This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated disease management (IDM) strategies for organic farming. It provides details on various cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that can be used as part of IPM to minimize pest populations below economic injury levels. These include practices like sanitation, tillage, adjusting planting times and plant populations, using balanced fertilizers, water management, and habitat diversification. The document also discusses using natural enemies and biocontrol agents as part of biological pest management strategies, and provides examples like using birds, trap cropping, pheromone traps, and yellow sticky boards. For disease management, it outlines principles of exclusion, elimination, avoidance, protection, resistance, and therapy.
Integrated disease management of soil borne disease in south gujarat _Thesiya...Mayur Thesiya
Integrated disease management of soil borne disease in south gujarat _Thesiya mayur (2010117116 )
The significant problems caused by soilborne pathogens in crop production worldwide
include reduced crop performance, decreased yield, and higher production costs. In many parts of the
world, methyl bromide was extensively used to control these pathogens before the implementation
of the Montreal Protocol—a global agreement to protect the ozone layer. The threats of soilborne
disease epidemics in crop production, high cost of chemical fungicides and development of fungicide
resistance, climate change, new disease outbreaks and increasing concerns regarding environmental
as well as soil health are becoming increasingly evident. These necessitate the use of integrated
soilborne disease management strategies for crop production. This article summarizes methods for
management of soilborne diseases in crop production which includes the use of sanitation, legal
methods, resistant cultivars/varieties and grafting, cropping system, soil solarization, biofumigants,
soil amendments, anaerobic soil disinfestation, soil steam sterilization, soil fertility and plant nutrients,
soilless culture, chemical control and biological control in a system-based approach. Different methods
with their strengths and weaknesses, mode of action and interactions are discussed, concluding with
a brief outline of future directions which might lead to the integration of described methods in a
system-based approach for more effective management of soilborne diseases.
Manipulation of cultural practices at an appropriate time for reducing or avoiding disease damage to crops
The cultural practices make the environment less favorable for the plant pathogen and or more favorable for its bio control agents.
According to Stevens(1960) , the cultural methods of disease control involve agricultural cropping, harvesting and storage, tillage, crop rotation, soil management, growing of resistant varieties, planning of land use, and other related practices.
list of cultural practices
1.Soil solarization
2.Deep summer ploughing
3.Organic and inorganic amendments
4.Fallowing
5. Crop rotation
6. Green manure crops
7.Irrigation practices
and others Roughing
Strip farming
Trap and decay crops
Burning crop residue
Fertilizers usage
Time of sowing
Sanitation
Integrated disease management of soil borne disease in south gujarat _Thesiya...Mayur Thesiya
Integrated disease management of soil borne disease in south gujarat _Thesiya mayur (2010117116 )
The significant problems caused by soilborne pathogens in crop production worldwide
include reduced crop performance, decreased yield, and higher production costs. In many parts of the
world, methyl bromide was extensively used to control these pathogens before the implementation
of the Montreal Protocol—a global agreement to protect the ozone layer. The threats of soilborne
disease epidemics in crop production, high cost of chemical fungicides and development of fungicide
resistance, climate change, new disease outbreaks and increasing concerns regarding environmental
as well as soil health are becoming increasingly evident. These necessitate the use of integrated
soilborne disease management strategies for crop production. This article summarizes methods for
management of soilborne diseases in crop production which includes the use of sanitation, legal
methods, resistant cultivars/varieties and grafting, cropping system, soil solarization, biofumigants,
soil amendments, anaerobic soil disinfestation, soil steam sterilization, soil fertility and plant nutrients,
soilless culture, chemical control and biological control in a system-based approach. Different methods
with their strengths and weaknesses, mode of action and interactions are discussed, concluding with
a brief outline of future directions which might lead to the integration of described methods in a
system-based approach for more effective management of soilborne diseases.
Manipulation of cultural practices at an appropriate time for reducing or avoiding disease damage to crops
The cultural practices make the environment less favorable for the plant pathogen and or more favorable for its bio control agents.
According to Stevens(1960) , the cultural methods of disease control involve agricultural cropping, harvesting and storage, tillage, crop rotation, soil management, growing of resistant varieties, planning of land use, and other related practices.
list of cultural practices
1.Soil solarization
2.Deep summer ploughing
3.Organic and inorganic amendments
4.Fallowing
5. Crop rotation
6. Green manure crops
7.Irrigation practices
and others Roughing
Strip farming
Trap and decay crops
Burning crop residue
Fertilizers usage
Time of sowing
Sanitation
A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENSprakash mani kumar
soil borne pathogens cause a significant economic losses in agricultural production all over the world. The disease caused by these pathogens are difficult to predict, detect, diagnose and successfully control. A sustainable management approaches are very important to minimize the activity of these pathogens. ther eare various method to manage the soil borne pathogens such as cultural methods, physical methods, chemical methods, biological methods and growing a resistant varieties. The effective control of the soil borne pathogens is possible only through detailed study on survival and dessemination of these pathogens. effect of environmental conditions, role of cultural practices and host resistance and susceptibility will play a major role in disease management.
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...Mayur Thesiya
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Soilborne pathogens and nematodes are very destructive in vegetables crops and one of the most limiting factors to farmers income. Soil fumigation has been an essential component of greenhouses crops since the 1960s. Growing vegetables without soil fumigants has remained a challenge, in part because commercially acceptable eggplant cultivars produced through conventional breeding lack resistance to many soil borne plant pathogens. Grafting cultivars with high quality and productivity on rootstocks that are resistant to soil pests and diseases is a method known for years ago, but which was improved and quickly spread in the last years. The objective of the researches was to evaluate the performance of the eggplant grafting on the some rootstocks in greenhouse conditions, alone and in combination with soil fumigation using metham sodium. Data obtained in the combinations scion/rootstock and not grafted eggplants were compared with data recorded where the metham sodium fumigant was used and as well as with the combinations grafted eggplants planted in soil disinfested with metham sodium. The marketable yield, fruits quality, frequency and root galling index of soilborne disease and nematodes, in the experimental variants were determined and calculated. Grafting process combined with the metham sodium soil disinfestation led to significant reduction in the incidence of attack produced by soilborne disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, Verticillium dahlia) and nematodes (Meloidogine incognita).
Integrated Pest Management- floricultureDeepak Kamboj
IPM is a pest management system that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics, utilizes all the appropriate techniques to minimize the pest population levels below those causing economic injury.
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENSprakash mani kumar
soil borne pathogens cause a significant economic losses in agricultural production all over the world. The disease caused by these pathogens are difficult to predict, detect, diagnose and successfully control. A sustainable management approaches are very important to minimize the activity of these pathogens. ther eare various method to manage the soil borne pathogens such as cultural methods, physical methods, chemical methods, biological methods and growing a resistant varieties. The effective control of the soil borne pathogens is possible only through detailed study on survival and dessemination of these pathogens. effect of environmental conditions, role of cultural practices and host resistance and susceptibility will play a major role in disease management.
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVA...Mayur Thesiya
MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS OF VEGETABLE CROPS UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION
Soilborne pathogens and nematodes are very destructive in vegetables crops and one of the most limiting factors to farmers income. Soil fumigation has been an essential component of greenhouses crops since the 1960s. Growing vegetables without soil fumigants has remained a challenge, in part because commercially acceptable eggplant cultivars produced through conventional breeding lack resistance to many soil borne plant pathogens. Grafting cultivars with high quality and productivity on rootstocks that are resistant to soil pests and diseases is a method known for years ago, but which was improved and quickly spread in the last years. The objective of the researches was to evaluate the performance of the eggplant grafting on the some rootstocks in greenhouse conditions, alone and in combination with soil fumigation using metham sodium. Data obtained in the combinations scion/rootstock and not grafted eggplants were compared with data recorded where the metham sodium fumigant was used and as well as with the combinations grafted eggplants planted in soil disinfested with metham sodium. The marketable yield, fruits quality, frequency and root galling index of soilborne disease and nematodes, in the experimental variants were determined and calculated. Grafting process combined with the metham sodium soil disinfestation led to significant reduction in the incidence of attack produced by soilborne disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, Verticillium dahlia) and nematodes (Meloidogine incognita).
Integrated Pest Management- floricultureDeepak Kamboj
IPM is a pest management system that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics, utilizes all the appropriate techniques to minimize the pest population levels below those causing economic injury.
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
Disease management system that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics of microorganisms, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in a manner as compatible as possible and maintains the disease below economic level”.
Title
Introduction
Objectives
Justification
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
This presentation is about Nematode management options for organic and precision farming. In this presentation care and management practices used for nematode control are explained, some of them are 1) Resistant crop variety 2) Crop rotation 3) Soil solarization 4) Biological control etc.
Pest control is the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, a member of the animal kingdom that impacts adversely on human activities. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done, and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy.
An integrated weed management approach to land management combines the use of complementary weed control methods such as grazing, herbicide application, land fallowing, and biological control.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. IPM & IDM
ORGANIC FARMING
Submitted to ;- Submitted by ;-
Manju Sharma MUTYALU SHESHU
G SECTION
Roll no 50
2. Integrated pest management
IPM is a pest management system that in the context of associated
environment and population dynamics, utilizes all the appropriate
techniques to minimize the pest population at levels below those
causing economic injury.
Cultural and biological methods are the two major components in
integrated plant protection.
3. Cultural Practices
■ Sanitation
■ Tillage
■ Time of sowing
■ Plant population
■ Manures fertilisers
■ Water management
■ Habitat deification
4. Sanitation
It includes removal or destruction of breeding refuges and over
wintering of pests. Seed material, farm yard manure etc carrying
insect eggs or its stages of development should be carefully
screened before their use. Destruction of alternate hosts
minimizes pest population build up.
5. Tillage
Ploughing and inter-cultivation brings about unfavourable
conditions for multiplication of pests as well as diseases and
weeds. Quiescent stages (pupae) of harmful organisms will be
exposed to dehydration or to predation by birds and other stages
may be mechanically damaged or buried deep in the soil.
6. Time of sowing
As weather influences developmental rhythm of plants as well as
growth and survival of pests and diseases, serious setback occurs
when the weather conditions are such as to bring about
coincidence of susceptible growth stages with highest incidence of
pests and diseases.Therefore, adjustment in sowing dates is often
resorted to as an agronomic strategy to minimize the crop losses.
Maize sown late suffers little borer damage, as by then the egg
parasiteTrichogramma is able to keep down the population of the
pest. Rice may suffer less from borer attack if planted early (early
June). Early maturing cotton cultivars have become popular in
Punjab and Haryana as they escape pink bollworm.
7. Plant population
Plant population per unit area influence crop microclimate. Dense
plant canopy leads to high humidity build up congenial for pest and
disease multiplication. Keeping the total plant population
constant, inter and intra row plant population can be adjusted to
minimize the humidity build up within the plant canopy
8. Manures & fertilizers
Excessive nitrogen increases susceptibility of crop to sucking and
leaf eating pests. Higher rates of nitrogen application than the
recommended rate to hybrids without corresponding increase in
phosphorus and potassium is the main factor for heavy pest and
disease incidence. Balanced application of NPK helps the crop to
tolerate pests and diseases considerably.
9. Water management
Irrigation can reduce the soil inhabiting pests by suffocation or
exposing them to soil surface to be preyed upon by birds. Irrigating
potato crop at tuber formation can minimize potato scab.
Anthracnose of beans, early blight and charcoal rot of potato can
be checked by furrow irrigation than sprinkler irrigation.
10. Habitat diversification
Many pests prefer feeding on a particular plant or others.This
preference may be exploited to reduce the pest load on crop. Crop
rotation, intercropping, traps cropping and strip cropping can bring
down the pest load considerably.
11. Biological
Biological control basically means, “The utilization of any living
organism for the control of insect-pest, diseases and weeds”.This
means use of any biotic agents for minimizing the pest population
either directly or indirectly. Biological control of insect-pests is gaining
recognition as an essential component of successful IPM.Classical
biological control involves deliberate and natural establishment of
natural enemies in areas where they did not previously occur. In
addition to deliberate introduction of bio- control agents, proper
attention needs to be given for conservation and augmentation of
natural enemies that already exist in an area.This should be treated as
important as many insect predators are much more susceptible to
insecticides than the pests they attack. Biological control agents for
insect pests are available in nature abundantly and work against crop
pests naturally called as Naturae Control.
12. The pest management programmed where natural enemies of the
crop pests form the core component is designated as (BIPM).
The most commonly used bio-agents in BIPM are broadly classified
into 3 categories i) Parasitoid ii) Predators iii) Microbes causes
diseases in insects.
14. Integrated Disease Management
■ Disease controls are important because of the loss they cause
on crops
■ The loss can be occur at any time
■ It can cause at the time of sowing to harvest
15. Principles
■ Exclusion prevent entry and establishment
■ Elimination removal or reduction of pathogen
■ Avoidance alter time and place cultivation
■ Protection treat plant to prevent infection
■ Resistance infection and disease resistance
■ Therapy curative measures to limit pathogen
