high because of the large noise background
due to the relatively unfavourable geological conditions of
Estonian stations (loose sediments and porous bedrock).
Blasting operations in the Aru-Lõuna quarry have been dated
quite accurately, and therefore it should be possible to find on
seismograms manually seismic wave oscillation caused by
blasting for several such events that were not detected by the
automatic registration system with the given detection tool
parameters. It cannot be excluded that single registrations are
the result of concurrence of greater blasting and favourable
(causing less seismic noise) weather conditions. If it should
appear that today monitoring stations do not detect
automatically the majority blasting operations just because of
being scantily under the threshold, it may be reasonable to
take actions in order to adjust the lower limit.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is linked to the research projects „ETF9018 –
Mine collapses in NE Estonia – detection, identification and
causes“ and „AR12007 - Sustainable and environmentally
acceptable Oil shale mining“. Publication of this paper has
been supported by European Social Fund (project “Doctoral
School of Energy and Geotechnology II”).Many thanks to
companies that provide data for this study: Lõhketööd OÜ
and Kunda Nordic Tsement AS.
275
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