This document summarizes research on using the Terminalia belerica plant for various biotechnological applications. Key points:
- The plant's seeds can be used to produce a new edible oil, comprising 37% of the dry kernel weight. Analysis found the oil contains fatty acids similar to olive oil.
- Byproducts of oil extraction include an oilcake containing high levels of nitrogen (8.34%) and proteins (60% digestible) suitable for use as biofertilizer.
- Other byproducts include tannins extracted from the fruit pulp, suitable for use in leather/medicine, and antioxidants like gallic acid in the seed coat with potential to preserve vegetable oils.
Total Antioxidant Capacity of Labdane and Pimarane Diterpenoids of Juniperus ...Editor IJCATR
Although Juniperus phoenicea L is a widely distributed wild tree in the south of Saudi Arabia, but its phytochemical and physiological evaluation is still poor. The chromatographic separation of the CH2Cl2/MeOH, 1:1 extract of J, phoenicea L. fruits gave β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, four labdane and two pimarane diterpenoids, including new labdane diterpenoid. Additionally, the volatile compounds of the main petroleum ether extract, as well as the steam-volatile constituents were identified by GC/MS. The separated compounds were identified by spectral tools. The new diterpenoid was identified as 5,9,10-triepicupressic acid.
A previous false identification of sandracopimaric acid, from the fruits of Juniperus phoenicea L. grown in Egypt, was detected and declared to be revised.
Total antioxidant capacity of extracts was estimated using total antioxidant capacity kit of Biodiagnostic, based on Koracevic et al., for biological fluids, with slight modification to suit extracts. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference antioxidant compound. Reasonable results were obtained by applying the modified method on petroleum ether extract, methylene chloride extract and ethyl acetate extract of Juniperus phoenicea L.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Development and method validation for determination of Deltamethrin residue i...IOSR Journals
Olive oil is the most important commodities produced in the Mediterranean region. Due to its significant economical importance, the usage of pesticides in its production is systematic, by using a wide range of plant protection products with a variety of modes of action. As a consequence, monitoring of their residue levels in these products is a necessity. In the present study a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method, with a short sample preparation step, based on acetonitrile extraction is developed and validated in olive oil, with a large scope that includes Deltamethrin as pesticide. Good sensitivity and selectivity of the method were obtained with limits of quantification at 0.2 mg kg-1. Deltamethrin has recovery rate which is of about 80℅. We confirm also the efficiency of alumina, used as adsorbent in the clean up step, to remove triglycerides and to get a pure extract. The agronomic implementation of this protocol allows us to determine the influence of some parameters on the dose and the period of treatment affecting the detected quantities of Deltamethrin residues in the produced olive oil. Indeed, we prove that the treatment dose should be specific for each case considering the olive variety, the geography of the orchard, and the predicted harvest time to determine the convenient dose of treatment. In addition, the results show that the preventive treatment at the blooming phase, does not lead to the concentration of Deltamethrin residues in the oil as it happens at the lipogenesis phase.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Total Antioxidant Capacity of Labdane and Pimarane Diterpenoids of Juniperus ...Editor IJCATR
Although Juniperus phoenicea L is a widely distributed wild tree in the south of Saudi Arabia, but its phytochemical and physiological evaluation is still poor. The chromatographic separation of the CH2Cl2/MeOH, 1:1 extract of J, phoenicea L. fruits gave β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, four labdane and two pimarane diterpenoids, including new labdane diterpenoid. Additionally, the volatile compounds of the main petroleum ether extract, as well as the steam-volatile constituents were identified by GC/MS. The separated compounds were identified by spectral tools. The new diterpenoid was identified as 5,9,10-triepicupressic acid.
A previous false identification of sandracopimaric acid, from the fruits of Juniperus phoenicea L. grown in Egypt, was detected and declared to be revised.
Total antioxidant capacity of extracts was estimated using total antioxidant capacity kit of Biodiagnostic, based on Koracevic et al., for biological fluids, with slight modification to suit extracts. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference antioxidant compound. Reasonable results were obtained by applying the modified method on petroleum ether extract, methylene chloride extract and ethyl acetate extract of Juniperus phoenicea L.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Development and method validation for determination of Deltamethrin residue i...IOSR Journals
Olive oil is the most important commodities produced in the Mediterranean region. Due to its significant economical importance, the usage of pesticides in its production is systematic, by using a wide range of plant protection products with a variety of modes of action. As a consequence, monitoring of their residue levels in these products is a necessity. In the present study a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method, with a short sample preparation step, based on acetonitrile extraction is developed and validated in olive oil, with a large scope that includes Deltamethrin as pesticide. Good sensitivity and selectivity of the method were obtained with limits of quantification at 0.2 mg kg-1. Deltamethrin has recovery rate which is of about 80℅. We confirm also the efficiency of alumina, used as adsorbent in the clean up step, to remove triglycerides and to get a pure extract. The agronomic implementation of this protocol allows us to determine the influence of some parameters on the dose and the period of treatment affecting the detected quantities of Deltamethrin residues in the produced olive oil. Indeed, we prove that the treatment dose should be specific for each case considering the olive variety, the geography of the orchard, and the predicted harvest time to determine the convenient dose of treatment. In addition, the results show that the preventive treatment at the blooming phase, does not lead to the concentration of Deltamethrin residues in the oil as it happens at the lipogenesis phase.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Phytase from Bacillus cereus MTCC 10072 was purified about 10.75 fold to apparent homogeneity with a recovery of 34% referred to the phytase activity in the crude extract. The monomeric enzyme displayed molecular weight of 45 KDa and showed maximum activity at temperature 60 ºC and pH 6.5. Iso electric point of the purified enzyme was found to be 5.6. Substrate specificity studies showed it is highly specific to its substrate and maximum relative activity of 128% was obtained with calcium phytate. Activity was unaffected or moderately stimulated by a range of metal ions with only Ca2+ exerting (118%) stimulatory effect. The enzyme is significantly thermo stable at 60 ºC and retains a significantly greater proportion of maximal activity at physiological temperatures. This may render it of industrial interest. Further to check the applicability of the enzyme effect of different doses of crude enzyme (10, 25, 50 and 100 units) in dephosphorylation of animal feed was evaluated. Up to 66 h of incubation, the animal feed was monitored for the released inorganic phosphate content present in the feed. An enzyme dose of 100U and 50U of crude phytase enzyme per flask were found suitable to liberate enough amount of inorganic phosphorus in case of poultry and pig feed respectively.
Optimization of key process variables for enhanced refamycin b production in ...ijabjournal
In the present study of solid media conditions for the refamycin B yield by solid state fermentation was studied and optimized using both classical method and statistical design of experiments). Statistical analysis of the results of Plackett–Burman showed that the lower level of initial moisture , initial pH, barbital, glucose and to solid media, or increase in the concentration of xylose in the range tested, results in significant effect in refamycin B yield of AmycolatopsisrifamycinicaMTCC 14 by solid state
fermentation. The effect of change in the levels of initial moisture, initial pH, barbital, glucose and xylose
on the rfefamycin B yield was studied using central composite design methodology. Statistical analysis of
the data showed that all the independent process had significant effect on refamycin B yield. The interaction between initial moisture and initial pH, between initial moisture and barbital, between initial moisture and glucose, between initial moisture and xylose, between initial pH and xylose, between barbital and glucose, between barbital and xylose, and between glucose and xylose were significant when the response was refamycin B.
Industrial fermentation-Does Fermentation Really Increase the Phenolic Conten...ShreyaMandal4
Decortication leads to a reduction in minerals, fibers, and antioxidants as phenolic compounds located in the peripheral parts of the grains. Fermentation can be applied to treat the whole nondecorticated flour to prevent functional loss. Bringing out the nutritional benefits of millets upon fermentation will serve us to include millets at a proportion in our meals along with traditional cereals.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study on the Extraction Technology of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract by Enzymolys...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In this paper, we select Ginkgo biloba leaves in Taizhou as raw materials and use cellulase and pectinase to hydrolyze Ginkgo biloba leaves, and then the Ginkgo biloba leaves extract was prepared by microbial fermentation. Firstly, cellulase and pectinase were selected for single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment to determine the effect of enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, temperature and pH value on the extraction rate of Ginkgo biloba leaves; then, microbial fermentation was used to study the effect of optimal temperature, time and pH value on the extraction rate of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The results showed that: the optimal enzyme content was 0.2%, the time of enzymolysis is 2 h, the temperature of enzymolysis was 4 o C, the pH of enzymolysis was 4.5; the optimal microorganism content of fermentation was 4%, the temperature of fermentation was 30 o C, the time of fermentation was 8 D, the pH of fermentation was 5,and extraction rate was 18.56%.
Spore Forming Bacterium from Oil Contaminated Soil as a Source of a Lipase En...IOSRJPBS
Twenty two bacterial isolates were obtained from oil contaminated soil, collected from some oil stations in Jeddah. All the obtained bacterial isolates were screened on Tween-Yeast extract medium for lipase production. Three bacterial isolates HM10, HM15 and HM20 showed the highest growth and lipase production agar medium, thus they were grown in liquid olive oil medium at 120 rpm. Maximum lipase production was obtained by the isolate HM10. The isolate HM10 was characterized and identified through physiological, biochemical tests and culture characteristics in addition to 16S rDNA as Bacillus coagulans. The effects of different factors on the enzyme production were studied. It was found that bacterial growth in medium 4 at initial pH 7.0, containing olive oil and incubation at 37ºC for 2 days at 120 rpm were the most favorable conditions for maximum lipase production by the tested isolate. The bacterial isolate was grown using the best culture conditions and lipase was precipitated using 80% of ammonium sulphate, purified using colum chromatography and characterized. The molecular weight was 62 kDa and the maximum enzyme activity was at 50ºC and pH 7.0. Presence of K + and Ca++ ions enhance enzyme activity.
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Nigella Sativa L. Oil Seed C...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Bioassay Guided Fractionation and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Lupeol fro...inventionjournals
The present study was designed to isolate active compound(s) through activity guided isolation using α-amylase inhibitory activity of crude extract and fractions of Faidherbia albida . The crude and fractions were subjected to inhibitory effect on α-amylase. The ethylacetate fraction showed 91.63% inhibition of the enzyme, column chromatography of the ethylacetate fraction afforded the Compound EFAE 5 which inhibited the enzyme by 82.88% and showed significant α-amylase inhibition. Spectral analysis of the isolated compound confirmed it to be Lupeol by comparison of the spectral data with literature.
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cichorium intybus L. Seedsiosrjce
In this study, we aim to demonstrate, separately, the hepatoprotective activity of the total ethanolic
extract as well as the defatted ethanolic extract of Cichorium intybus L., using adult Wister albino rats
(120-170 g) as the experimental animals. The total as well as the defatted alcoholic extracts of Cichorium
intybus L., seeds possess significant hepatoprotective activity; which may be attributed to the individual or
combined effects of the phytoconstituents of each extract separately. In this study, hepatic injury caused by
carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), albumin and platelets in
blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the histopathological
examination of the liver. The effects of the extracts were comparable with standard drug Silymarin. On the other
hand a GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The
separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester and then subjected to the analysis.
Formulae and Manufacturing Process of Emulsifiers with Uses and ApplicationsAjjay Kumar Gupta
Emulsifier is an organic compound that encompasses in the same molecule two dissimilar structural groups e.g. water soluble and a water insoluble moiety. It is the ingredient which binds the water and oil in a cream or lotion together permanently. The composition, solubility properties, location and relative sizes of these dissimilar groups in relation to the overall molecular configuration determine the surface activity of a compound. Emulsifiers are classified on the basis of their hydrophilic or solubilizing groups in to four categories anionic, non ionic, cationics and amphoterics. Emulsifier is utilized in various industries; agriculture, building and construction, elastomers & plastics, food & beverages, industrial cleaning, leather, metals, paper, textiles paints & protective coatings etc. An emulsion is an ideal formulation for the administration. The emulsion form allows uniform application of a small amount of active ingredient on the surface of the skin. Some of the important emulsions in different field are pharmaceutical emulsions, rosin & rubber emulsion, textile emulsions, pesticide emulsions, food emulsions, emulsion in paint industry, emulsion in polish industry, leather & paper treatment emulsions etc.
See more
http://goo.gl/ad8HoM
http://goo.gl/1352F0
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
applications of emulsifier, Book on emulsifier, emulsifier Based Small Scale Industries, emulsifier examples, emulsifier in food, Emulsifier Processing Industry in India, emulsifiers list, Emulsifiers with Uses, Formulae and Processes, Emulsion - Uses of Emulsions, Emulsion Surface Area, Emulsions in Polish Industry, Food Emulsifier Applications, Food Emulsifiers and Their Applications, formulation and stability of emulsions with polymeric emulsifiers, Formulation of emulsifiers, Formulation of Emulsion Paints manufacturing process, Formulation of Textile emulsions manufacturing process, function of emulsifier in cosmetics, function of emulsifier in food, how to manufacture emulsifiers, How to start an emulsifier Production Business, How to Start Emulsifier Processing Industry in India, Industrial Applications of Emulsion Technology, Industrial Uses of Emulsifier, Leather and Paper Treatment Emulsions manufacturing process, Manufacturing process of emulsifier, Most Profitable emulsifier Processing Business Ideas, Nature and use of emulsifiers in foods, new small scale ideas in emulsifier processing industry, pharmaceutical application of emulsion, Procedure for Emulsification of Oil in Water Using Surfactants, Process of Polish Emulsions, Process technology book on emulsifier, role of emulsifier in emulsion, role of surfactant in emulsion, Starting an emulsifier Processing Business, types of food emulsifiers, Uses of emulsifiers, What is an Emulsifier?
Phytase from Bacillus cereus MTCC 10072 was purified about 10.75 fold to apparent homogeneity with a recovery of 34% referred to the phytase activity in the crude extract. The monomeric enzyme displayed molecular weight of 45 KDa and showed maximum activity at temperature 60 ºC and pH 6.5. Iso electric point of the purified enzyme was found to be 5.6. Substrate specificity studies showed it is highly specific to its substrate and maximum relative activity of 128% was obtained with calcium phytate. Activity was unaffected or moderately stimulated by a range of metal ions with only Ca2+ exerting (118%) stimulatory effect. The enzyme is significantly thermo stable at 60 ºC and retains a significantly greater proportion of maximal activity at physiological temperatures. This may render it of industrial interest. Further to check the applicability of the enzyme effect of different doses of crude enzyme (10, 25, 50 and 100 units) in dephosphorylation of animal feed was evaluated. Up to 66 h of incubation, the animal feed was monitored for the released inorganic phosphate content present in the feed. An enzyme dose of 100U and 50U of crude phytase enzyme per flask were found suitable to liberate enough amount of inorganic phosphorus in case of poultry and pig feed respectively.
Optimization of key process variables for enhanced refamycin b production in ...ijabjournal
In the present study of solid media conditions for the refamycin B yield by solid state fermentation was studied and optimized using both classical method and statistical design of experiments). Statistical analysis of the results of Plackett–Burman showed that the lower level of initial moisture , initial pH, barbital, glucose and to solid media, or increase in the concentration of xylose in the range tested, results in significant effect in refamycin B yield of AmycolatopsisrifamycinicaMTCC 14 by solid state
fermentation. The effect of change in the levels of initial moisture, initial pH, barbital, glucose and xylose
on the rfefamycin B yield was studied using central composite design methodology. Statistical analysis of
the data showed that all the independent process had significant effect on refamycin B yield. The interaction between initial moisture and initial pH, between initial moisture and barbital, between initial moisture and glucose, between initial moisture and xylose, between initial pH and xylose, between barbital and glucose, between barbital and xylose, and between glucose and xylose were significant when the response was refamycin B.
Industrial fermentation-Does Fermentation Really Increase the Phenolic Conten...ShreyaMandal4
Decortication leads to a reduction in minerals, fibers, and antioxidants as phenolic compounds located in the peripheral parts of the grains. Fermentation can be applied to treat the whole nondecorticated flour to prevent functional loss. Bringing out the nutritional benefits of millets upon fermentation will serve us to include millets at a proportion in our meals along with traditional cereals.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Study on the Extraction Technology of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract by Enzymolys...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In this paper, we select Ginkgo biloba leaves in Taizhou as raw materials and use cellulase and pectinase to hydrolyze Ginkgo biloba leaves, and then the Ginkgo biloba leaves extract was prepared by microbial fermentation. Firstly, cellulase and pectinase were selected for single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment to determine the effect of enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, temperature and pH value on the extraction rate of Ginkgo biloba leaves; then, microbial fermentation was used to study the effect of optimal temperature, time and pH value on the extraction rate of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The results showed that: the optimal enzyme content was 0.2%, the time of enzymolysis is 2 h, the temperature of enzymolysis was 4 o C, the pH of enzymolysis was 4.5; the optimal microorganism content of fermentation was 4%, the temperature of fermentation was 30 o C, the time of fermentation was 8 D, the pH of fermentation was 5,and extraction rate was 18.56%.
Spore Forming Bacterium from Oil Contaminated Soil as a Source of a Lipase En...IOSRJPBS
Twenty two bacterial isolates were obtained from oil contaminated soil, collected from some oil stations in Jeddah. All the obtained bacterial isolates were screened on Tween-Yeast extract medium for lipase production. Three bacterial isolates HM10, HM15 and HM20 showed the highest growth and lipase production agar medium, thus they were grown in liquid olive oil medium at 120 rpm. Maximum lipase production was obtained by the isolate HM10. The isolate HM10 was characterized and identified through physiological, biochemical tests and culture characteristics in addition to 16S rDNA as Bacillus coagulans. The effects of different factors on the enzyme production were studied. It was found that bacterial growth in medium 4 at initial pH 7.0, containing olive oil and incubation at 37ºC for 2 days at 120 rpm were the most favorable conditions for maximum lipase production by the tested isolate. The bacterial isolate was grown using the best culture conditions and lipase was precipitated using 80% of ammonium sulphate, purified using colum chromatography and characterized. The molecular weight was 62 kDa and the maximum enzyme activity was at 50ºC and pH 7.0. Presence of K + and Ca++ ions enhance enzyme activity.
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Nigella Sativa L. Oil Seed C...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Bioassay Guided Fractionation and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Lupeol fro...inventionjournals
The present study was designed to isolate active compound(s) through activity guided isolation using α-amylase inhibitory activity of crude extract and fractions of Faidherbia albida . The crude and fractions were subjected to inhibitory effect on α-amylase. The ethylacetate fraction showed 91.63% inhibition of the enzyme, column chromatography of the ethylacetate fraction afforded the Compound EFAE 5 which inhibited the enzyme by 82.88% and showed significant α-amylase inhibition. Spectral analysis of the isolated compound confirmed it to be Lupeol by comparison of the spectral data with literature.
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cichorium intybus L. Seedsiosrjce
In this study, we aim to demonstrate, separately, the hepatoprotective activity of the total ethanolic
extract as well as the defatted ethanolic extract of Cichorium intybus L., using adult Wister albino rats
(120-170 g) as the experimental animals. The total as well as the defatted alcoholic extracts of Cichorium
intybus L., seeds possess significant hepatoprotective activity; which may be attributed to the individual or
combined effects of the phytoconstituents of each extract separately. In this study, hepatic injury caused by
carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), albumin and platelets in
blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the histopathological
examination of the liver. The effects of the extracts were comparable with standard drug Silymarin. On the other
hand a GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The
separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester and then subjected to the analysis.
Formulae and Manufacturing Process of Emulsifiers with Uses and ApplicationsAjjay Kumar Gupta
Emulsifier is an organic compound that encompasses in the same molecule two dissimilar structural groups e.g. water soluble and a water insoluble moiety. It is the ingredient which binds the water and oil in a cream or lotion together permanently. The composition, solubility properties, location and relative sizes of these dissimilar groups in relation to the overall molecular configuration determine the surface activity of a compound. Emulsifiers are classified on the basis of their hydrophilic or solubilizing groups in to four categories anionic, non ionic, cationics and amphoterics. Emulsifier is utilized in various industries; agriculture, building and construction, elastomers & plastics, food & beverages, industrial cleaning, leather, metals, paper, textiles paints & protective coatings etc. An emulsion is an ideal formulation for the administration. The emulsion form allows uniform application of a small amount of active ingredient on the surface of the skin. Some of the important emulsions in different field are pharmaceutical emulsions, rosin & rubber emulsion, textile emulsions, pesticide emulsions, food emulsions, emulsion in paint industry, emulsion in polish industry, leather & paper treatment emulsions etc.
See more
http://goo.gl/ad8HoM
http://goo.gl/1352F0
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
applications of emulsifier, Book on emulsifier, emulsifier Based Small Scale Industries, emulsifier examples, emulsifier in food, Emulsifier Processing Industry in India, emulsifiers list, Emulsifiers with Uses, Formulae and Processes, Emulsion - Uses of Emulsions, Emulsion Surface Area, Emulsions in Polish Industry, Food Emulsifier Applications, Food Emulsifiers and Their Applications, formulation and stability of emulsions with polymeric emulsifiers, Formulation of emulsifiers, Formulation of Emulsion Paints manufacturing process, Formulation of Textile emulsions manufacturing process, function of emulsifier in cosmetics, function of emulsifier in food, how to manufacture emulsifiers, How to start an emulsifier Production Business, How to Start Emulsifier Processing Industry in India, Industrial Applications of Emulsion Technology, Industrial Uses of Emulsifier, Leather and Paper Treatment Emulsions manufacturing process, Manufacturing process of emulsifier, Most Profitable emulsifier Processing Business Ideas, Nature and use of emulsifiers in foods, new small scale ideas in emulsifier processing industry, pharmaceutical application of emulsion, Procedure for Emulsification of Oil in Water Using Surfactants, Process of Polish Emulsions, Process technology book on emulsifier, role of emulsifier in emulsion, role of surfactant in emulsion, Starting an emulsifier Processing Business, types of food emulsifiers, Uses of emulsifiers, What is an Emulsifier?
Total Antioxidant Capacity of Labdane and Pimarane Diterpenoids of Juniperus ...Editor IJCATR
Although Juniperus phoenicea L is a widely distributed wild tree in the south of Saudi Arabia, but its
phytochemical and physiological evaluation is still poor. The chromatographic separation of the CH2Cl2/MeOH,
1:1 extract of J, phoenicea L. fruits gave β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, four labdane and two pimarane diterpenoids,
including new labdane diterpenoid. Additionally, the volatile compounds of the main petroleum ether extract, as
well as the steam-volatile constituents were identified by GC/MS. The separated compounds were identified by
spectral tools. The new diterpenoid was identified as 5,9,10 -triepicupressic acid.
A previous false identification of sandracopimaric acid, from the fruits of Juniperus phoenicea L. grown in Egypt,
was detected and declared to be revised.
Total antioxidant capacity of extracts was estimated using total antioxidant capacity kit of Biodiagnostic, based on
Koracevic et al., for biological fluids, with slight modification to suit extracts. Ascorbic acid was used as a
reference antioxidant compound. Reasonable results were obtained by applying the modified method on petroleum
ether extract, methylene chloride extract and ethyl acetate extract of Juniperus phoenicea L.
Synthesis of bioethanol from tamarind seeds using marine strain of Saccharomy...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. In the present work acid pretreated tamarind kernel powder is used as a ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production using marine yeast. Greater osmosis tolerance, greater special chemical productivity and production of industrial enzymes are the unique characteristics of marine yeast over terrestrial strains. Hence, marine yeasts have great
potential to be applied in various industries. Therefore, the marine strain of saccharomyces cerevisiaewas isolated from marine water and was used for bioethanol production and the bioethanol yield was optimized using the full factorial design methodology. The amount of Bioethanol yield on day 2 was found to be 2.3g/l and the interaction effects were also studied using Minitab 17 software.
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties of pomegranate (punica g...Pritam Kolge
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties
of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed and defatted
seed extracts
This is Journal Club activity Presentation with the reference of various research papers.
This Presentation Contain following...
#Info about Paper
#Abstract
#Materials
#Methods
#Results
#Discussion
#Conclusion
#References
*Important Methods used
#Moisture content
#Fat content
#Acid value
#Peroxide value
#Oxidative stability index
#Total phenols content
#Preparation of Pomegranate seed extracts and calculate extract yield
#Evaluation of antioxidant properties of Pomegranate seed extracts using
-DPPH radicals scavenging activity
-FRAP assay
#Antioxidant efficiency of seed extract (Oxidative stability extract)
#Statistical analysis
Journal Club Presentation at Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.
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Chemical Composition of the Biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae - (Meyen ex E...IJEAB
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Facial Acne Therapy by Using Pumpkin Seed Oil with Its Physicochemical Proper...Taghreed Al-Noor
The herbal remedy individually or in combination with standard medicines has been used in diverse medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Pumpkin seed oil is one of the recognized edible oil and has substantial medicinal properties due to the presence of unique natural edible substances. Inflammation is an adaptive response that is triggered by noxious stimuli and conditions, which involves interactions amongst many cell types and mediators, and underlies many pathological processes. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) can influence inflammation through a variety of mechanisms, and have been indicated as alternative anti-inflammatory agents to treat several inflammatory skin disorders. Pumpkin seed oil is rich in (UFAs), that its topical anti-inflammatory properties have been investigated. For that reason, the goal of this article was to evaluate the effects of pumpkin seed oil on acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation experimental models. The extracted pumpkin seed oil had an acceptable initial quality, when it was extracted using soxhlet extraction method and was characterized using standard methods .The physicochemical parameters of purified oil were determined. The boiling point of pumpkin seed oil was (158.90 oC) that equal to the values obtained in literature for some oil seeds, but lower than the boiling point of the oils studied, plus the melting point of pumpkin seed oil was (15.39 oC) that lead to a characteristic in cold cream manufacture. The iodine value was (104 ± 0.03 mg of KOH/g) of oil, indicated a high degree of unsaturation. The saponification value was (181± 3.2 mg KOH/g), this value indicated the pumpkin seed oil had fatty acids with higher number of carbon atoms. As a final point, the acid value was
Effects of Extraction Methods and Transesterification Temperature on the Qual...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Jatropha curcas oil has been considered a promising alternative fuel for compressing ignition
engines. However, its qualities and utilizations have been affected by so many factors such as extraction
methods, temperatures, reactants, etc. As a result, this work was aimed at studying the effects of extraction
methods and transesterification temperature on the qualities of biodiesel from jatropha oil seeds. Three methods
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value, pH and iodine value content of the oil of sample were A (0.904, 3.240mm2/s, 0.431% ,64.80mg/kg,
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actually affected the quantity and quality of biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil seeds. Processing of the oil
seeds by roasting dehulling, milling and defatting and transesterification at 700C gave the highest oil yield and
the most acceptable chemical properties.
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Biotechnological applications in agriculture a new source of edible
1. Biotechnological applications in agriculture: A new source of edible
oil and production of biofertilizer and antioxidant from its by-products
D. Bera b
, D. Lahiri b
, Antonella De Leonardis a
, K.B. De c
, A. Nag c,*
a
Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Microbiological Science and Technologies (DiSTAAM), University of Molise, via De
Sanctus, 86100 Campo basso, Italy
b
Rural Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
c
Natural Product Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India
Received 14 September 2005; received in revised form 28 November 2006; accepted 29 November 2006
Available online 21 January 2007
Abstract
Terminalia belerica Roxb (Combretaceae) known as bahera, found abundant in tropical Asia, is a source of new edible oil (37% by dry
weight of kernel), biofertilizer, tannin and antioxidant. The oilcake contains high amount of nitrogen (8.34%). On biochemical evaluation
form the oil cake it is evident that about 60% NaCl extractable protein is digestible which can be converted into biofertilizer or some
useful fodder. The extractable high quality of tannin present in fruit pulp can be used in the leather industry and herbal medicines.
The different processes for the extraction of tannin have been discussed. The maximum tannin was extracted at 135 °C over 12 h with
shaking. The seed coat contains high amount of gallic acid (3.2 mg/ml) which showed good antioxidant properties on different vegetable
oils.
Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Bahera oil; Antioxidant; Biofertilizer; Tannin
1. Introduction
The scarcity of edible oils in India (annually require-
ments 5 million tones approximately) and other Asian
countries has jeopardized the economy to a great extent.
At present, production of oilseeds in some Asian countries
cannot meet the demand. A breakthrough is required to
find a new source of edible oil to meet this demand.
Terminalia belerica Roxb (Combretaceae) locally known
as bahera is one such abundantly available oil bearing fruit
in tropical Asia. Generally in India the fruit extract is used
against myocardial necrosis or hypoglycemic activity (Kar,
Choudhury, & Bandyopadhyay, 2003).
Bahera plant can tolerate moderate drought and heavy
rainfall. Bahera plant is able to mature in 6–8 years and
yields about 500 kg of raw fruits annually. Some informa-
tion (Chopra, Mayer, & Chopra, 1976; Nag & De, 1995)
regarding composition of oil from the seed kernel has been
reported. But in this paper, we have envisaged new uses of
bahera seeds as edible oil and production of biofertilizer,
tannin and antioxidant from its by-products.
2. Materials and methods
Bahera fruits (120; total weight 570 g), just after harvest
were washed with dilute potassium permanganate and cop-
per sulfate solution (approximately 1% (w/v)) each to
reduce natural fungal growth. The fruits were then dried
in the sun (final weight 500 g). The seed kernels were col-
lected by cracking the hard nut of bahera seed. The seed
kernels (59 g) were dried at 70–80 °C. After drying, seed
kernels were ground into powder by a ball mill. The weight
of the dried powder was about 51 g. The oil was extracted
from the dried and powdered meal with hexane (bp 40–
60 °C) seven times, using a soxhlet apparatus. The oil
0260-8774/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.11.034
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ahinnag@chem.iitkgp.ernet.in (A. Nag).
www.elsevier.com/locate/jfoodeng
Journal of Food Engineering 81 (2007) 688–692
2. was recovered from hexane after distilling hexane in a
nitrogen atmosphere. The oil was obtained (37%) by weight
of dry kernel of the seed (Bera, Lahiri, & Nag, 2004).
2.1. Determination of fatty acids composition of oil
The composition of oil was determined by a GC capil-
lary column, Supelcowax 10 (Bellefonte, PA, USA) of
30 m  0.32 mm, film 0.5 lm connected to a PC in action
with the Chrome-Card 1.2 software (Thermoquest Instru-
ment, Rodano, MI, Italy). Experimental conditions to
determine fatty acids were as follows: carrier gas He at
50 kPa; split injection system with a splitting ratio 1:40;
FID detector system; injector and detector temperatures
250 °C; oven temperature 240 °C; injected quantity 1 ll;
fatty acids were converted to esters by cold methylation
with a solution of KOH (2 N) in methanol.
Saponification, iodine and acetyl values of the oil were
determined as discussed in our previous paper (Nag &
De, 1995).
2.2. Determination of digestibility of the protein
Defatted oil cake (0.5 g) and pepsin (0.2 g) were mixed
with 50 ml of 0.1 (N) HCl in a 100 ml conical flask plugged
with cotton. The mixture was kept in incubator for 48 h at
37 °C followed by the addition of 5.5 ml of 10 (N) NaOH
solution. Trypsin (0.2 g) was added in the mixture and diges-
tion was continued for 48 h. At the end of tryptic digestion,
the mixture was filtered and aliquots were taken for determi-
nation of total nitrogen. A similar control was performed
where only the enzymes were used. Changes in the solubility
of the protein in oil cake was determined by extracting oil
cake (5 g) with 100 ml of 10% NaCl solution and the mixture
was kept for 12 h in a refrigerator. It was centrifuged and the
total nitrogen in aliquot of the extract was determined
against standard bovine serum albumen. The nitrogen pre-
cipitated by trichlroroacetic acid was also determined in ali-
quots of the original NaCl extract (Table 3) (Nag, 2006).
2.3. Extraction of tannin and determination of its structure
Hydrolysable tannin was obtained from the seed coat
dust of Bahera. The tannin has been first separated from
Bahera seed by solvent extraction using water, ethanol
and methanol sequentially under shaking condition at dif-
ferent temperatures and time following a method reported
elsewhere (Hagerman & Butler, 1980).
In a 100 ml conical flask bahera seed coat dust (5 g) and
50 ml distilled water were taken and kept in an incubator at
30 °C. Tannin in the solution was detected by Follin–Cio-
calteu method with and without shaking at different inter-
vals of time at 30 °C. Similarly at different time and
temperature, extracted tannin value was calculated. At
the end, tannin value (Fig. 1) was measured by changing
all three parameters, i.e., soaking time, shaking time and
temperature and is noted in Table 5.
This extracted tannin was dried in nitrogen environment
and then subjected to anhydrous methanol at room tem-
perature 25 °C. This methanol solution was collected, dried
and acetylated by using pyridine and acetic anhydride (1:2
volume). This acetylated product was separated by thin
layer chromatography. Separated fractions were used for,
FTIR (Thermo Nicollet FTIR Spectrophotometer Nexus
870 Model using KBr disk), NMR (1 H 200 MHz) (Bruker
200 MHz/52 MM) analysis and element (C,H,N) detection
(Perkin Elmer Instrument 2400 Series II CHNS/O).
2.4. Determination of phenol in extract using UV and HPLC
About 10 g of dried bahera seed coat powder with 50 ml
of methanol–water 80:20 (v/v) was placed in sonicator for
15 min. Phenols were recovered by three replicate extrac-
tions with ethyl acetate (20 ml each time). The solvent
was removed by rotavapor; dry residue was dissolved in
25 ml of distilled water. Bahera extract was filtered by
Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Total Phenols were deter-
mined by the Folin–Ciocalteu spectrophotometer method
taking gallic acid as standard and expressed in mg/ml of
gallic acid.
Phenolic composition was analysed by HPLC at the fol-
lowing conditions: Instrument Model ProStar 230 (Varian,
Musgrave, AUS) with an UV–visible spectrophotometer,
equipped with a Luna 5u phenyl–hexyl 250 Â 4.6 mm col-
umn from Phenomenex (USA). Mobile phase A: methanol;
mobile phase B: 2% acetic acid; eluent flow, 1 ml min-1;
inject quantity, 20 ll; fixed wavelength, 280 nm. Elution
program: A(%)/B(%): 0 min 95/5; 10 min 75/25; 20 min
50/50; 30 min 100/0; 40 min 5/95.
2.5. Evaluation of antioxidant effect
Antioxidant effect of the phenolic extract was compared
with that of control 100 ppm of gallic acid in different vari-
eties of oils (Flax seed, Cod liver and lard). The character-
istics of the three oils are shown in Table 4.
2 4 6 8 10 12
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
T
S
SS
SST
Amt.ofTannin(gm)
Observations
Fig. 1. Extraction of tannin with changing all the parameters (tempera-
ture T, soaking S, soaking and shaking SS and soaking, shaking and
temperature SST.
D. Bera et al. / Journal of Food Engineering 81 (2007) 688–692 689
3. The dose of phenol added was expressed in mg kgÀ1
.
The doses added were ranged between 50 and 400 mg kgÀ1
.
Antioxidant effects were evaluated by Rancimat
Methrom Instrument (AG, Herisau, Switzerland) MOD
730 under 120 °C temperature and 20 L hÀ1
air flow. Pro-
tection factor is calculated as ratio between induction time
of oil with and without the antioxidant.
3. Results and discussion
From the experimental results, the composition of fatty
acids was as follows, palmitic acid 18.25%, stearic acid
8.20%, oleic acid 50.20%, linoleic 10.8% and others 6.6%
(Table 1). The absence of hydroxyl and other such objec-
tionable groups in fatty acids were also noted. The fatty
acids composition of bahera oil has also been compared
with olive oil (Table 1).
One very interesting point to note here is that the oil has
only about 10% of the constituent (stearic) saturated fatty
acid. The iodine value is fairly high and the free fatty acid is
a little higher than olive oil.
The nitrogen value (8.24%) of oil cake was determined
(Hilditch, 1979) by Kjeldhal’s method. Total potassium
(0.44%) and phosphorous (0.19%) in oil cake were deter-
mined by flame photometry and colorimetric instrument.
From Table 2, we found that no oil cakes generally used
as biofertilizer have such higher amount of nitrogen value.
On biochemical evaluation it is also evident about 60%
NaCl extractable protein (Table 3) in cake is digestible.
As a trial to use oil cakes (50 g) as biofertilizer, we applied
to winter vegetable such as Spinach grown in pots. It has
been observed that plants in the pots which contained
bahera oil cakes had healthy and bushy plants with low
level of incidence of insects attack than the plants grown
without oilcakes.
In Fig. 1, the amount of tannin extracted against the
temperature (°C) has been shown. It has been observed
that at a particular temperature (80 °C), maximum
amount of tannin was extracted and with increase in tem-
perature, there was no changed on the amount of tannin
extraction. It has also been observed that when the three
parameters, i.e., soaking time, shaking time and temperature
changes simultaneously then yield of tannin is maximum
(Table 5).
3.1. Element detection
Element detection is performed using elemental analyzer
Perkin Elmer Instrument 2400 Series II CHNS/O analyzer.
C = 40.29%, H2 = 3.59%, N2 = 1.70% and other 54.42%.
3.2. Functional group detection
The compound mainly contains phenolic –OH, car-
bonyl, ester, unsaturation groups confirmed by FeCl3 test,
DNP test, Phenolphthalein test and Bayer test. Further it
was confirmed from IR analysis. IR- (200–400 cmÀ1
KBr)
3396 (phenolic –OH: inter molecular H bond) 2935 (aro-
matic C–H str) 1749 (carbonyl@CO), 1608 (aromatic
C@Cstr), 1240 (C–O str).
Table 1
Comparison of chemical properties between bahera and olive oil
Sl. no. Chemical properties Bahera oil Olive oil
1. Free fatty acid 1.71–1.9 0.3–1
2. Saponification value 180 185–196
3. Acetyl value <0.4 Nil
4. Iodine value 80 79–81
5. Palmitic acid 18.2 7.5
6. Stearic acid 8.2 2.5
7. Oleic acid 50.2 75.5
8. Linoleic acid 10.8 6.6
9. Others 6.6 7.6
Table 2
Chemical composition of some oil cake for use as biofertilizer
Sl. no. Oil cake N2 P2O5 K2O
1. Coconut (Cocos nucifera) 6.50 1.30 1.10
2. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) 4.80 2.0 1.30
3. Neem (Azadirachta indica) 5.20 1.10 1.30
4. Mahua (Madhuca indica) 2.50 0.80 1.90
5. Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) 5.0 1.70 1.90
6. Bahera (Terminalia belerica Roxb) 8.24 0.19 0.42
Table 3
Biochemical estimation of oil cake
Sl.
no.
Particulars % of nitrogen per 100 g
defatted oil cake
1. Total nitrogen N2 8.24
2. 10% NaCl extractable protein N2 2.853
3. Protein N2 precipitated with TCA 0.118
4. Protein N2 left after pepsin and
trypsin treatment
1.214
5. Digestibility protein 1.634
Table 4
Oil and lard samples used in the Rancimat tests
Flax seed oil Refined olive oil Lard
Acidity (% as oleic acid) 1.0 0.1 0.5
Peroxides values (meqv O2 kgÀ1
) 6.0 3.0 2.1
C12:0 0.1 – 0.1
C14:0 5.66 10.2 1.5
C16:0 0.2 1.1 26.1
C16:1n7 – – 2.1
C16:3n4 – 0.1 –
C17:0 0.1 – 0.3
C17:1 – 2.1 0.2
C18:0 4.1 74.1 15.8
C18:.1 23.4 11.2 41.6
C18:2n6 18.8 0.6 10.7
C18:3n3 45.9 – –
C20:0 0.2 0.3 –
C20:1n11 0.3 0.3 0.2
C22:0 0.2 0.1 –
C24:0 0.2 – –
690 D. Bera et al. / Journal of Food Engineering 81 (2007) 688–692
4. The 1
H NMR of the acetylated product showed two
one-proton singlet signals at 7.81 (8H, s) and 7.70 (2H,
s). These signals suggested the presence of aromatic ring
and it is likely to be galloyl group. The observation of ali-
phatic proton signals at d5.7 (1H, d, J = 2.6 Hz), d5.3 (3H,
m), d4.3 (1H, m) indicates the presence of hexapyranose
structure i.e., D-glucose unit. The presence of signals at
d2.28 (2H, d, J = 4.6 Hz) indicates (CH2–) group present
attached with the hexapyranose ring and d2.15 (9H, s)
d2.15 (9H, s), d2.0 (27H, s), indicates the proton signals
of the acetyl group.
From the functional group detection, IR, NMR analy-
sis of the plant extracted tannin it is confirmed that it
bears –OH group and also it is attached with the aromatic
ring.
The methanolic extract of bahera seed coat extract con-
tains 3.2 mg/ml of gallic acid as indicated by HPLC exper-
iment at 280 nm. The bahera extract which has been
subjected to the test of antioxidation properties of three
oils by rancimate test (Fig. 2). In all samples, gallic acid
was more effective than the bahera extract which may be
due to the bahera extract contains other compounds than
gallic acid which may interfere with the protection prob-
lems. It has been also found that protection factor in the
case of lard was higher than the flaxseed and refined oil.
It may be concluded that protection factor was more effec-
tive on saturated fatty acid esters than unsaturated fatty
acid esters.
4. Conclusion
Considering the high oil content (37%) by weight of
the dry kernel of the seed and the nitrogen value
(8.24%) of oil cake, Bahera fruit appears very promising
for several commercial exploitation and can be consid-
ered as ‘‘Olive of India.” Its by-products can be utilized
for production of biofertilzer, tannin and antioxidant
compounds.
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Table 5
Extraction of tannin with changing all the parameters (temperature T, soaking S, soaking and shaking SS and soaking, shaking and temperature SST)
No. of
observations
Extraction of tannin with
soaking time (°C)
Extraction of tannin with
soaking and shaking time
(°C)
Extraction of tannin with
temperature (°C)
Extraction of tannin by changing the three
parameters
Soaking
time (h)
Shaking
time (h)
Amount
of tannin
(g)
Soaking and
shaking time
(h)
Amount
of tannin
(g)
Temperature
(°C)
Amount
of tannin
(g)
Soaking
time (h)
Shaking
time (h)
Temperature
(°C)
Amount
of tannin
(g)
1 1 0 0.30 1 0.35 25 0.3 1 1 25 0.65
2 2 0 0.35 2 0.68 30 0.40 2 2 30 1.10
3 3 0 0.45 3 0.97 35 0.60 3 3 35 1.44
4 4 0 0.55 4 1.16 40 0.68 4 4 40 1.53
5 5 0 0.70 5 1.28 45 0.74 5 5 45 1.62
6 6 0 0.92 6 1.37 50 0.77 6 6 50 1.75
7 7 0 1.09 7 1.40 55 0.81 7 7 55 1.80
8 8 0 1.15 8 1.44 60 0.82 8 8 60 1.85
9 9 0 1.18 9 1.49 65 0.82 9 9 65 1.87
10 10 0 1.19 10 1.56 70 0.82 10 10 70 1.90
11 11 0 1.2 11 1.58 75 0.83 11 11 75 2.00
12 12 0 1.2 12 1.60 80 0.84 12 12 80 2.00
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
ITincreasing
0
10
20
30
40
50
PF
IT increasing (h) 0.2 2.9 2.6
PF 1.1 5.3 41.1
Flaxseed oil (100˚C )
Refined olive oil
(120˚C)
Lard (120˚C)
Fig. 2. Increasing of induction time (rancimat test) and protection factor
in relation to the control by 100 ppm of gallic acid.
PF ¼
ITtest
ITcontrol
IT increasing of 100 ppm ¼ ITtest À ITcontrol:
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