Presentation from the conferences of climatic changes from. Climatic changes and biodiversity

1. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY AFFECTED BY
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
Author: MSc Ivana Trifkovic

2. Biodiversity or biological diversity includes all living and non-
living forms on Earth.
Biodiversity means the totality of genes, species and
ecosystems on Earth.
“Response to the evolution of the variability of environmental conditions, and
as the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological
complexes in which they take place.“- BIODIVERSITY
That’s includes few organizational levels
Genetically
Species
Ecosystem

3. The importance of biodiversity
Without biodiversity:
- No biogeochemical cycles
- No production of oxygen
-No photosynthesis and neither degradation of organic
matter
Preserved biodiversity provide:
- regulation of clime
- decreasing of effects of GHG (greenhouses gasses)
- maintain water and air quality
- flood control and drought

4. Solution for biodiversity…
Assessment of biological resources, the amount, usability,
vulnerability, sensitivity and reproducibility of resource…..
Sustainable use of biological resource!
Ice core represents evidence of increasing concentration of
atmospheric CO2 for 35% and average temperature for 0.6
degrees of Celsius from period of industrial revolution…
The increasing of atmospheric CO2 is in direct correlation with
increase of average temperatures….
Climate change under the influence of greenhouse gases
Changes in the atmospheric abundance
(wealth) under the influence of
greenhouse gases and aerosols created
changes in solar radiation on the earth's
surface, disrupting the energy balance of
the climate system. These changes reflect
the concept of emission power, which is
used for comparison of the level of human
and natural factors that cause warming
and cooling affecting the global climate.

5. Sources of greenhouses gases:
Fossil fuels, Changing of
land use; Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Agriculture
-Methane (CH4)
-Nitrogen oxides (N2O)
Other greenhouses gases: Hydro fluorocarbons
(HFCs),perfluorinated compound (PFCs), sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6)….
Concentration of gases (2005. Year ):
CO2- concentration is increased from 180ppm to 300ppm, on annual basis
that is 1.4 to 1.9ppm.
Surpassed natural level than in the last 650,000 years !
CH4- increasing of concentration is caused by anthropogenic activities,
predominantly agriculture and fossil fuel use
N2O- global concentration is increased from 270ppm to 319ppm
More than one third of total emission of nitrogen is primarily
anthropogenic origin and comes from agriculture

6. Scenario of future global changes
The increase in gases emissions by 2030 will amount to 25 to 90%.
Until the 2030.year – fossil fuels are dominant source of energy.
2030. year - CO2 from 40% to 110%!
Consequences of GHG:
-Ecological changes (marine, lacustrine and terrestrial organisms)
-Decreasing of number of species (polar and types of mountain peaks,
tropical and coral reefs )
- Destruction of relationships between predators and plant insects
-The possibility of spread of species is reduced to a marginal area

7. Examples of ecological changes:
Arctic
Climatic changes increasing of temperatures
changes in vegetation actually dense vegetation

8. Amazon
-Area of tropical forest that is cut down per year is equal to the size of the island
of Ireland.
-Directly increasing of the amount of GHG (greenhouses gases)
-Deforestation lead to the conversion of the Amazon in the semi-desert area in
21st century, already!
Consequences of deforestation:
-The loss of trees
-Loss of soil causing by erosion
-Loss of biodiversity

9. During the 21st century, there will be increase in temperature for 5-6 degrees
of Celsius, which means that we will experience a higher rate of change for a
hundred years than it did during the last 10,000!
Adapting to this will be very difficult for human beings and for many
ecosystems.

10. Analysis of the state of biodiversity
The plant resources for food and agriculture in the world
The division of flowering plants was
performed in 380 families and 83
genus.
Plant genetically resources for food
and agriculture make up the kind of
cultivated plants and their relatives,
which makes up about 37% of all
higher plants.

11. Cultivated species originate from 8 centers of origin or centers of diversity,
according to Vavilov. More than 500 species originated in the Old World, of which
only about 400 species from Asia.
Centers of diversity of cultivated plants (according to
Vavilov, 1935)

12. Edible plant species have 30-50,000. At the global level, 15 species account for
80% of the calories of plant origin.
Leading agricultural plant species
Plant species
Energy participation
in diet (%)
World production
(Mt)
Rice 26 330 - 553
Wheat 23 428 - 581
Corn 7 429 - 576
Sugar cane 6 670-1254
Sugar beet 3 265-234
Soybean 3 88-137
Potato 2 54-294
Sweet potato 2 35-136
Millet 1 26-27
Broomcorn 1 54-60
Barley 1 143-172
Оats 1 29-43
Cassava 1 41-164
Rye 1 23-29
Beans 1 14

13. More than half the calories of plant origin that benefits mankind derives
from three plant species (rice, corn, wheat), and all three belong to a same
family - Poaceae.
Plant resource in Serbia
Of the world's 100 major plants in Serbia can allocate about 62 plant species
In Serbia, a total of 4,300 plant species with extraordinary heterogeneity of
157 families and 888 genera. Cultivated plant species (without flower
species) has 233, of which 48 fruit, which makes 5.4% of used biodiversity in
agriculture in our region.
Of the 185 species of herbaceous plants cultivated in our
products are 205 crops.
In Serbia there is over 60,000 samples of genotypes of
cultivated plants.

14. Reducing the number of species and the number of
genes is referred to as genetic erosion….
Consequences of genetic erosion:
- Decreasing of numbers of individuals of many species
-Their disappearance, and therefore the genes, alleles and their
combinations and interactions disappear as if evolution had not even
been created.
-Disturbs the balance between species, which affects the destruction of
ecosystems
Loss (erosion) biodiversity as a result of global changes

15. Degraded ecosystems require new
adjustments and reduced genetic variability
does not provide a response to new
challenges
According to empirical estimates of loss amounts
from one species per day to one species per
hour.
Today, it is threatened by 20-50% of all existing species,
or between half a million to a million species.
Of the 270,000 known species of higher plants today 35-
50000 considered endangered
Due to the destruction of tropical ecosystems in the next
quarter century is expected disappearance of 60,000 new
plants (one quarter of the total number).
This loss is irreplaceable!

16. -Fragmentation of natural habitats
-Changes in land use
-Monoculture cultivation of plants
-Pollution and climatic changes
For example, new machinery and herbicides are destroyed herbs and
decorative grass around the perimeter of the property, weeds are reduced to
a minimum, and some species of birds and wild animals, which were adapted
diverse spontaneous flora disappeared. In rivers, a spill of toxic residuum of
pesticides and nitrogen leaching groundwater flows, extinct many fish, algae
and aquatic plants. It amends the composition of the depleted soil
microorganisms.
The erosion of agricultural diversity is reflected in the
loss of genes of different species and the loss of
genes within species. Intensive economic
development of countries and the world as a whole
has eliminated the majority of indigenous materials.
Plenty of genes and their interactions have been
replaced by genetic uniformity.
Many varieties have been lost forever and that their
seed is not saved.
Factors of erosion of plant genetically pul:

17. Examples of reducing of genetic divergence:
About 90% of the local population and traditional cultivars
disappeared from the field during the last century
In China in 1949. were grown 10,000 varieties of wheat, but until the 1980.
total number of varieties decreased to 1,000!
Danger of losing of agricultural plants:
1. The rapid spread of plant diseases and pests
2. Reducing the base for the nutrition of the population
3. Reduction of production of biomass
Due to the uniformity of plant crops there are no natural barriers
that can stop pathogens.
Cases of damage to crops, which had an impact on the global
economy of certain regions and countries:
-70s epidemic Helminthosporium turcicum (majdis) on corn that has decimated the
production of these plants in the US
-The fungus Phytophthora infestans in 1840. attacked the potato in Ireland. Result
was around million people death and 1.5 million left the country.

18. Measures for the conservation of biodiversity
-"Convention on Biological Diversity" (CBD - Convention on Biological
Diversity) 1992. year
-Preserving of existing varieties of agricultural plants
-Preservation of existing germ plasm of plant material is necessary
-The establishment of gene banks in order to preserve the existing genetic
variability of cultivated plants and wild relatives
-The introduction of new agricultural plant into production (Hibiscus
cannabinus, Amaranthus sp., Crambe abysinica, Manihota esculenta-
cassava, Chenopodium quinoa-quinoa)