This document discusses integrated pest management practices for cereal, pulse, and oilseed crops in crop rotation systems in Saskatchewan. It covers pest identification, monitoring, prevention, and control methods including cultural, mechanical, genetic, biological, and chemical approaches. Specific practices are outlined for diseases, insects, and weeds common to these crops. Thresholds and timing guidelines are provided for applying control measures.

1. Rahul Patel, P.Ag.
Senior Sales Agrologist, Shaunavon Co-op Assoc Limited
Cell: (306) 618-9194
Office: (306) 297-2662
E-mail: agro.shauncoop@sasktel.net
Twitter@rahulpl2001
DATED:12TH MARCH 2015
IPM practices in cereal, pulses and
oilseed crop rotation system in SK

2. 1. What Is Integrated Pest Management?
 Strategy used to control diseases, insects and weed that
combines a number of approaches to minimize the impact of
pest on a crop.
 These includes:
a. Pest identification;
b. Knowledge of biology of the pest and host crop;
c. Monitoring/Scouting for pests;
d. Economic thresholds/Risk Value/Crop loss;
e. Prediction/Forecasting tools and techniques;
f. Preventive practices;
g. Adopting management practice such as Cultural, biological,
genetic, and chemical
h. Recording and evaluation results

3. 1. Cultural, Mechanical and Physical Control:
a. Use of Crop rotation - Clubroot and blackleg of canola, FHB, tan spot, smut, ergot of cereals,
ascochyta of pulses, anthracnose of lentil etc.
b. Early seeding of spring seeded cereals eg., rust
c. Destruction of Alternate host, Foxtail barley to control stripe rust.
d. Staggering planting time & using cultivars with different maturities eg., FHB of cereals
e. Shallow seeding of cereals -eg., seedling blight
f. Maintenance of adequate fertility –eg., seedling blight of cereals, pulses and oilseeds
g. Nitrogen fertility management- eg. powdery mildew and other leaf diseases of cereals
h. Copper application can reduce the amount of ergot in wheat.
i. Reduced or zero tillage fields-eg., seedling blight of all crops
j. Prevalence of Septoria is greater with conventional tillage than reduced tillage practice.
k. Modification of surface soil profile, drainage & Balanced P– eg. Pythium root rot cereals.
l. Burying wheat residue before seeding eg., tan spot.
m. Use of certified seed or clean seed eg., smut, bunt and ergot of cereals
n. Adjusting combines speed to remove FDK than healthy kernels helps in improving grain
grade and reduce toxin levels.
o. Weed scouting and subsequent herbicide application will help to control volunteer wheat or AH.
p. Equipment sanitation for Clubroot canola management.
q. Selection of field eg. blackleg of Canola, Clubroot of canola, anthracnose of lentil,
ascochyta of pulses

4. 2. Genetic control:
a. Use of resistant cultivars for smut, FHB, powdery mildew, rust, club root canola, blackleg of
canola, Sclerotinia resistant for canola etc. (SK seed guide 2015)
3. Biological Control:
a. Seed treatment or soil treatment with Trichoderma sp., to reduce FHB pressure infected soil
zone. (Not Registered in Canada)
b. Contans WG preplant incorporated in soil for the control of Sclerotinia of Canola.
c. Serenade Max for the control of white mold in pea, chickpea, lentil, soybean, canola,
potato
4. Decision Support Systems:
a. Use of disease forecasting model to help producers with fungicide applications in field.
b. FHB forecasting model in cereals have available for producers in USA.
c. Use of VRT techniques to spray fungicides in patches for disease control as well as nutrient
management to reduce pressure of disease in crop.
5. Chemical Control:
a. Use of seed treatment chemicals for FHB, Seedling blight, seed rot, seedling rot, root rot,
ascochyta blight of pea, lentil anthracnose, lentil ascochyta, chickpea ascochyta etc.
b. Need based foliar application of fungicide coincide with disease timing and staging of the
crop to reduce use of chemicals. eg., Sclerotinia of Canola between 20-50 % bloom stages, and
FHB cereals- between GS49-GS59.

5. 0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Figure 1:Eastend average of 2005 to 2014 May PP Inches
May PP Inches

6. 0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Figure 2 :Eastend average of 2005 to 2014 June PP Inches
June PP Inches

7. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Figure 3 : Hours per day when the RH >75
% during growing crop season in June at Eastend (Average of 2005-2014)
June
8 June GS 22 Main Shoot & two
tillers Septoria leaf spot begin
16 June GS 30 Pseudo stem erection
Tan Spot begins
24 June GS 37 Flag leaf stage Leaf
spots become severe
4-7 June GS 102-
Second node stage
Field Pea
14 -17 June
GS 201-
Enclosed
Bud stage
Field Pea
22-24
June Bud
stage
begins
Field
Peas
15-19 June
GS 1.8 -8
lentil leaves
unfolded

8. 303.335
333.94
408.235
445.125
518.385
548.035
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Figure 4: Accumulated GDD in June at Eastend Average of 2005-2014
(Base Temp 9 d C)
4-7 June
GS 102-
Second
node
stage
Field Pea
14 -17
June GS
201-
Enclosed
Bud stage
Field Pea
22-24
June Bud
stage
begins
Field Peas
15-19 June
GS 1.8 -8
lentil leaves
unfolded
(AGDD-423-
471)

9. 0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Figure 5: Eastend average of 2005 to 2014 July PP Inches
July PP Inches

10. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Figure 6: Hours per day when the RH >75
% during growing crop season in July at Eastend (Average of 2005-2014)
July
15 July GS 59 Emergence of
Head complete FHB begin
25th July GS
69 Flowering
complete
FHB become
severe
5-10 July GS
202 Pea first
flower open
21-27 July GS 207
Pea Pod fill stage
6-11 July GS 6.0
Lentil flowering
begins
16-21 July GS 6.5
Lentil flowering
complete
26 July -1 Aug GS
7.1 Lentil seed fill
begins.

11. 740.22
829.25
1030.895
1141.955
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Figure 7: Accumulated GDD in July at Eastend average of 2005-2014 (Base Temperature 9 oC)
July
5-10 July GS
203 First
Flower Open
Field Pea Quilt
or Acapela or
Quadris or
Delaro or
Priaxor DS or
21-27 July GS 207
Reproductive
stage pod filling
stage Field Pea
Bravo Zn
6-11 July GS 6.0 Flowering
begins Lentil (762-853) Quilt or
Acapela or Quadris or Delaro or
Priaxor DS

12. 0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Figure 8: Eastend average of 2005 to 2014 Aug PP Inches
Aug PP Inches

13. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Figure 9: Hours per day when the RH >75
% during growing crop season in August at Eastend (Average of 2005-2014)
August
4 Aug GS79 complete
of milking stage
12 Aug GS87 Hard
Dough stage FHB
becomes severe
black point begin

14. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
14 -21 Aug GS 8.1 Lentil
Seed begin to mature,
10 % of seed has
changed colour (GDD
1470-1594) Bravo
5-13 Aug GS 301 Field Pea
lower pod dry brown, seeds
dry, middle pod yellow &
wrinkled, seed rattle, top pod
green & wrinkled (GDD 1305-
1451)
18-27 Aug GS 303 Field Pea
maturity stage, All pod dry
brown, seeds dry & hard
(GDD 1527-1686)
Figure 10: Accumulated GDD in August at Eastend average of 2005-2014 (Base Temperature 9 d C)

15. 1. Cultural, Mechanical and Physical Control:
a. Early seeded cereals grow and become vigorous and pass the susceptible stage before aphid and
wheat midge population reach damaging levels.
b. Adult moth of cutworm and armyworm population can be monitored by using light traps.
c. Sex attractants can be used to trap adult cutworm moths or armyworm moths
d. Monitored aphid and midge population by using yellow sticky trap.
e. Destroying grassy weeds, 1-2 weeks before seeding will minimize the risk of attracting egg laying
moths and subsequent infestations.
f. Crop rotation will prevent build up of wheat midge.
g. Uniform seeding depth, higher seed rate to reduce tillering will reduce midge kernel damage.
h. Swathing sawfly infested wheat as soon as kernel moisture drops below 40 % may save infested
stems before they fall.
i. Shallow or fall tillage can result in significant sawfly mortality.
j. Mowing or grazing of field borders or ditch banks containing native grasses to avoid egg laying of
cutworms, armyworms.
k. Seed into warm, moist seedbed to promote good canola stand establishment and rapid seedling
growth to reduce loss from flea beetle.
l. Early maturing variety of Canola can help avoid a significant BAW infestation unless the moth flight is
exceptionally early.

16. 2. Genetic control:
a. Use of midge tolerant wheat variety to prevent resistant midge buildup and provide control and
higher yields and good grade. (SK Seed guide 2015)
b. Solid stem wheat varieties are resistant to wheat stem sawfly larval damage.
3. Biological Control:
a. Ladybird beetle, hover fly larvae and Lacewing bug and parasites usually keep population of
cereal aphids, pulse and oilseed aphid under control.
b. Predator like black bird commonly search for armyworms in small grain.
4. Decision Support Systems:
a. Use of forecasting tool for pests 2015 will help producers to minimize the use of insecticides.
5. Chemical Control:
a. Follow ETL to spray chemical Malathion for aphids control in cereals, if it is an average 12-15
aphid /stem prior to the soft dough stage.
b. Best results occur if insecticide applied in the evening for Cutworm.
c. Field should be treated within 4 days of reaching ETL of 1 adult midge per 4or 5 wheat heads, if 50
% wheat heads are flowering.
d. For wheat midge Insecticide should be applied in late afternoon or evening when temp exceed
15˚C and WS<10 km/h.
e. Use Seed treatment chemicals to reduce the problem of Wireworm to non-economical level.
f. ETL for applying foliar insecticide is typically at 25 % defoliation to reduce yield loss, if flea beetles
are still present and actively feeding.
g. Control brassicaceous weeds including volunteer canola to reduce population of Cabbage seed
pod weevil and DBM
h. Seed treatment of pulses, cereals and oilseeds crop reduces the pressure of infestation of
PLW, wireworm, flew beetles respectively.

17. 1. Cultural, Mechanical and Physical Control:
a. Inserting a warm-season crop such as corn, soybean, or sunflower into a winter wheat-fallow
rotation can break the life cycle of these economically important winter annual weeds.
b. A firm seedbed enhances wheat seed germination and seedling growth which competes with
weed population well in time.
c. Tall wheat varieties competes better with weeds than short varieties.
d. Use of clean weed free seed lot for planting.
e. Plant winter wheat during the optimum planting time.
f. Seeding rate could be adjusted to improve weed control for all crops.
g. Early maturing varieties compete by shading out the foxtail growth before competition starts.
h. Use of reduce or zero tillage decline weed population eg. Green Foxtail
i. Banding N places the fertilizer in the soil where it’s unavailable to weed root system eg.,
Green foxtail
j. Use of competitive crop barley, canola, wheat in combination with shallow seeding, good
seedbed, balanced fertility, herbicide burn off or tillage timed close to crop emergence or
seeding control wild oat weed problem.
k. Field monitoring will alert producer to development of resistant weeds.
l. Narrow row spacing can improve weed control for all crops.

18. 2. Genetic control:
a. Use of Roundup Ready Canola, Roundup Ready Soybean, Clearfield Canola,
lentil, wheat , Bt Corn, Bt cotton variety
3. Decision Support Systems:
a. Use of VRT will help producers to minimize the use of herbicides.
4. Chemical Control:
a. Rotation of mode of action of herbicides to control weed as well as delaying
development of resistance.
b. Use Preseed burn off treatment to control early emerging weeds eg., Cleanstart
in Canola.
c. In crop weed control in the early stages of canola crop development before 4
leaf stage will have greater yield benefits than later in season.
d. Need based use of pre harvest herbicide to control weed in crop.

19. Advantages Limitations
a. Reduce existing pest problem to
levels that are not economically
significant
b. Increase economic return to
producers
c. Maintain and improves health of
environment
d. Prevent spread of current pests
e. Avoids selection of pesticide
resistance
f. Conserves natural enemies of
pest
g. Builds a better understanding of
pest control and its complexity
a. Increased knowledge required
b. IPM is long term strategy, takes
time to make it work well
c. Pest populations will not be
consistently reduced to
acceptable levels.

20. Growth
features
One shoot Tillering
begins
Tillers
formed
Leaf sheath
lengthen
Leaf sheath
strongly
erect
1 node of
stem visible
2 node of
stem visible
Last leaf just
visible
Ligules of
last leaf just
visible
In boot Head visible Flowering Ripening
GDD 252 395 538 681 824 967 1110 1255 1396 1539 1567 1739 1825
Powdery Mildew-Headline
or Tilt or Bumper or Fuse
Powdery Mildew-Headline or Tilt or Bumper or Fuse
Leaf rust-Tilt or Quilt or Caramba or Acapela or Bumper or Headline
Pythium seed rot &
Damping off – Allegiance or
Cruiser Maxx Vibrance
cereal or Vibrance Quattro
or Raxil Pro or Gemini or
Vitaflo or Insure cereal
Wheat Stripe rust –Blanket or Bumper or Folicur or fuse or Headline or Prosaro or Quilt or
Twinline
Septoria blotch/ Stagonospora blotch- Tilt or Headline or Quilt or Bravo or Acapela or Bumper or Caramba or Quilt or Proline or Twinline or
Vertisan or Fuse or Folicur
Always Read & Follow the product label:
For maximum number of sprays per season
For recommended application rates
For application timing for both target diseases & plant growth stages
FHB-Prosaro or Proline
or Caramba or Folicur
Septoria or Tan spot- Half rate
of Tilt tank mix with herbicides
Tan Spot– Half rate of Tilt tank mix with herbicides or Headline or Quilt or Bravo or Acapela or Bumper or Caramba or Quilt or Proline or
Twinline or Vertisan or Fuse or Folicur
Seed & Seedling rot /blight-
Cruiser Maxx Vibrance
cereals or Raxil Pro
General guidelines for Fungicide management to avoid resistance in field crops:
Plant disease resistant/hybrid varieties whenever possible.
Scout fields on a regular basis, noting incidence & severity of disease.
Tank-mix high risk fungicides with fungicides that have different modes of action are active on targeted diseases & have similar lengths of
residual activity.
Alternate or tank mix fungicides with different modes of action when multiple application are required.
Apply fungicides preventatively or early in the disease cycle & when disease threat is warranted.
Avoid curative fungicides applications, especially with high- risk fungicides.
Loose Smut / Bunt- Cruiser
Maxx Vibrance cereals or
Raxil WW or Vitaflo or
Gemini or Charter or
Armour RTU
Wheat Fungicides timing
CruiserMaxxVibranceCereals
orVibranceQuattroorRaxil
ProShieldsseedtreatmentfor
seedbornediseases&
wireworm

21. CruiserMaxxVibrancePulses
seedtreatmentforseedborne
diseases&wireworm&PLW