2. • 1888 - C.V.Rileyi introduced Australian ladybird beetle,
Rodolia cardinalis for use on cottony cushion scale,
Icerya purchasii on citrus in California, USA.
• Albert Koebele collected R.cardinalis from Australia.
Within one-and-a
half year the citrus
industry was saved
from severe losses.
Primary example of
successful biological
control.
3. 1928 - Icerya purchasi was first reported from
Nilgiris (T.N) on Wattle, rose, citrus, Acacia
decurrens, and other Acacia spp.
1930 - Rodolia cardinalis was released in Nilgiris
and successfully controlled the pest.
1941 - Pest assumed serious proportions and
spread to upper Palni hills (Tamil Nadu)and was
managed again.
4. • Majority of coccinellids like Chilocorus cacti
imported were for controlling Melanaspis
glomerata on sugarcane, during the late 1960s and
early 1970s.
• Of the 19 species introduced into India
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Curinus coeruleus and
Rodolia cardinalis have established well, the last
two mainly in the southern region.
• 1988 - The coccinellid predator, Curinus coeruleus
(origin: South America) was obtained from Thailand
in 1988 for the biological suppression of psyllid,
Heteropsylla cubana.
6. • Moderate size, oval, convex dorsally and horizontal
ventrally
• Brightly coloured or spotted.
• Head partly concealed from above by the pronotum.
• Antennae usually clavate, short and partly concealed.
• Legs are short, tarsi 4 segmented but appear to be 3
segmented since this 3rd segment is small and
concealed in the deeply bilobed second segment.
Tarsal formula is 4:4:4. Tarsal claws are teethed at the
base.
• Grubs covered with minute tubercles or spines known
as setose or rugose and are usually flattened.
• Elytra covers the abdomen completely.
• Adults and grubs are highly predacious.
7. 5,000 species described worldwide
In India > 300 species described
Brumoides suturalisCheilomenes
sexmaculata
Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri
Harmonia axyridis
Harmonia dimidiataHarmonia octomaculata
Hippodamia variegata Illeis indica Micraspis discolor
Coccinella transversalis
Coccinella undecimpunctata Phrynocaria eberti
Propylea dissecta
Scymnus bourdilloni
Anegleis cardoni
Coccinella septempunctata
8. Mostly generalist predators.
In Temperate regions – 68% of Coccinellids prey on
aphids
Globally – 36% feed on coccids and 20% feed on
aphids.
Aphids, mealybugs, mites, scales, leafhoppers, thrips
whiteflies psyllids
• Eggs and young stages of Coleopterans
(Chrysomelidae), Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera,
Diptera, Collembola
• Chinch bugs Powdery mildew causing fungi
• When the above are in shortage, feeds on
honeydew, pollen, plant sap and nectar
9.
10.
11. (Nyukuri et al.,2012)
PREDATION EFFICACY AGAINST Aphis fabae
23.1 15.6 12.1
32.4
17.3
208
140
109
292
156
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
No.ofaphidseaten
Coccinellid species
Mean no.of Aphis fabae/12 h
Sum
12. (Singh, 2013)
PREDATION EFFICACY OF Coccinella
septempunctata AGAINST Lipaphis erysimi
35.66
17.83
34.4
17.2
182.4
91.2
192.56
96.28
0
50
100
150
200
250
Total Per day Total Per day
2010-11 2011-12
No.ofaphidsconsumed
I instar
II instar
III instar
IV instar
15. Stethorus and Parastethorus (Scymninae) -Tetranychid and
Tenuipalpid mites on vegetables, cotton, ornamentals, forest
crops, grasslands, fruit crops citrus etc.
Each adult female - 30–60 mites per day.
Fecundity – 123-501 eggs in Stethorus sp.
Adult longevity - 127-400 days
PREDATION EFFICACY OF Stethorus and
Parastethorus on TETRANYCHID AND
TENUIPALPID MITES
(Biddinger et al .,2009)
16.
17. COCCINELLID ABUNDANCE ON P.solenopsis IN
COTTON GROWING BELT OF HARYANA
(Ram and Saini,2010)
72.7
38.5
28.6
23.8
14.3
9.1 7.7
14.3
23.8
1918.2
23
28.6
23.8
28.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
June July August September October
Abundanceofpredatorspecies(%)
Months of observation
Brumoides suturalis
Cheilomenes sexmaculatus
Hippodamia variegate
Coccinella septumpunctata
Nephus regularis
Scymnus coccivora
18. FEEDING POTENTIAL OF ADULT Cryptolaemus montrouzieri ON
DIFFERENT NYMPHAL INSTARS OF Phenacoccus solenopsis
(Rashid et al.,2012)
99.55 96.66 99.55
45.75 46.05 45.75
11.51 9.38 9.55
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Early Stage of
C.montrouzieri
Mid Stage of
C.montrouzieri
Late Stage of
C.montrouzieri
Averagemealybugconsumed/day
Instars of Mealybug
1st instar of mealybug
2nd instar of mealybug
3rd instar of mealybug
19.
20. Ladybird species Whitefly species (nymphs)
Bemisia tabaci Aleurodicus dispersus
Cheilomenes vicina 60.8±1.54b 1.60±0.17a
Coccinella septempunctata 55.90±1.44a 2.50±0.21b
Diomers flavipes 79.38±1.06c 1.27±0.15a
Diomers hottentota 60.15±1.38b 1.73±0.19a
LSD 3.82 0.51
P-Value 0.00 0.00
Means along the same column followed by different letters differ significantly at P value ≤ 0.05 levels (one-way
ANOVA, Fisher’s individual error rate, LSD 5%, P value).
PREDATION EFFICACY AGAINST B. TABACI AND A. DISPERSUS
NYMPHS CONSUMED IN A NO CHOICE TEST
(Atuncha et al.,2013)
21. Coccinellid species Whitefly species T-value P-value
Bemisia tabaci Aleurodicus
dispersus
Cheilomenes vicina 39.9±0.68a 1.22±0.18b 43.65 0.00
Coccinella
septempunctata
31.73±0.89a 1.43±0.15b 33.72 0.00
Diomers flavipes 32.15±0.73a 1.85±0.22b 39.93 0.00
Diomers hottentota 34.15±0.53a 0.45±0.14b 61.07 0.00
Means within the same row followed by different letters are significantly different at 5% level T-Test.
MEAN NUMBER OF B.tabaci AND A.dispersus NYMPHS CONSUMED
BY THE LADYBIRD SPECIES IN CHOICE FEEDING CONDITIONS
(Atuncha et al.,2013)
29. Age group
Leaf Area
cleaned (cm2)
Normal powdery
mildew growth (cm2)
Amount consumed
(cm2)
Eclosion to 3rd
instar
-1.17 4.38 3.22 + 1.8
3rd instar to
pupation
1.69 1.41 3.10 + 1.5
Total (Egg to adult)
0.52 5.79 6.32 + 3.3
Observed consumption in terms of the leaf area cleaned (LAC) of visible PM and the
naturally-occurring background growth (G) exhibited by PM in the absence of
feeding. Based on the linear model: LACtotal = LAC + G; where LAC = mean
(%PMinitial - %PMfinal) + leaf disc area + standard error for all larva units, and G =
mean (%PM final - %PM initial) + leaf disk area + standard error for all untreated
units. (Sutherland and Parrella, 2009)
30. • Reduction of 32.4 to 92.8 percent disease index -
recorded 10 days after five pairs of I. cincta were
released per plant.
(Krishnakumar and Maheswari,2004)
31.
32. 1)Prey density in the habitat
2)Size of the prey
3)Physiological state of the prey - pheromones
4) Mobility and behaviour of the prey
5)Presence of ants in prey colonies
6) Weather
7)Wide Host Range
8) Natural Enemies
9)Intra Guild Predation
10)Cannibalism
11)Insecticides
12)Transgenic crops
33. • Hemipteran prey - Holling Type II, with an
increasing but decelerating rate of consumption
with increasing prey density
• H.axyridis exhibited all three types of Functional
responses depending on prey density, type of
prey
• Prey densities depend on weather factors, crop
characteristics
34. Prey of large size is less preferred compared to a smaller
one.
Adults and first instars prefer egg stages of the prey
Release of pheromones helps in better predation as the
alarm pheromone serves as an attractive cue for most
Coccinellids.
Volatiles from insect-damaged plants also act as cue and
help it to locate prey.
35. Known to induce higher “anti-predator”
behaviour in aphids than other predators like
Syrphids.
Pheromones released from aphids decreases
predation efficiency as other aphids of the
colony run away or ‘fall off’ from the plant
Interfere with predation
Threat to predation efficacy
36. Negative correlation - Relative Humidity
Rainfall
Maximum temperature,
Minimum temperature,
Positive correlation - Prey densities,
Average sunshine hour,
Windspeed.
37. A) Fungi – Pathogens cause less than 20% mortality
• Hesperomyces virescens - obligate ectoparasite, causes
premature mortality upto 95% of the adults of Harmonia
axyridis and Chilocorus
bipustulatus.
• Infected females
mated less frequently.
39. B) Parasitic Mites
• Coccipolipus sp. (Podapolipidae) attack
Coccinellinae, Epilachninae and Chilocorinae .
• Transmitted during mating or overwintering
• Fecundity and egg viability of three coccinellids,
Adalia bipunctata, A. decempunctata and S.
conglobata were significantly reduced by C.
hippodamiae.
40. C) Parasitoids
• Hymenopteran Parasitoids
1)Dinocampus coccinellae (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae)
• Adult coccinellids are preferred, especially older
females
41. Female Phorid fly
ovipositing
2) Phorid fly - Diptera
• Phalacrotophora berolinensis
• P. fasciata - parasitize up to
80%
3) Oomyzus scaposus
(Hymenoptera : Eulophidae)
Oomyzus scaposus
42. E) BACTERIA
Male-killing agents include Rickettsia, Spiroplasma,
Wolbachia, Flavobacteria, Proteobacterium.
F) NEMATODES
The entomopathogenic Steinernema and Heterorhabditis
nematode can be highly virulent to susceptible hosts
causing death within 24–48 h after initial infection.
43. Interaction between potential competitors at a particular
trophic level.
Represents a combination of predation and competition
because both species involved utilize the same prey
resources and also benefit from preying upon one another.
Pentatomids, lacewing larvae and ants win in IGP battles
with immature stages of Coccinellids.
Threat to predation efficacy if they are generalist predators.
44. Harmonia axyridis larva eating
Coccinella septempunctata
pupa
Larva of Harmonia axyridis on grub of
Adalia bipunctata
Harmonia axyridis larva eating
Coccinella septempunctata
grub
45. • Observed in all genera in the absence of food.
• Predation on eggs of conspecifics is more
compared to that of heterospecifics.
• Immune to chemical defenses of conspecific
eggs.
• Native species attack exotic eggs less than native
eggs whereas exotic H. axyridis attacked all egg
species similarly.
Threat to predation efficacy
46. Larval Asian/Harlequin Ladybirds (Harmonia
axyridis) cannibalize a pupa of the same
species.
Larval Asian/Harlequin Ladybirds (Harmonia
axyridis) cannibalize a grub of the same
species.
47. Insecticides Concentration (%) Mortality at the concentration (%) Mean
BR R AR BR R AR
Buprofezin 25SC 0.015 0.031 0.05 23.33 (28.76) 33.33(35.20) 43.33(41.13) 33.33(35.05)
Acetamiprid 20SP 0.004 0.006 0.008 83.3 (66.11) 90.00(71.51) 100.00(89.96) 91.11(75.87)
Dichlorvos 76EC 0.05 0.10 0.15 40.00 (39.21) 50.00(44.98) 56.67(48.82) 48.89(44.33)
Carbaryl 50 WP 0.1 0.2 0.3 90.00 (71.53) 93.33 (77.76) 93.33 (77.76) 92.22(81.12)
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 0.003 0.045 0.06 90.00(71.51) 100.00(89.96) 100.00(89.96) 96.67(83.82)
Azadirachtin 0.03EC 2.5 ml/l 5 ml/l 7.5 ml/l 23.33(28.27) 33.33(35.20) 46.67(43.05) 34.44(35.51)
Fipronil 80 WG 0.01 0.02 0.03 63.33(52.57) 76.67(61.19) 86.67(68.82) 75.56(60.92)
Pesticide (A) Concentration (B) Interaction (AXB)
SE + 1.94 2.96 1.12
CD at 5% 5.54 8.47 3.26
BR= below recommended; R=Recommended; AR= Above Recommended concentrations
Figures in parentheses are angular values, *- mean % mortality of three concentrations (BR, R and AR).
Safety of insecticides to fourth instar grubs of C. montrouzieri
(Halappa et al.,2013)
48. Insecticides Concentration (%) Mortality at the concentration (%) Mean
BR R AR BR R AR
Buprofezin 25SC 0.015 0.031 0.05 10.00(18.43) 16.67 (23.84) 33.33(35.20) 20.00(25.52)
Acetamiprid 20SP 0.004 0.006 0.008 86.67 (68.82) 93.33 (77.68) 100.00(89.96) 93.33(78.82)
Dichlorvos 76EC 0.05 0.10 0.15 33.33 (35.20) 43.33(41.13) 53.33(46.90) 43.33(41.13)
Carbaryl 50 WP 0.1 0.2 0.3 93.33 (77.68) 100.00(89.96) 100.00(89.96) 97.38(85.86)
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 0.003 0.045 0.06 90.00 (71.53) 90.00(71.53) 96.67 (83.82) 92.22(75.63)
Azadirachtin 0.03EC 2.5 ml/l 5 ml/l 7.5 ml/l 13.33 (21.11) 26.67(30.98) 36.67(37.21) 25.56(29.77)
Fipronil 80 WG 0.01 0.02 0.03 56.67 (48.82) 66.67(54.76) 90.00(71.53) 71.11(59.51)
Pesticide (A) Concentration (B) Interaction (AXB)
SE + 27.88 22.10 1.42
CD at 5% 79.58 63.08 4.07
Safety of insecticides to adults of C. montrouzieri
BR= below recommended; R=Recommended; AR= Above Recommended concentrations
Figures in parentheses are angular values, *- mean % mortality of three concentrations (BR, R and
AR).
(Halappa et al.,2013)
49. Treatments (dose) Percentage reduction of coccinellid population after spraying
Pre-count
(No./plant)
3 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS Overall reduction
Btk (55,000 SU mg-1) (0.1%) 3.13 26.77*(30.82)** 36.08(36.90) 23.54(26.86) 28.80(31.53)
Btk (32,000 IU mg-1) (0.1%) 3.23 33.42(35.21) 40.28(39.37) 30.16(33.20) 34.62(35.93)
Avermectin (1.8% w/v) (0.1%) 3.36 37.41(37.68) 41.51(40.10) 32.42(34.70) 37.11(37.49)
B. bassiana (1 x 107 sp/ml)
(0.2%)
3.33 10.13(35.37) 33.13(35.11) 33.57(35.37) 25.61(29.65)
Control (water spraying) 3.20 1.49(3.85) 7.79(13.25) 6.37(9.61) 5.22(8.90)
Mean 21.84(25.71) 31.85(33.00) 25.12(27.90)
Source of variation Treatment (T) Days (D) T x D
S.E. + 2.56 1.98 4.43
CD at 5% 7.41 5.73 NS
** Data in the parenthesis are angular transformed value.
Safety evaluation of some microbials against Cheilomenes sp,
Micraspis sp. and Harmonia sp. in field condition (Cabbage)
(Chatterjee et al.,2010)
50. Insecticide Concentration
(% a.i.)
Per cent mortality* of 2nd instar grubs
15 days after treatment
II instar Adults
Buprofezin 25 EC 0.13 43.33 (41.14) 56.67(48.83)
Clothianidin 50 WDG 0.01 100.00 (89.15) 100.00 (89.15)
Imidacloprid 70 WG 0.04 100.00 (89.15) 100.00 (89.15)
Profenophos 50 EC 0.25 100.00 (89.15) 100.00 (89.15)
Acephate 75 WP 0.60 100.00 (89.15) 100.00 (89.15)
Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 0.40 100.00 (89.15) 100.00 (89.15)
Thiodicarb 75 WP 0.19 100.00 (89.15) 100.00 (89.15)
Untreated control - 6.67 (12.59) 0.00 (0.90)
CD (P=0.05) 6.40 2.90
Toxicity of insecticides to II instars and adults of Cheilomenes sexmaculata
*Each figure is a mean of three replications
Figures in parentheses are arc sine √ percentage transformations
(Neetan and Agarwal, 2012)
51. Insecticide Concentration
(% a.i.)
Per cent grub
survival
24 hrs after
hatching
Adult survival after
24 hrs of
emergence (%)*
II instar Adults
Buprofezin 25 EC 0.13 66.67 (54.76) 76.67 (61.19)
Clothianidin 50 WDG 0.01 0.00 (0.90) 6.67 (12.29)
Imidacloprid 70 WG 0.04 0.00 (0.90) 13.33 (21.14)
Profenophos 50 EC 0.25 0.00 (0.90) 16.67 (23.85)
Acephate 75 WP 0.60 0.00 (0.90) 20.00 (26.06)
Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 0.40 0.00 (0.90) 23.33 (28.77)
Thiodicarb 75 WP 0.19 23.33 (28.77) 46.67 (43.06)
Untreated control - 76.67 (61.19) 96.67 (83.82)
CD (P=0.05) 4.18 9.93
Toxicity of insecticides to eggs and pupae of C. sexmaculata
*Each figure is a mean of three replications
Figures in parentheses are arc sine √ percentage transformations (Neetan and Agarwal, 2012)
52. Stethorus punctum to OPs Azinphosmethyl in
Apple orchards of Pennsylvania and S.punctillum
in Italy.
Susceptible to Pyrethroids in 1980s
• Pyrethroid resistance in Hippodamia convergens
was due to knockdown resistance and enzymatic
detoxification of the insecticide.
• The knockdown effect was found to be
recessive and linked to X-chromosome.
• However, variability in proportions of
individuals within families dying following
knockdown indicated genetic variation in the
resistant population.
(Rodrigues et al.,2013)
53.
54. Crop Coccinellid Effect Reference
Bt maize with
lepidoptera-specific
Cry1Ab toxins
Stethorus
punctillum
Degraded Bt toxin without
measureable effects on fitness
or performance
Alfageme et al.,
2008
BT potato Adalia bipunctata
fed on M.
persicae
Fecundity reduced by 38% . Egg
hatch lower
Females lived only half as long
as females fed aphids from
untransformed potatoes.
Birch et
al.,1999
Bt Potato with Bt
(Cry3A) gene
Coleomegilla
maculata fed on
Colorado Potato
Beetle larvae
No difference in larval
consumption rate,
development and survivorship
or fecundity
Riddick and
Barbosa, 1998
Bt maize with
lepidopteran-specific
Bt toxin Cry1Ab
Coleomegilla
maculata fed
transgenic maize
pollen
No acute detrimental effects on
preimaginal
development and survival.
Pilcher et
al.,1997
Cry1Ac toxin applied
to prey or in honey
solution
H. cConvergens
fed with honey +
toxin (20 µgm/ml )
No negative effects Sims,1995
55. • Natural biological control by conservation
practices - Adoption of IPM practices
• Augmentation : Field releases
57. Pseudomonas fluorescens- Seed treatment (10 g/ Kg) / Seedling dipping (2.5
g/ha) / Main field application (2.5 kg/ ha); 2. Pest and disease management
in nursery (Preferably 5% NSKE or 2% neem oil) ; Integrated Nutrient
Management comprising use of neem cake coated urea (5:1); Inclusion of
green manures /biofertilizers; ‘N’ management by LCC (Leaf Colour Chart);
K: basal (50%) + one top dressing (50%); Adoption of cultural practices:
Variety selection, spacing based on season, variety and location (endemic /
hot spot), roguing space ( 1feet for every 8 feet);Water management -
Alternate wetting and drying and submergence at 2.5 cm level during
critical periods only. 6. Release of biocontrol agents: Trichogramma
japonicum for stem borer @ 2 cc / ac at weekly interval for 3 times from 28
days after planting; Trichogramma chilonis for leaf folder @ 2 cc/ ac at
weekly interval - 3 times from 42 days after planting; Securing bird and owl
perches @ 16 to 20 nos. /ac. Application of botanicals especially NSKE 5%
for leaf folder ; ETL based insecticide / fungicide spraying ;10. Integrated
rodent management: Narrow bunding (45 X 30 cm); Zinc phosphide baiting
(49:1); Thanjavur bow trapping (30-35 nos. / ac) and Bromodiolone cake
baiting.
Non-IPM : Farmers’ Practice
DETAILS OF MODULES
59. MODULES
IPM Module :
• Choice of pest tolerant varieties/hybrids (tolerant to leaf
hopper)
• Seed treatment with Imidacloprid 70 WS (5 g/kg seed) or
Thiamethoxam 70 WS (3g/kg seed) in case of varieties
susceptible to leaf hopper attack.
• Timely sowing in either April or first fortnight of May to escape
bollworms infestation.
• No spray for the first 60 days after sowing. Field survey by
farmers twice a week to take the necessary control measures
against any untimely pest attack.
• Spray decisions based on Economic/Action Threshold Level (ETL)
Spray of right chemical at the right time and proper dose
• Use of Acephate spray was avoided during September as it leads
to resurgence of whitefly
Non-IPM : Farmers’ chemical management
60. BRINJAL
MI: Raised nursery beds, soil solarisation for 3 weeks in June, seed treatment with
Trichoderma harzianum @ 4 g/kg seed, release of Trichogramma brasiliensis @
1.0 lakh/ha based on monitoring, neem cake @ 250 kg/ha one month after
transplanting, 3 sprays of NSKE (5%) against leafhoppers, whiteflies and aphids at
65,85 and 95 DAT and one spray of EPNs at 75 DAT
M-II : MI + Installation of delta sticky traps for whitefly, collection and destruction
of egg masses, grubs, adults of Hadda beetle, shoot and fruit borer.
M-III : MII + need based application of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5 g a.i./ha and
Carbaryl 50 WP@ 500g a.i/ha.
MIV : Spray of Monocrotophos 36 SL@ 500g a i/ha + Acetamiprid 20 SP@ 4 g
a.i./ha at 45 DAT and 65 DAT; Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5 g a.i./ha at 90 DAT,
Monocrotophos 36 SL@ 500g a i/ha at 110 DAT and Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5 g
a.i./ha at 158 DAT.
M V – Untreated control.
(Sardana et al., 2009)
63. IPM:
Raised nursery beds, soil solarisation for 3 weeks in June, seed
treatment with Trichoderma viridae @ 1kg/ 3kg FYM, bird
perches, five releases of Trichogramma brasiliensis @ 1.0
lakh/ha based on monitoring, neem cake @ 250 kg/ha one
month after transplanting, 3 sprays of NSKE (5%) against
leafhoppers, whiteflies and aphids alternating with pesticidal
sprays. Installation of delta sticky traps for whitefly, collection
and destruction of egg masses, grubs, adults of Hadda beetle,
shoot and fruit borer and need based application of
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5 g a.i./ha at 100 DAT.
Non-IPM (farmers’ practice) :
Spray of Monocrotophos 36 SL@ 500g a.i./ha; Imidacloprid
17.8 SL @ 5 g a.i./ha; Monocrotophos 36 SL@ 500g a.i./ha +
Acetamiprid 20 SP@ 4 g a.i./ha; Triazophos @ 350 g a.i/ha;
Chlorpyriphos 20E @ 200g a.i/ha + Cypermethrin 5 Ec @ 500 g
a.i/ha.
65. DETAILS OF MODULES
M 1
Neem cake
250kg/acre
Cowpea
intercropping
Bird perches
Spraying of Neem oil
1%
Conservationof
Coccinellids
Handpicking of larva
M2
ST with
Imidacloprid 17.8
SL @ 10ml/kg seed
Trichogramma
chilonis @ 6
cc/acre
Pheromone traps
for Earias sp.
(Evitlure) @ 5/acre
Bt spray @ 2ml/L
M3
ST with
Imidacloprid
17.8 SL @
10ml/kg seed
Spraying
Acephate 70
WP @2g/L
Profenofos
50EC
@2ml/acre
M4
Spraying Dimethoate
30EC @2ml/L
combined with 50g/L
Trichogramma
chilonis @ 6 cc/acre
Collection and
destruction of
affected fruits
Pheromone traps for
Earias sp. (Evitlure)
@ 5/acre
Bt spray @ 2ml/L
M5
Unprotect
ed crop
66. Field efficacy of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri on
Maconellicoccus hirsutus on Custard Apple
Field experiments were conducted in two custard
apple orchards. The Cryptolaemus grubs of 3-5
days old were released in the field.
• Orchard I : The striped maybug F. virgata was
observed in May 2000. It had 30 plants of 10 years
old in Block No.1 of IIHR farm. Releases of C.
montrouzieri were made.
• Orchard II : It had 100 custard apple plants of six
years old. The fruits were found covering with the
mixed population of pink mealybug M. hirsutus
and the striped mealybug F. virgata at Block No. 8,
IIHR farm.
67. Population of mealybugs and C. montrouzieri on custard apple at
IIHR farm
Date Mean population/plant ± S.D. % reduction
in mealybugMealybugs C. montrouzieri population
Orchard I (Block No.1) – 30 larvae/plant of C.montrouzieri twice a month at 15-day interval
09.6.2000 2450.9 ± 58.3
23.6.2000 1354.6 ± 48.1 8.5±3.4 44.7
15.7.2000 952.4 ± 22.2 15.8±4.5 61.1
01.8.2000 330.5 ± 18.4 14.3±6.7 86.5
14.8.2000 5.2 ± 2.1 6.5±2.9 99.8
Orchard II (Block No.8) 30 larvae/plant of C.montrouzieri twice a month at 15-day interval
31.6.2001 3507.5 ± 110.3
14.7.2001 2310.4 ± 97.4 9.4±5.0 34.1
28.7.2001 840.3 ± 80.3 14.9±7.0 76.0
14.8.2001 324.0 ± 40.8 11.5±7.8 90.8
01.9.2001 200.0 ± 23.7 5.5±1.8 94.3
14.9.2001 0.0 0.0 100.0
(Mani and Krishnamoorthy, 2007)
68. Release time of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri vs
reduction of mealybug population of Maconellicoccus
hirsutus in grape
97.67
86.96
96.00%
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
July Mid-December First week of April
Reductionofmealybugpopulation
Release time
July
Mid-December
First week of April
(Mani and Krishnamoorthy, 2012)
73. Coccinellid Pest Crop Release rate
Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri
Maconellicoccus
hirsutus
Grape 10 beetles/tree or
5000 beetles/ha
Coccinella
septempunctata
Lipaphis erysimi Mustard 5000 beetles/ha
Scymnus coccivora Maconellicoccus
hirsutus
Mulberry 5000 beetles/ha
Two to three releases are to be made annually early in the season, depending upon
the severity of pest infestation
75. 1) Spraying herbivore-induced plant volatiles like Methyl Salicylate (5 g
each, 90 d activity; 35 mg/d release rate at constant 300C – 520
lures/ha). Plant volatile 2-Phenyl ethanol was used in commercial
lure called Benallure.
2)Spraying components of prey alarm pheromones of aphids.
Eg. A.bipunctata and H.axyridis responded well to E-β Farnesene
C.maculata responded well to 2-phenylethanol and α-Terpinol .
3)Artificial food sprays containing sugar/sucrose and proteins - 5.4
kg/ha of sugar and yeast hydrolysate and 10.8 kg/ha of molasses.
4)Combining use of sucrose sprays with mass supplemental releases of
predator
5)Food imprinting or pre-conditioned prey specificity to enhance their
searching behaviour
6) Using a combination of beetle and parasitoid releases after
checking that there is no IGP between them
76. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri on Phenacoccus
solenopsis
Potatoes are sown in trays with sand.
Mass produced on P.solenopsis grown on
potato sprouts.
77. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri or Scymnus sp on
Maconellicoccus hirsutus or Planococcus citri
Produced on
mealybugs reared
on pumpkins.
79. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri on Paracoccus
marginatus
Potatoes are sown in trays with sand.
Mass produced on P.marginatus grown on
potato sprouts.
80. • Adult fed with 50% honey solution + diet
containing agar-agar and honey.
Preparation of honey -agar medium :
• Boiling sugar 20g in 100ml of water, 1g Agar
agar powder, 40ml honey, 10% pulverized dry
aphids
• Can be stored in refrigerator for 2-3 weeks.
81. Conservation of natural control by Coccinellids
can be achieved by following Integrated pest
management practices
Inundative or inoculative releases in the field or
under protected or greenhouse conditions
along with other methods of pest
management can be recommended for
vegetables crops which are harvested at close
intervals and eaten raw/fresh and the use of
chemicals is unsuitable.
82. Name of Coccinellid Stage of
supply
Price Target pest
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Adults/Grubs 200/100 adults, 100/
100 grubs
Mealybugs
Scymnus coccivora Adults/Grubs 100/100 adults Mealybugs
Chilocorus nigrita Adults/Grubs 200/100 adults, 100/
100 grubs
Scale insects
Cheilomenes sexmaculata Adults/Eggs 200/100 adults, 150/
100 eggs
Aphids
Coccinella septempunctata Adults/Eggs 200/100 adults, 150/
100 eggs
Aphids
Brumoides suturalis Adults/Grubs 200/100 adults, 150/
100 grub
Aphids,mealybugs,
scale insects, whiteflies
Curinus coeruleus Adults 200/100 adults Subabul Psyllid
Web site with information on Coccinellids of Indian subcontinent created and maintained by
Dr.J. Poorani Principal Scientist (Coccinellid Taxonomy) NBAII -
www.angelfire.com/bug2/j_poorani/index.html
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