This document provides information on various plastic joining processes including ultrasonic welding, vibration welding, spin welding, and induction welding. It discusses the principles, advantages, disadvantages, applications, suitable materials, and design recommendations for each process. The key points are:
1. Ultrasonic welding uses high-frequency vibrations to melt plastic surfaces and join them. It is fast and economical but requires specifically designed joints.
2. Vibration welding generates heat through high-amplitude, low-frequency vibrations. It can join large parts but has initial high equipment costs.
3. Spin welding friction welds circular joints by rotating one part at high speed. It is simple and energy efficient but limited to circular
The document discusses adhesive bonding as a joining process. It is used to hold two or more closely spaced parts together using a filler material. Adhesives can be natural, inorganic, or synthetic polymers that are cured through various mechanisms including heat, catalysts, or radiation. Joint strength depends on the adhesive's attachment to the adherends through chemical bonding, physical interactions, or mechanical interlocking. Adhesive bonding has applications in automotive, aircraft, packaging, and other industries due to advantages like bonding various materials without high temperatures and simplifying joint design.
1. Electromagnetic forming is a high-energy rate forming technique that uses a pulsed magnetic field to rapidly deform electrically conductive materials like aluminum alloys. It offers benefits like improved formability, reduced wrinkling, and lower springback compared to conventional forming.
2. The process involves storing electrical energy in capacitors and discharging it through a coil to generate an intense magnetic field. This induces eddy currents in a conductive workpiece within the coil, creating repelling magnetic forces that deform the workpiece at velocities of 100 m/s or more.
3. Electromagnetic forming has applications in tube compression/expansion and sheet metal forming. It is commonly used for assembly operations and has advantages over conventional forming like
This document discusses various methods for producing composites, which are divided into open molding and closed molding. Open molding methods described include hand lay-up, spray-up, and filament winding. Closed molding methods include compression molding, pultrusion, vacuum bag molding, and vacuum infusion processing. Each method is briefly described in terms of its process, molds used, advantages, and typical products produced.
This document discusses different molding processes including structural foam molding, sandwich molding, and their advantages and disadvantages. Structural foam molding is a low pressure injection molding process where gas is introduced into molten polymer to reduce density and weight. It requires less pressure than other molding processes. Sandwich molding involves injecting two or more polymers one after another through the same gate to form a layered part with different materials for the core and skin. This allows for weight reduction and various material combinations. Advantages of these processes include lower costs, weight reduction, design flexibility, and strength to weight ratios. Disadvantages include potential for air bubbles or shrinkage.
Powder metallurgy is a process that involves producing metal powders and compacting and sintering them to form finished parts. It allows for complex alloy compositions and near-net shape manufacturing, avoiding costly machining. The key steps are powder production, blending/mixing, compaction into a green compact, sintering to bond particles, and optional finishing. It offers advantages over casting and machining for net shape precision parts in large volumes.
The document discusses various plastic processing and manufacturing techniques. It begins by defining polymers and discussing the two types of polymerization - addition and condensation. It then covers classification of plastics based on their behavior when heated, structure, and physical/mechanical properties. Common plastic manufacturing processes like compression molding, transfer molding, and injection molding are explained along with their advantages and applications. Additives used in plastics and properties of plastics are also summarized.
The document discusses various aspects of plastics design and manufacturing. It defines plastics and the polymerization process used to create them. It describes the main types of plastics as thermoplastics and thermosets, providing examples of each. It outlines key considerations for designing plastic parts, such as allowing for shrinkage, drafting angles, and hole placement. Finally, it discusses different plastic molding and forming processes like injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, and transfer molding.
Cermets are composite materials composed of ceramic and metal materials. They are designed to have the optimal properties of both ceramics, such as high temperature resistance and hardness, and metals, such as the ability to undergo plastic deformation. Common ceramics in cermets include tungsten carbide, molybdenum boride, and aluminum oxide, while common metals are iron, cobalt, nickel, and chromium. Cermets are used in manufacturing electronic components, spacecraft shielding, bioceramics, transportation brake and clutch materials, armor, and nuclear applications due to their high temperature resistance, hardness, plastic deformation ability, wear and corrosion resistance, strength, and thermal conductivity.
The document discusses adhesive bonding as a joining process. It is used to hold two or more closely spaced parts together using a filler material. Adhesives can be natural, inorganic, or synthetic polymers that are cured through various mechanisms including heat, catalysts, or radiation. Joint strength depends on the adhesive's attachment to the adherends through chemical bonding, physical interactions, or mechanical interlocking. Adhesive bonding has applications in automotive, aircraft, packaging, and other industries due to advantages like bonding various materials without high temperatures and simplifying joint design.
1. Electromagnetic forming is a high-energy rate forming technique that uses a pulsed magnetic field to rapidly deform electrically conductive materials like aluminum alloys. It offers benefits like improved formability, reduced wrinkling, and lower springback compared to conventional forming.
2. The process involves storing electrical energy in capacitors and discharging it through a coil to generate an intense magnetic field. This induces eddy currents in a conductive workpiece within the coil, creating repelling magnetic forces that deform the workpiece at velocities of 100 m/s or more.
3. Electromagnetic forming has applications in tube compression/expansion and sheet metal forming. It is commonly used for assembly operations and has advantages over conventional forming like
This document discusses various methods for producing composites, which are divided into open molding and closed molding. Open molding methods described include hand lay-up, spray-up, and filament winding. Closed molding methods include compression molding, pultrusion, vacuum bag molding, and vacuum infusion processing. Each method is briefly described in terms of its process, molds used, advantages, and typical products produced.
This document discusses different molding processes including structural foam molding, sandwich molding, and their advantages and disadvantages. Structural foam molding is a low pressure injection molding process where gas is introduced into molten polymer to reduce density and weight. It requires less pressure than other molding processes. Sandwich molding involves injecting two or more polymers one after another through the same gate to form a layered part with different materials for the core and skin. This allows for weight reduction and various material combinations. Advantages of these processes include lower costs, weight reduction, design flexibility, and strength to weight ratios. Disadvantages include potential for air bubbles or shrinkage.
Powder metallurgy is a process that involves producing metal powders and compacting and sintering them to form finished parts. It allows for complex alloy compositions and near-net shape manufacturing, avoiding costly machining. The key steps are powder production, blending/mixing, compaction into a green compact, sintering to bond particles, and optional finishing. It offers advantages over casting and machining for net shape precision parts in large volumes.
The document discusses various plastic processing and manufacturing techniques. It begins by defining polymers and discussing the two types of polymerization - addition and condensation. It then covers classification of plastics based on their behavior when heated, structure, and physical/mechanical properties. Common plastic manufacturing processes like compression molding, transfer molding, and injection molding are explained along with their advantages and applications. Additives used in plastics and properties of plastics are also summarized.
The document discusses various aspects of plastics design and manufacturing. It defines plastics and the polymerization process used to create them. It describes the main types of plastics as thermoplastics and thermosets, providing examples of each. It outlines key considerations for designing plastic parts, such as allowing for shrinkage, drafting angles, and hole placement. Finally, it discusses different plastic molding and forming processes like injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, and transfer molding.
Cermets are composite materials composed of ceramic and metal materials. They are designed to have the optimal properties of both ceramics, such as high temperature resistance and hardness, and metals, such as the ability to undergo plastic deformation. Common ceramics in cermets include tungsten carbide, molybdenum boride, and aluminum oxide, while common metals are iron, cobalt, nickel, and chromium. Cermets are used in manufacturing electronic components, spacecraft shielding, bioceramics, transportation brake and clutch materials, armor, and nuclear applications due to their high temperature resistance, hardness, plastic deformation ability, wear and corrosion resistance, strength, and thermal conductivity.
The document provides information on composites manufacturing technology. It begins with an introduction to composites, their components, characteristics, and classifications. It then discusses various manufacturing processes for composites like hand layup, vacuum bagging, compression molding, and filament winding. The document also includes a case study on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, highlighting how composites improved its performance and the challenges faced during production. It concludes with advantages and applications of composites in industries like aerospace as well as future developments in nanocomposites and biomedical applications.
Blow moulding is a manufacturing process where hollow plastic parts are formed by clamping a heated plastic tube called a parison into a mold and injecting compressed air to push the parison into the shape of the mold cavity. There are three main types of blow moulding: extrusion blow moulding, injection blow moulding, and stretch blow moulding. Blow moulding is commonly used to produce containers and bottles for liquids like milk, pharmaceuticals, and antifreeze due to its ability to produce parts at both low and high production rates at a relatively low cost.
Injection moulding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting. Plastic material in production molten plastic is injected at high pressure into a mould.
The document discusses Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), a type of solid rapid prototyping that uses lasers to create 3D models from layered materials. The LOM process involves adding and subtracting layers of material such as paper or plastic to build a part. Each thin layer is cut to shape using a CO2 laser before the next layer is added. LOM can produce models and prototypes quickly and cheaply from a variety of materials and is used to make scaled models, patterns for casting, and 3D printed objects for home use. However, LOM also has disadvantages like using unstable paper and producing smoke during cutting.
The document discusses various techniques for manufacturing composites, including hand layup, pultrusion, resin transfer molding, and injection molding. It provides details on the hand layup process, describing how dry fibers and resins are layered by hand in an open mold. Pultrusion is defined as a continuous process that pulls reinforced fibers through a resin bath and heated die to produce cured, constant cross-section parts. Resin transfer molding involves packing dry fibers into a mold, injecting resin under pressure, and curing the mold to produce complex, net-shape parts in medium volumes. Each technique has advantages for certain applications in industries like aerospace, transportation, and construction.
Transfer molding is a manufacturing process where a casting material is forced into an enclosed mold under pressure to form a casting. There are different types of transfer molding including resin transfer molding (RTM) and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). Thermoset polymers and fibers are common materials used. The transfer molding process involves placing the preheated molding compound in a transfer pot, closing the mold, and forcing the compound into the mold cavity under pressure where it cures. Applications include parts for the natural gas, electrical, and automotive industries. Advantages are uniform products and simpler production compared to other molding processes, while disadvantages include more material waste.
Thermoforming is a process where a heated plastic sheet is formed into a desired shape. There are three main methods: vacuum forming uses suction to pull the sheet onto a single-surface mold; pressure forming uses air pressure to push the sheet against a mold; and mechanical forming uses matching molds that sandwich the sheet to shape it. Common materials used are polystyrene, ABS, and polycarbonate. Thermoforming is widely used for consumer packaging, construction materials, and vehicle and appliance interiors.
The document discusses different plastic processing methods used by group members Muazz Ali and Irfan Ali. Muazz Ali focuses on injection molding, blow molding, and injection blow molding. Irfan Ali discusses extrusion blow molding, stretch blow molding, and thermoforming. Both members provide details on the basic principles, processes, parameters, advantages, disadvantages and applications of each plastic processing technique.
Here I have explained theoretical view of ultrasonic welding and its applications in real world.
In addition to that, advantages and disadvantages of this process also discussed.
The document discusses the polymer extrusion process. It begins by defining extrusion as a process that forces softened polymer through a die to create constant cross-section products like rods, sheets, pipes and films. It then describes the main steps: plastic is fed into a hopper and pushed by a rotating screw through heating zones in a barrel before exiting through a die. Key components are identified as the screw, barrel, die and cooling unit. Extrusion is used mainly for thermoplastics to create continuous, low-cost products like pipes, films and plastic sheets.
Thermoforming is a process where a plastic sheet is heated and formed into a desired shape using pressure, vacuum, or mechanical methods. There are three main thermoforming methods: vacuum forming uses vacuum pressure to draw the heated sheet onto a mold; pressure forming uses compressed air to force the sheet onto the mold more quickly; and mechanical forming uses matching molds to shape the sheet without vacuum or pressure. Common materials thermoformed include plastics like ABS, polyethylene, and PVC. Applications include food packaging, automotive and aircraft parts.
Sintering is a process that uses heat to consolidate powder materials into a solid form without melting them. There are three main stages of sintering: initial bonding and neck formation between particles, densification and pore shrinkage, and final grain growth. The driving forces for sintering include reducing surface curvature, applied pressure, and chemical reactions. Key parameters that affect sintering include powder properties, consolidation method, firing temperature and atmosphere. The main mechanisms are surface, lattice, and grain boundary diffusion which allow atoms to migrate and bonds to form between powder particles over time.
Powder metallurgy is a process for manufacturing parts from metal powders by compacting and sintering. Key steps include producing metal powders through methods like atomization or chemical reduction, blending powders and lubricants, compacting the blended powder in a die under pressure to form a green compact, and sintering the compact at high temperatures to bond the powder particles. The sintered parts have properties that cannot be achieved through conventional manufacturing and the process allows for high precision and low waste production of simple parts.
it is PDF are typed of myself. study triks & short & sweet (Technical manual) Of Diploma in Plastics technology(DPT-DPMT). All machine knowlage in plastics processing.
Er. Naresh Dhaker
(8890881858)
(CIPET JAIPUR)
This document discusses different types of plastic welding. It describes five main types: hot gas plastic welding, laser welding, hot plate plastic welding, ultrasonic plastic welding, and friction welding. For each type, it provides details on the welding process and how heat is applied to fuse plastic materials. The document also covers the advantages of plastic welding, such as its speed, cleanliness, and ability to create permanent welds. Disadvantages include the permanence of welds and costs associated with some methods. Applications are in automotive and other industries where plastic welding provides a fast, lightweight joining method.
Here are some key industries and products that rely on blow molding for packaging:
- Beverage industry: Water bottles, soda bottles, juice bottles
- Food industry: Milk jugs, yogurt and butter tubs, condiment bottles
- Personal care industry: Shampoo, lotion and cosmetic bottles
- Household products industry: Cleaning product bottles, trash bins
- Automotive industry: Automotive fluid containers like oil and antifreeze bottles
- Medical industry: Saline solution bags, IV bags and tubing, medicine bottles
The document discusses various joining processes for plastics including hot plate welding, laser welding, ultrasonic welding, spin welding, vibration welding, and mechanical fastening. It provides details on how each process works, suitable materials, advantages, types of machines used, and joint designs. Joining plastics through fusion bonding techniques like welding is particularly suitable for high volume production applications due to short joining times and improved recyclability of parts.
RTM is a low-pressure molding process, where a mixed resin and catalyst are injected into a closed mold containing a fiber pack or preform . when the resin has cured the mold can be opened and finished component removed.
Welding of Plastics discusses various welding processes for joining thermoplastic polymers, including ultrasonic, friction, vibration, hot plate, hot gas, and implant welding. It provides details on how each process works, including important parameters and applications. Newer methods like laser welding are also introduced, which allow for precise, non-contact welding of plastics. The document serves as an overview of common plastic welding techniques for industrial fabrication and production.
IRJET- Tool Design for Injection Moulding with Basic ParametersIRJET Journal
This document discusses tool design parameters for injection molding. It begins by introducing injection molding as a mass production technique for manufacturing complex plastic parts.
It then outlines the basic parameters to consider in tool design, including the product design, machine parameters like shot capacity and clamping force, software modeling, and material selection for the mold/die.
Specific mold/die design considerations are explored such as cavity structural design including integral, embedded, insertion, and split cavity types. Core structural design including integral embedded and modular core types are also discussed. Mechanisms for side core pulling like manual, hydraulic, pneumatic, and spring-driven types are covered. Finally, simple ejector unit designs like ejector pins, sleeves
The document provides information on composites manufacturing technology. It begins with an introduction to composites, their components, characteristics, and classifications. It then discusses various manufacturing processes for composites like hand layup, vacuum bagging, compression molding, and filament winding. The document also includes a case study on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, highlighting how composites improved its performance and the challenges faced during production. It concludes with advantages and applications of composites in industries like aerospace as well as future developments in nanocomposites and biomedical applications.
Blow moulding is a manufacturing process where hollow plastic parts are formed by clamping a heated plastic tube called a parison into a mold and injecting compressed air to push the parison into the shape of the mold cavity. There are three main types of blow moulding: extrusion blow moulding, injection blow moulding, and stretch blow moulding. Blow moulding is commonly used to produce containers and bottles for liquids like milk, pharmaceuticals, and antifreeze due to its ability to produce parts at both low and high production rates at a relatively low cost.
Injection moulding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting. Plastic material in production molten plastic is injected at high pressure into a mould.
The document discusses Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), a type of solid rapid prototyping that uses lasers to create 3D models from layered materials. The LOM process involves adding and subtracting layers of material such as paper or plastic to build a part. Each thin layer is cut to shape using a CO2 laser before the next layer is added. LOM can produce models and prototypes quickly and cheaply from a variety of materials and is used to make scaled models, patterns for casting, and 3D printed objects for home use. However, LOM also has disadvantages like using unstable paper and producing smoke during cutting.
The document discusses various techniques for manufacturing composites, including hand layup, pultrusion, resin transfer molding, and injection molding. It provides details on the hand layup process, describing how dry fibers and resins are layered by hand in an open mold. Pultrusion is defined as a continuous process that pulls reinforced fibers through a resin bath and heated die to produce cured, constant cross-section parts. Resin transfer molding involves packing dry fibers into a mold, injecting resin under pressure, and curing the mold to produce complex, net-shape parts in medium volumes. Each technique has advantages for certain applications in industries like aerospace, transportation, and construction.
Transfer molding is a manufacturing process where a casting material is forced into an enclosed mold under pressure to form a casting. There are different types of transfer molding including resin transfer molding (RTM) and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). Thermoset polymers and fibers are common materials used. The transfer molding process involves placing the preheated molding compound in a transfer pot, closing the mold, and forcing the compound into the mold cavity under pressure where it cures. Applications include parts for the natural gas, electrical, and automotive industries. Advantages are uniform products and simpler production compared to other molding processes, while disadvantages include more material waste.
Thermoforming is a process where a heated plastic sheet is formed into a desired shape. There are three main methods: vacuum forming uses suction to pull the sheet onto a single-surface mold; pressure forming uses air pressure to push the sheet against a mold; and mechanical forming uses matching molds that sandwich the sheet to shape it. Common materials used are polystyrene, ABS, and polycarbonate. Thermoforming is widely used for consumer packaging, construction materials, and vehicle and appliance interiors.
The document discusses different plastic processing methods used by group members Muazz Ali and Irfan Ali. Muazz Ali focuses on injection molding, blow molding, and injection blow molding. Irfan Ali discusses extrusion blow molding, stretch blow molding, and thermoforming. Both members provide details on the basic principles, processes, parameters, advantages, disadvantages and applications of each plastic processing technique.
Here I have explained theoretical view of ultrasonic welding and its applications in real world.
In addition to that, advantages and disadvantages of this process also discussed.
The document discusses the polymer extrusion process. It begins by defining extrusion as a process that forces softened polymer through a die to create constant cross-section products like rods, sheets, pipes and films. It then describes the main steps: plastic is fed into a hopper and pushed by a rotating screw through heating zones in a barrel before exiting through a die. Key components are identified as the screw, barrel, die and cooling unit. Extrusion is used mainly for thermoplastics to create continuous, low-cost products like pipes, films and plastic sheets.
Thermoforming is a process where a plastic sheet is heated and formed into a desired shape using pressure, vacuum, or mechanical methods. There are three main thermoforming methods: vacuum forming uses vacuum pressure to draw the heated sheet onto a mold; pressure forming uses compressed air to force the sheet onto the mold more quickly; and mechanical forming uses matching molds to shape the sheet without vacuum or pressure. Common materials thermoformed include plastics like ABS, polyethylene, and PVC. Applications include food packaging, automotive and aircraft parts.
Sintering is a process that uses heat to consolidate powder materials into a solid form without melting them. There are three main stages of sintering: initial bonding and neck formation between particles, densification and pore shrinkage, and final grain growth. The driving forces for sintering include reducing surface curvature, applied pressure, and chemical reactions. Key parameters that affect sintering include powder properties, consolidation method, firing temperature and atmosphere. The main mechanisms are surface, lattice, and grain boundary diffusion which allow atoms to migrate and bonds to form between powder particles over time.
Powder metallurgy is a process for manufacturing parts from metal powders by compacting and sintering. Key steps include producing metal powders through methods like atomization or chemical reduction, blending powders and lubricants, compacting the blended powder in a die under pressure to form a green compact, and sintering the compact at high temperatures to bond the powder particles. The sintered parts have properties that cannot be achieved through conventional manufacturing and the process allows for high precision and low waste production of simple parts.
it is PDF are typed of myself. study triks & short & sweet (Technical manual) Of Diploma in Plastics technology(DPT-DPMT). All machine knowlage in plastics processing.
Er. Naresh Dhaker
(8890881858)
(CIPET JAIPUR)
This document discusses different types of plastic welding. It describes five main types: hot gas plastic welding, laser welding, hot plate plastic welding, ultrasonic plastic welding, and friction welding. For each type, it provides details on the welding process and how heat is applied to fuse plastic materials. The document also covers the advantages of plastic welding, such as its speed, cleanliness, and ability to create permanent welds. Disadvantages include the permanence of welds and costs associated with some methods. Applications are in automotive and other industries where plastic welding provides a fast, lightweight joining method.
Here are some key industries and products that rely on blow molding for packaging:
- Beverage industry: Water bottles, soda bottles, juice bottles
- Food industry: Milk jugs, yogurt and butter tubs, condiment bottles
- Personal care industry: Shampoo, lotion and cosmetic bottles
- Household products industry: Cleaning product bottles, trash bins
- Automotive industry: Automotive fluid containers like oil and antifreeze bottles
- Medical industry: Saline solution bags, IV bags and tubing, medicine bottles
The document discusses various joining processes for plastics including hot plate welding, laser welding, ultrasonic welding, spin welding, vibration welding, and mechanical fastening. It provides details on how each process works, suitable materials, advantages, types of machines used, and joint designs. Joining plastics through fusion bonding techniques like welding is particularly suitable for high volume production applications due to short joining times and improved recyclability of parts.
RTM is a low-pressure molding process, where a mixed resin and catalyst are injected into a closed mold containing a fiber pack or preform . when the resin has cured the mold can be opened and finished component removed.
Welding of Plastics discusses various welding processes for joining thermoplastic polymers, including ultrasonic, friction, vibration, hot plate, hot gas, and implant welding. It provides details on how each process works, including important parameters and applications. Newer methods like laser welding are also introduced, which allow for precise, non-contact welding of plastics. The document serves as an overview of common plastic welding techniques for industrial fabrication and production.
IRJET- Tool Design for Injection Moulding with Basic ParametersIRJET Journal
This document discusses tool design parameters for injection molding. It begins by introducing injection molding as a mass production technique for manufacturing complex plastic parts.
It then outlines the basic parameters to consider in tool design, including the product design, machine parameters like shot capacity and clamping force, software modeling, and material selection for the mold/die.
Specific mold/die design considerations are explored such as cavity structural design including integral, embedded, insertion, and split cavity types. Core structural design including integral embedded and modular core types are also discussed. Mechanisms for side core pulling like manual, hydraulic, pneumatic, and spring-driven types are covered. Finally, simple ejector unit designs like ejector pins, sleeves
Optimization of Process Parameters of Friction Stir Welding for Similar He-30...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of process parameters for friction stir welding of similar HE-30 aluminium alloy. It begins with an abstract that describes the friction stir welding process and the objectives of using Taguchi methods to optimize welding parameters to achieve high tensile strength. It then provides background on friction stir welding, describing how it is a solid-state welding process that uses a rotating tool to plasticize materials without melting. The document discusses how process parameters like rotational speed, travel speed, and tool geometry can affect joint quality and properties. It aims to use an experimental design and analysis approach to determine the optimum welding conditions for high tensile strength when joining HE-30 aluminium alloy.
The document discusses the importance of tribology in metal working processes. It explains that tribology considerations are important for tool and die life, material flow during forming, workpiece integrity, surface finish, and cost. It then summarizes various metal working processes like forging, wire drawing, rolling, and extrusion and discusses how friction and lubrication impact each process. Maintaining the proper friction levels and effective lubrication is important for dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and extending tool life.
CFD INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL SEAL FOR IMPROVE THERMAL PROPERTY BY USING D...Er Sandeep Duran
The paper constitutes the method to improve the heat transfer rate in mechanical seal for decreasing the interface temperature of the seal face. Different factors that affect the performance of mechanical seal are friction, wear and its thermal characteristics. Concept of Fourier’s law of heat conduction through cylindrical surfaces is used for optimizing the heat transfer rate. Composite material for mating ring with different thermal conductivity is used to increase the heat transfer rate to enhance the seal performance.
Cfd investigation of mechanical seal for improve thermal property by using di...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate improving the thermal properties of mechanical seals by using composite materials in the mating ring. The study found that a mating ring made of a composite of carbon graphite and silicon carbide more effectively dissipated heat compared to a ring made of just carbon graphite. Specifically, the interface temperature of the composite ring was lower, indicating increased heat transfer. This suggests composite materials could enhance seal performance by reducing temperatures.
This document evaluates the modal damping of graphite/epoxy laminated composites through experimental testing. Graphite/epoxy laminate composite plates of different thicknesses (2mm and 4mm) and fiber orientations (0 and 45 degrees) were fabricated and tested under different boundary conditions (cantilever, two sides fixed, all sides fixed) using an impulse excitation technique. The results show that modal damping decreases with increasing laminate thickness and is sensitive to changes in boundary conditions. Damping was highest for the cantilever boundary condition and lowest for the two sides fixed condition. Evaluation of modal damping through experimental modal analysis provides a simple and effective technique for characterizing damping properties of composite laminates.
Experimental Analysis on Wire Arc Additive ManufacturingIRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of mild steel. Microscopic analysis found the deposition occurred in both parallel and perpendicular orientations, with grain structures including equiaxed and columnar formations. Hardness testing found values between 18-47 kg/mm2, while mechanical testing found maximum tensile and yield strengths of 25.05 and 560.69 MPa respectively in the through deposition direction. The study aims to optimize the WAAM process by analyzing defects like hot cracking and gas porosity at different deposition parameters.
Design and Experimental study of Friction stir welding of AA6061-T6 Alloy for...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and experimental study of friction stir welding (FSW) of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy. The goal is to optimize welding parameters using a lathe machine. FSW is a solid-state welding process that joins metals without melting. The tool geometry and process parameters significantly impact weld quality. Experiments were conducted using different tool profiles and transverse speeds on AA6061 aluminum alloy plates of varying thickness on a lathe machine. Numerical simulations were also performed to model the thermal and mechanical effects of FSW. The simulations showed temperature distributions and deformation patterns during welding. Overall, the study aimed to understand how tool design and process parameters affect the mechanical properties and quality of FSW aluminum welds.
IRJET- Vibration Analysis of Boring Tool to Improve Surface FinishIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into improving surface finish in boring operations by reducing vibrations in the boring tool. The researchers laminated boring tools with carbon fiber and glass fiber to increase stiffness and damping. Experimental testing was conducted on a lathe with varying cutting parameters and overhang lengths. Acceleration data was collected and surface roughness measured. Finite element analysis validated that natural frequencies changed with different laminated materials. The results showed laminating with carbon fiber and glass fiber effectively reduced boring tool vibrations and improved surface finish.
Friction Stir Welding of Similar Metals by Taguchi Optimization Technique -A ...IJAEMSJORNAL
In order to meet the global competition and the survival of products in the market a new way of thinking is necessary to change and improve the existing technology and to develop products at economical price.This paper discusses use taguchi experiment design technique for maximizing tensile strength of friction stir welding AA6061 and AA6061. In friction stir welding, the joints are formed in the solid state by utilizing the heat generated by friction. The objectives of this study are obtaining friction weld element of aluminium 6061 to aluminium 6061 and optimising the friction stir welding parameters in order to establish the weld quality. Effect of tensile strength of friction stir welding process parameter (Rotational speed, travel speed, axial force and tilt angle) is evaluated and optimum welding condition for maximum tensile strength is determined.
Study of sliding wear rate of hot rolled steel specimen subjected to Zirconia...IJERA Editor
Wear is nothing but loss of material by usage. In a mechanical industry mechanical components will operate
under severe load, temperature and high speeds. Under such a type of situation, when metal to metal contact take
place the surfaces that comes in contact is subjected to wear. These should be considered as a serious affair in an
industry because if the process of wear continues it can reduce service life of the component and also to the
entire mechanical system to which the component has been used. In the light of the above the present work
mainly deals with the study of wear behavior of hot rolled steel with and without zirconia coating on the contact
surface and the effect of zirconia coating with varying thickness.
This document summarizes a study on the tensile behavior of aluminum plates welded using friction stir welding. Various welding parameters like rotational speed, welding speed, and pin diameter were experimented with to weld an aluminum alloy. Mathematical models were developed using a statistical design of experiments approach to understand the effects of the parameters on tensile strength. It was found that tensile strength decreases with increasing rotational speed, increases with increasing welding speed, and decreases with increasing pin diameter. The maximum tensile strength was achieved at low rotational speed and high welding speed. Regression models for tensile strength were developed and validated to be adequate predictors within 95% confidence level.
The document presents an experimental study on the effect of rivets on damping in jointed structures. Specifically, it investigates how the damping ratio of cantilever beams made of mild steel is affected by increasing the number of connecting rivets. Both experimental and finite element analysis are conducted. In the experiments, specimens of different thickness ratios and rivet configurations are tested using an FFT analyzer to determine their natural frequencies and damping ratios. The finite element models are developed in ANSYS and harmonic analysis is performed. The results show that the damping capacity increases substantially with more rivets, due to greater friction at the interfaces. Both experimental and FEA results are found to be in good agreement.
Effect of pin profile on friction stir welded aluminum matrix compositesAsif Ali
The document discusses the effect of pin profile geometry on friction stir welded aluminum matrix composites. It finds that a square pin profile produces welds with smaller and finer grains compared to hexagonal and octagonal pin profiles. This leads to improved hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance due to the relationship between smaller grain size and better mechanical properties. The square pin profile causes less heat input during welding, resulting in less grain growth and better properties compared to the other pin profiles tested. Increasing welding speed and decreasing rotational speed also reduce heat input and improve properties by limiting grain growth during cooling.
Satyam Maurya presented on friction stir welding. The presentation covered the basics of friction stir welding including the process, microstructure, parameters, tooling, applications and advantages. Friction stir welding is a solid-state welding technique that uses a rotating tool to generate frictional heat and plasticize the materials being joined without melting them. It results in strong, high quality welds and is particularly useful for welding aluminum and magnesium alloys.
Review on Effect of Process Parameters - Friction Stir Welding ProcessIRJET Journal
This document reviews the effect of process parameters, specifically tool rotation speed and welding speed, on the properties of friction stir welded joints. It summarizes findings from previous studies that have investigated how these parameters influence tensile strength, microstructure, and microhardness of welded aluminum alloys. The key findings are that increasing tool rotation speed generally leads to higher heat input which can improve tensile strength and ductility up to a point, but also promotes grain growth. Faster welding speeds decrease heat input and grain size. Overall, an optimal combination of tool rotation and welding speeds is needed to achieve desirable mechanical properties and microstructure in friction stir welded joints.
This document describes a novel apparatus designed for imparting vibratory weld conditioning (VWC) to mechanically joined weldments. VWC involves vibrating the workpiece during welding to improve mechanical and metallurgical properties by refining grains and relieving residual stresses. The designed apparatus uses a cam-motor arrangement to impart uniform vibration at a variable frequency, as an alternative to existing vibrator-based methods. The apparatus components include a supporting table, helical springs, a rectangular plate to hold the workpiece, an eccentric shaft driven by a motor to transmit vibration, and ball bearings. Experimental results show that VWC using this apparatus can significantly improve weld microstructure and properties compared to normal welding.
Twin Roll Casting of Aluminum Alloy AC7A Using Commercial Scale MachineIJAEMSJORNAL
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The AJM process involves removing material from a workpiece using abrasive particles carried by a high-velocity gas stream. The abrasive particles impact the workpiece surface at high velocities, causing brittle fractures and removing small fragments of material. AJM can machine hard and brittle materials and reach difficult internal areas due to the flexible hose used to direct the abrasive stream. It generates less heat than conventional machining and does not require direct tool-workpiece contact. Common applications include cutting glass and ceramics, deburring metal parts, and cleaning or dressing grinding wheels.
This document contains multiple choice and short answer questions about joining processes like welding. It asks about concepts like heat transfer factor, melting factor, weldability, and different welding processes. It also provides calculations to determine unit energy for melting metals and travel speed for a continuous fillet weld. Key terms and processes covered include fusion welding, solid state welding, autogenous welding, arc welding, resistance welding, oxyfuel welding, brazing, and soldering.
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
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Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
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Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
3. IIT Bombay
Instructional objectives
By the end of this lecture, the student will know
1. principles of different welding processes used for plastic joining,
2. advantages and limitations of different plastic joining processes,
3. recommended designs to achieve good quality joints in polymers.
Joining of moulded plastic parts is required when the finished assembly is too large or
complex to mould in one piece, requires disassembly and reassembly is necessary, and often
to reduce cost to produce a single large moulded plastic component. The plastic parts about to
join can be of same or dissimilar materials. Thermoplastics are generally joined by welding
processes, in which the part surfaces are melted, allowing polymer chains to interdiffuse. Few
important welding processes used for thermoplastics welding are ultrasonic welding,
vibration welding, spin welding, and induction welding.
Ultrasonic Welding of Plastics
Principle
Ultrasonic plastic welding is, in principle, the joining of thermoplastics through the use of
heat generated from high frequency mechanical motion. It is accomplished by converting
high frequency electrical energy into high frequency mechanical motion. The mechanical
motion along with the applied force creates the frictional heat at the mating surface of the
plastic components. In effect, the plastic material at the joint surface melts and forms a
molecular bond between the parts. The frequency of the frequency is around 20 to 40 kHz.
Figure 4.6.1 depicts the line diagram of an ultrasonic welding machine. The electrical power
supply provides high-frequency electrical power to a typical piezoelectric based transducer
creating a high frequency mechanical vibration at the end of the transducer. Next, the booster
amplifies the mechanical vibrations produced by the transducer and supplies to the horn.
Further, the horn (also known as sonotrode) transfers the amplified mechanical vibrations to
the workpiece.
4. IIT Bombay
Figure 4.6.1 Illustration of the ultrasonic welding for polymers [1].
Advantages and Disadvantages
Table 4.6.1 explains the advantages and the disadvantages of ultrasonic welding of plastics
Table 4.6.1 Advantages and disadvantages with ultrasonic welding of plastics
Advantages Disadvantages
• Fast, economical and easily automated.
• Mass production, upto 60 parts per
minute is possible.
• Increased flexibility and versatility
• Possibility to join large structures.
• Used in health care industries due to
clean welds.
• Produce the high strength joints
consistently.
• Large joints (>250 x 300 mm) can
not be welded in a single operation.
• Specifically designed joints are
required.
• Ultrasonic vibrations can damage
electric components.
• Tooling costs for fixtures are high.
5. IIT Bombay
Applications of Ultrasonic Welding of Plastics
(1) Ultrasonic welding is used in the automotive industry to fabricate headlamp parts,
dashboards, buttons and switches, fuel filter, fluid vessels, seat-belt locks, electronic
key fobs, lamp assemblies and air ducts.
(2) In electronic appliances like switches, sensors and data storage keys are fabricated
using ultrasonic welding.
(3) Ultrasonic welding is also used to make medical parts like filters, catheters, medical
garment and masks.
(4) Packing applications like blister packs, pouches, tubes, storage containers and carton
spouts can be fabricated using ultrasonic welding.
Suitable Plastic Materials for Ultrasonic Welding
Most of the thermoplastic materials can be ultrasonic weldable. Teflon with low coefficient
of friction and high melting temperature is impossible to weld using this process. The list of
the thermoplastic materials suitable for ultrasonic welding is given elsewhere [1, 2].
Design Recommendations for Ultrasonic Welding of Plastics
(1) Surfaces of the plastic workpieces to be joined should be free of distortion and
warpage.
(2) Bead or narrow raised sections called energy indicators are molded on one of the
surfaces of the workpieces. This smallest possible surface area increases the frictional
heat and in turn the melting rate [Figure 4.6.2(b)].
(3) Step joints are more preferable to reduce the unwanted flash and to increase the joint
strength [Figure 4.6.2(c)]. Even a greater strength is possible by using the tongue-and-
groove joint as shown in Figure 4.6.2(d). But moulding this type of joint is more
difficult.
(4) Figures 4.6.2(e)-(h) show few more recommended joint designs.
(5) It is not recommended to bevel one surface of the joint [Figure 4.6.2(i)]. The problem
associated with this joint is the expulsion of the large volume of the material beyond
the joint.
6. IIT Bombay
Figure 4.6.2 Design recommendations for ultrasonic welding of plastics [2].
Fig. no. Joint design
Name of the joint and its
performance
a
Normal butt joint;
Bad
b
Butt joint with energy indicator;
Good
c
Step joint;
Better
d Tongue-and-groove joint;
Best
7. IIT Bombay
Figure 4.6.2 Design recommendations for ultrasonic welding of plastics (continued) [2].
Fig. no. Joint design Name of the joint and its
performance
e
Typical ultrasonic joint designs;
Better
f
g
h
i
Butt joint with bevel edge;
Bad
Vibration Welding of Plastics
Principle
In vibration welding process, the weld joint is produced at the interface of the thermoplastic
workpieces due to the heat generated by the high magnitude (3-5 mm) vibrations at low
frequencies (120 Hz). The molten materials flow together under pressure, forming a weld
upon cooling. Figure 4.6.3 depicts the movement of the parts undergoing vibration welding.
The direction of the vibration is parallel to the plane of the joint rather than perpendicular as
in the case of ultrasonic welding. Moreover the vibration can be linear or angular.
8. IIT Bombay
Figure 4.6.3 The movement of parts in vibration welding can be either linear or angular [2].
Advantages and Disadvantage
Table 4.6.2 explains the advantages and the disadvantages with vibration welding of plastics
Table 4.6.2 Advantages and disadvantages with vibration welding of plastics
Advantages Disadvantages
• Welds are produced in short cycle time.
• Large parts can be welded with ease.
• Insensitivity to surface preparation.
• No additional materials are required to
place between the workpieces.
• Parts can be welded regardless of how
they processes (injection molded,
extruded, vacuum formed, etc.).
• Produce high strength, pressure-tight
hermetic seals.
• Initial high capital cost of the
equipment and tooling compared to
ultrasonic welding.
• Sound generation, which is typically of
90-95dB is a drawback.
• Generation of fine particulates or fluff
at the joint line is a drawback for some
end-use applications.
• Sometimes it is difficult to lock large
workpieces into the supporting fixtures.
Applications of Vibration Welding
(1) Extensively used in the appliance industry for assembling washer and dishwasher
pumps, particulate-filled soap dispensers, and dishwasher spray arms.
(2) Automotive applications include all-plastic automotive bumper, headlight, taillight,
instrument panel assemblies [Figure 4.6.4(a)], acetal gasoline reservoirs, dash-and-
trim components, air conditioning and heater ducts etc.
9. IIT Bombay
(3) Manufacturing of the automotive air intake manifold. The manifold is made in two
or three injection molded parts and linear vibration welding is used to assemble the
final manifold [Figure 4.6.4(b)].
(4) Welding chain saw motor housings made of 30% glass filled nylon, butane gas
lighter tanks, batteries and pneumatic logic boards.
(5) Widely used in making high quality joints in polyethylene (PE) gas distribution
pipes.
Figure 4.6.4 (a) automotive instrument panel assembly (b) vibration welded automotive air
intake manifold [1].
Suitable Plastic Materials for Vibration Welding
Most of the thermoplastic materials can be vibration welded. The only polymers that are
difficult to weld are fluoropolymers, due to their low coefficient of friction. The list of the
thermoplastic materials suitable for vibration welding is given elsewhere [1, 2].
Spin Welding of Plastics
Spin welding is a form of friction welding used to join the thermoplastic parts/workpieces
having circular joint line. To spin-weld, one part of the assembly is rotated at high speed and
presses against the other stationary part. This results in the generation of the frictional heat at
the mating surface and subsequent melting. When the rotary motion is stopped, pressure is
retained until the molten material solidifies and forms the final joint. Depending on the
workpiece material to be joined, the rotational velocities ranging from 3 to12 m/s and
pressure ranging from 2000 to 4800 kPa are required to bring it to the melting temperature.
(a) (b)
10. IIT Bombay
Advantages and Disadvantages
Table 4.6.3 explains the advantages and the disadvantages with spin welding of plastics
Table 4.6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages with spin welding of plastics
Advantages Disadvantages
• Simple and highly energy efficient
process.
• Suitable for automation.
• Strong hermetic joints can be produced.
• No need of introducing any foreign
material between the parts.
• Parts over one meter diameter can also
be spin welded.
• Limited to parts with a circular joint line.
• Protrusions on the rotatable part of the
system or any eccentric part restrict the use
of the process.
Applications of the Spin Welding
1. Successfully used in assembling structural components, connecting ventilation pipes
to blow-molded fuel tanks, and welding tops and bottoms on containers.
2. Used for the joining and repair of polyethylene (PE) pipes.
3. Manufacturing of fuel filter, check valves, truck lights, aerosol cylinders and floats.
Suitable Plastic Materials for Spin Welding
Almost all thermoplastic materials can be spin welded. The list of the thermoplastic materials
suitable for spin welding is given elsewhere [1,2].
Design Recommendations for Vibration and Spin Welding of Plastics
1. One part of the assembly must be free to move relative to the other in the plane of the
weld in both vibration and spin welding
2. Adding a flange [thickness (t) equals to 2 to 3 times of the part thickness (w)] to the
joining surface of the parts improves the rigidity that limits flexure, applies uniform
pressure close to the weld joint and improves the strength of the weld joint [Figure
4.6.5(a)].
3. Special joint designs are required to contain the flash that is squeezed to the outside of
the part during the welding process [Figures 4.6.5(b) – (d)].
11. IIT Bombay
4. Breakaway stud or socket can be incorporated into the part halves for easy assembly
alignment [Figure 4.6.6].
Figure 4.6.5 Recommended designs for vibration and spin welding of plastics [2].
Fig. no. Recommended joint design
a
b
c
d
12. IIT Bombay
Figure 4.6.6 Breakaway studs to aid preassembly of parts prior to vibration welding [2].
Induction Welding of Plastics
Principle
Induction welding uses electromagnetic induction to heat the workpiece. The welding system
usually contains an induction coil that is energised with a radio frequency electric current. A
high frequency electromagnetic field is generated that acts on an either electrically
conductive or ferromagnetic workpiece. In electrically conductive workpiece, the main
heating effect is resistive heating due to induced current also referred to as eddy current. In
ferromagnetic materials, the heating is primarily caused due to hysteresis effect as the
electromagnetic field distorts the magnetic domains of the workpiece.
In the case of joining plastics, an additional metallic or ferromagnetic material (implant) is
placed between the parts to be joined. This implant is a composite of the thermoplastic with
either metal fibers or ferromagnetic particles. Next this assembly of the parts with implant is
placed within or in the proximity to an induction coil, through which a high-frequency
alternating current is passed. The electromagnetic field resulting from the current in the coil
generates heat in the metal particles from eddy current. The hot metal particles melt their
13. IIT Bombay
thermoplastic binder and, in turn, the surfaces of the parts to be joined. Figure 4.6.7 depicts a
typical installation for welding the top to a cosmetics cartridge using induction welding
process.
16. IIT Bombay
Advantages and Disadvantages
Table 4.6.4 explains the advantages and the disadvantages with induction welding of plastics
Table 4.6.4 Advantages and disadvantages with induction welding of plastics
Advantages Disadvantages
• Strong and hermetic pressure tight joints can
be produced
• The implant fills molding irregularities or
cellular voids at the joint interface.
• Multiple joints can be welded simultaneously.
• Welded joint can be reopened for repair
purpose.
• Production rate of the weld joints is high.
• Additional cost of the implant.
• Additional work of preplacing
implant.
• The presence of implant can
sometimes affect the mechanical
performance of the joint.
Applications
(1) Frequently used for welding large or irregular shaped parts made by injection-
moulding, blow-moulding, rotational moulding or thermo-formed [Figure 4.6.8].
(2) Used in the manufacturing of a glass-filled PA 6 injection moulded automotive intake
resonator.
(3) Extensively used in sealing plastic coated metal caps to plastic bottles, joining of cross
linked PE pipes, welding metal grills to the front of loud speaker units etc.
Figure 4.6.8 Induction welded products [1]
17. IIT Bombay
Suitable plastic materials for induction welding
Almost all thermoplastic materials can be induction welded. The list of the thermoplastic
materials suitable for induction welding is given elsewhere [1, 2].
Design Recommendations for Induction Welding
(1) The coupling distance, i.e., the space between the work coil and the bond line should
remain constant.
(2) The joint line should be as close as possible to the work coil [Figure 4.6.9(a)]. The
irregularities that prevent the work coil from being located close to the joint line
should be avoided.
(3) Joints should be designed in shear rather than in peel or butt [Figure 4.6.9(b)].
Figure 4.6.9 Recommended and not recommended joint designs for induction welding [2].
(a) (b)
18. IIT Bombay
Exercise
1. What are the design recommendations for the laser welding of plastics?
2. What are the limitations in using hot gas welding for plastic joining?
References
1. M. J. Troughton, “Handbook of plastics joining”, William andrew Inc, 2nd
2. J. B. Bralla, “Design for manufacturability handbook”, McGraw hill handbooks, 2
edition,
New york.
nd
edition, New York.