The document provides information on respiratory emergencies for different levels of medical training. It covers topics like anatomy of the upper and lower airways, respiratory physiology and pathophysiology, patient assessment of the respiratory system, management of airway obstructions and other respiratory conditions, and mechanical airway techniques. Key points include the definitions of terms like hypoxia and atelectasis, factors that can affect respiration, signs to assess the respiratory system, abnormalities in ventilation and perfusion, management of conditions like asthma and pneumonia, and indicators for endotracheal intubation. The document aims to equip medical responders with knowledge to recognize and treat a variety of respiratory distress presentations.
The document summarizes key aspects of respiratory system anatomy and physiology, as well as respiratory assessment and management for an EMT. It describes the main components and functions of the respiratory system, signs of respiratory distress, methods for assessing breathing and circulation, and protocols for providing initial management and oxygenation based on a patient's responsiveness and breathing status. Treatment may involve opening the airway, suctioning, assisting ventilation, and administering oxygen and bronchodilators as appropriate.
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli. It develops due to long-term exposure to irritants that destroy the walls of the alveoli, reducing their ability to effectively exchange gases. The main cause is long-term cigarette smoking. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic cough, and fatigue. The damage can be seen on chest X-rays and lung function tests. While it has no cure, treatments aim to improve symptoms and lung function through quitting smoking, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation.
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It covers the definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigations, management, and complications of COPD. Key points include that COPD is characterized by irreversible airflow limitation caused by chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Pulmonary function tests can confirm the diagnosis and assess severity. Chest imaging shows hyperinflation of the lungs in emphysema. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and surgery in severe cases
This is a powerpoint presentation on Emphysema topic taken from Robin's and Cotran textbook of pathology
contans :
1) definition
2) types and pathogenesis of emphysema
3) morphology of early and advanced stage of emphysema
- Emphysema can be caused by congenital factors, smoking, or alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. It results in destruction of lung tissue and inability to exhale fully.
- In emphysema, the air spaces in the lungs enlarge and the walls between them are destroyed. This reduces the surface area for gas exchange.
- Chest x-rays show enlarged, hyperinflated lungs in emphysema patients. Lobectomy is often used to treat congenital lobar emphysema in infants.
Obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases can be categorized based on pulmonary function tests. Obstructive diseases like emphysema and chronic bronchitis involve airflow limitation due to airway obstruction. Restrictive diseases like pulmonary fibrosis involve reduced lung expansion and capacity. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both of which involve irreversible airway obstruction. Emphysema is defined as abnormal enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles due to alveolar wall destruction. The main types are centriacinar and panacinar emphysema. Emphysema results from an imbalance between proteases and antiproteases degrading lung tissue in heavy smokers.
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
The document summarizes key aspects of respiratory system anatomy and physiology, as well as respiratory assessment and management for an EMT. It describes the main components and functions of the respiratory system, signs of respiratory distress, methods for assessing breathing and circulation, and protocols for providing initial management and oxygenation based on a patient's responsiveness and breathing status. Treatment may involve opening the airway, suctioning, assisting ventilation, and administering oxygen and bronchodilators as appropriate.
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli. It develops due to long-term exposure to irritants that destroy the walls of the alveoli, reducing their ability to effectively exchange gases. The main cause is long-term cigarette smoking. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic cough, and fatigue. The damage can be seen on chest X-rays and lung function tests. While it has no cure, treatments aim to improve symptoms and lung function through quitting smoking, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation.
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It covers the definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigations, management, and complications of COPD. Key points include that COPD is characterized by irreversible airflow limitation caused by chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Pulmonary function tests can confirm the diagnosis and assess severity. Chest imaging shows hyperinflation of the lungs in emphysema. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and surgery in severe cases
This is a powerpoint presentation on Emphysema topic taken from Robin's and Cotran textbook of pathology
contans :
1) definition
2) types and pathogenesis of emphysema
3) morphology of early and advanced stage of emphysema
- Emphysema can be caused by congenital factors, smoking, or alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. It results in destruction of lung tissue and inability to exhale fully.
- In emphysema, the air spaces in the lungs enlarge and the walls between them are destroyed. This reduces the surface area for gas exchange.
- Chest x-rays show enlarged, hyperinflated lungs in emphysema patients. Lobectomy is often used to treat congenital lobar emphysema in infants.
Obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases can be categorized based on pulmonary function tests. Obstructive diseases like emphysema and chronic bronchitis involve airflow limitation due to airway obstruction. Restrictive diseases like pulmonary fibrosis involve reduced lung expansion and capacity. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both of which involve irreversible airway obstruction. Emphysema is defined as abnormal enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles due to alveolar wall destruction. The main types are centriacinar and panacinar emphysema. Emphysema results from an imbalance between proteases and antiproteases degrading lung tissue in heavy smokers.
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by difficulty breathing. It is caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases and particulate matter, primarily from cigarette smoking. Symptoms include a productive cough, breathlessness, and chest infections. The disease is diagnosed through pulmonary function tests and imaging. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through bronchodilators and antibiotics for infections. Nursing care involves assessing symptoms, monitoring diagnostic tests, and teaching patients about prevention, treatment, and managing exacerbations.
This document provides an overview of paediatric respiratory physiology, covering topics such as embryology and lung development, control of breathing, airway maintenance and reflexes, lung volumes, and the effects of anesthesia. Key points include:
- Lung development occurs through various stages in utero, with most alveolar formation happening postnatally from 12-18 months of life. Surfactant production is important for lung maturation.
- Breathing movements occur in utero, controlled by central and peripheral chemoreceptors as well as mechanoreceptors. Various reflexes help protect and maintain the airway.
- Lung volumes are smaller relative to body size in infants. Compliance is high while resistance is significant
Coughing is a normal protective mechanism that acts to clear secretions and foreign materials from the tracheobronchial tree. It is initiated by irritation of the sensitive bronchi and trachea, and can occur voluntarily or reflexively. Coughing involves both afferent and efferent pathways - afferent pathways include sensory nerves, while efferent pathways involve the recurrent laryngeal nerve and spinal nerves. The coughing mechanism involves inspiration of air, followed by forced contraction of abdominal and intercostal muscles to increase lung pressure and expel air rapidly through the vocal cords to shear and remove mucus or foreign materials from the airways.
COPD refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, two commonly co-existing lung diseases where the airways become narrowed leading to limited airflow. The main causes are smoking, occupational exposures, air pollution, and genetic conditions. Symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Management includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, promoting exercise, and controlling complications to improve lung function and general health.
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
Ok, heres the story. I was teaching this otherwise sharp EMT-Basic class that bombed two respiratory emergency tests in a ROW!
So this is the remedial lecture I inflicted on them. I don\'t know if they passed because of this fine work, or just because they were afraid of another lecture fo they failed.
Hope its useful to you.
The document provides an overview of the physiology of the auditory system, including:
1. Sound is transmitted through the external ear, which acts as a resonator and helps localize sound. The ear drum vibrates and transmits these vibrations through the ossicles.
2. The middle ear acts as an impedance matcher between air and cochlear fluids. The ossicles increase pressure and decrease displacement of vibrations entering the cochlea.
3. The cochlea contains fluid-filled chambers that vibrate in response to sound waves. These vibrations stimulate hair cells to generate nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain.
- This document discusses various respiratory illnesses and lung diseases, including their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
- Common respiratory illnesses covered include asthma, acute bronchitis, COPD (chronic bronchitis, emphysema), bronchiectasis, and various respiratory infections like pneumonia.
- Restrictive lung diseases discussed are idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and pulmonary eosinophilia.
- Tests like spirometry, lung volumes, and arterial blood gases are used to diagnose and characterize respiratory conditions.
1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slowly progressive disorder characterized by airway obstruction including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
2. Chronic bronchitis involves excessive mucus production and airway obstruction for at least 3 months per year for 2 years. Emphysema involves the abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs.
3. Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of COPD and its management involves bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics and smoking cessation.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a sudden lung injury that results in fluid buildup in the lungs. It can be caused by direct lung injury from inhalation or aspiration, or indirect injury from sepsis, trauma, or other medical conditions. The pathophysiology involves damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane that leads to pulmonary edema. Treatment focuses on supportive care in the ICU, including mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen, and positioning strategies like proning the patient. No specific drug therapies exist for ARDS itself.
This document discusses oxygen insufficiency, including factors that can affect oxygenation, the definition and causes of oxygen insufficiency, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, complications, and management. It outlines environmental, physiological, developmental, and lifestyle risk factors that can decrease oxygen levels. The signs of oxygen insufficiency include cyanosis, syncope, and hypoventilation. Diagnostic tests include arterial blood gases, spirometry, chest x-rays, and pulse oximetry. Management involves positioning, breathing exercises, chest physiotherapy, suctioning, oxygen therapy, and nursing care focused on airway clearance and maintenance.
The document discusses the respiratory system and common respiratory diseases. It defines key terms related to breathing and lung function. Some common lung diseases mentioned include cystic fibrosis, asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. It also describes how doctors use a spirometer to test lung function and diagnose conditions like asthma and cystic fibrosis.
The document summarizes key aspects of human ear anatomy and function in three parts. It first describes the external, middle, and inner ear structures and their roles in conducting and processing sound. It then explains how sound waves are transmitted and interpreted by the cochlea. Finally, it outlines different types of deafness resulting from impairments to conductive or sensorineural components of hearing.
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by the destruction of lung tissue and the abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs. It is primarily caused by smoking and long-term exposure to air pollutants. A CT scan can detect emphysema by showing decreases in lung density and pulmonary vessels. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and reduced exercise capacity. Treatment focuses on pulmonary rehabilitation, which aims to improve quality of life through exercise and education. Preventing emphysema involves avoiding smoking and other lung irritants.
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This presentation quickly throws light on its subtypes, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and complications.
Emphysema is a long-term lung disease that damages lung function and causes shortness of breath. It destroys necessary lung tissue and airways. Specifically, emphysema causes the creation of small holes in the alveoli, the air sacs responsible for oxygen exchange, resulting in not enough oxygen reaching the bloodstream. Smoking and air pollution are the primary causes of emphysema by damaging the lungs over many years. Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, decreased tolerance for exercise, and pursed-lip breathing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilation, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and managing symptoms.
The document provides an overview of the history, physical examination, and cardinal symptoms in pulmonary medicine. The physical examination section describes inspection techniques like observing breathing patterns, palpation methods for chest abnormalities, percussion sounds over the lungs, and auscultation of breath sounds, rales, and other lung noises. The cardinal symptoms section outlines dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, cyanosis, and clubbing as key respiratory complaints.
This document discusses obstructive pulmonary disorders including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It covers the causes of these conditions such as smoking, occupational exposures, air pollution, and genetics. The pathophysiology of COPD involves damage to airways and air sacs causing airflow limitation. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Management involves medical treatment to improve ventilation, oxygen therapy, and surgery in some cases. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications like infection.
Social Media and the horticulture industrySymphony3
The document discusses how organizations can use social media to better listen to, talk with, support, and collaborate with customers and employees. It provides examples of social media platforms that can help with listening, talking, supporting customers more effectively at lower costs. It also suggests that organizations should evaluate how well they are currently utilizing social media across these key areas and identifies questions to help guide social media strategy and identify opportunities for improvement.
The document discusses the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act of 1970 in India. It provides context on the prevalence of contract labor, the poor conditions they faced, and the act's purpose to regulate contract labor and abolish it in some circumstances. It summarizes key aspects of the act including its application, requirements for registration of establishments and licensing of contractors, welfare provisions for contract workers, payment of wages, and penalties for noncompliance. It also discusses views on reforming the act from employer associations who wish for more flexibility, and trade unions who oppose contracting of permanent jobs.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by difficulty breathing. It is caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases and particulate matter, primarily from cigarette smoking. Symptoms include a productive cough, breathlessness, and chest infections. The disease is diagnosed through pulmonary function tests and imaging. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through bronchodilators and antibiotics for infections. Nursing care involves assessing symptoms, monitoring diagnostic tests, and teaching patients about prevention, treatment, and managing exacerbations.
This document provides an overview of paediatric respiratory physiology, covering topics such as embryology and lung development, control of breathing, airway maintenance and reflexes, lung volumes, and the effects of anesthesia. Key points include:
- Lung development occurs through various stages in utero, with most alveolar formation happening postnatally from 12-18 months of life. Surfactant production is important for lung maturation.
- Breathing movements occur in utero, controlled by central and peripheral chemoreceptors as well as mechanoreceptors. Various reflexes help protect and maintain the airway.
- Lung volumes are smaller relative to body size in infants. Compliance is high while resistance is significant
Coughing is a normal protective mechanism that acts to clear secretions and foreign materials from the tracheobronchial tree. It is initiated by irritation of the sensitive bronchi and trachea, and can occur voluntarily or reflexively. Coughing involves both afferent and efferent pathways - afferent pathways include sensory nerves, while efferent pathways involve the recurrent laryngeal nerve and spinal nerves. The coughing mechanism involves inspiration of air, followed by forced contraction of abdominal and intercostal muscles to increase lung pressure and expel air rapidly through the vocal cords to shear and remove mucus or foreign materials from the airways.
COPD refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, two commonly co-existing lung diseases where the airways become narrowed leading to limited airflow. The main causes are smoking, occupational exposures, air pollution, and genetic conditions. Symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Management includes bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, promoting exercise, and controlling complications to improve lung function and general health.
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
Ok, heres the story. I was teaching this otherwise sharp EMT-Basic class that bombed two respiratory emergency tests in a ROW!
So this is the remedial lecture I inflicted on them. I don\'t know if they passed because of this fine work, or just because they were afraid of another lecture fo they failed.
Hope its useful to you.
The document provides an overview of the physiology of the auditory system, including:
1. Sound is transmitted through the external ear, which acts as a resonator and helps localize sound. The ear drum vibrates and transmits these vibrations through the ossicles.
2. The middle ear acts as an impedance matcher between air and cochlear fluids. The ossicles increase pressure and decrease displacement of vibrations entering the cochlea.
3. The cochlea contains fluid-filled chambers that vibrate in response to sound waves. These vibrations stimulate hair cells to generate nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain.
- This document discusses various respiratory illnesses and lung diseases, including their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
- Common respiratory illnesses covered include asthma, acute bronchitis, COPD (chronic bronchitis, emphysema), bronchiectasis, and various respiratory infections like pneumonia.
- Restrictive lung diseases discussed are idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and pulmonary eosinophilia.
- Tests like spirometry, lung volumes, and arterial blood gases are used to diagnose and characterize respiratory conditions.
1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slowly progressive disorder characterized by airway obstruction including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
2. Chronic bronchitis involves excessive mucus production and airway obstruction for at least 3 months per year for 2 years. Emphysema involves the abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs.
3. Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of COPD and its management involves bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics and smoking cessation.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a sudden lung injury that results in fluid buildup in the lungs. It can be caused by direct lung injury from inhalation or aspiration, or indirect injury from sepsis, trauma, or other medical conditions. The pathophysiology involves damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane that leads to pulmonary edema. Treatment focuses on supportive care in the ICU, including mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen, and positioning strategies like proning the patient. No specific drug therapies exist for ARDS itself.
This document discusses oxygen insufficiency, including factors that can affect oxygenation, the definition and causes of oxygen insufficiency, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, complications, and management. It outlines environmental, physiological, developmental, and lifestyle risk factors that can decrease oxygen levels. The signs of oxygen insufficiency include cyanosis, syncope, and hypoventilation. Diagnostic tests include arterial blood gases, spirometry, chest x-rays, and pulse oximetry. Management involves positioning, breathing exercises, chest physiotherapy, suctioning, oxygen therapy, and nursing care focused on airway clearance and maintenance.
The document discusses the respiratory system and common respiratory diseases. It defines key terms related to breathing and lung function. Some common lung diseases mentioned include cystic fibrosis, asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. It also describes how doctors use a spirometer to test lung function and diagnose conditions like asthma and cystic fibrosis.
The document summarizes key aspects of human ear anatomy and function in three parts. It first describes the external, middle, and inner ear structures and their roles in conducting and processing sound. It then explains how sound waves are transmitted and interpreted by the cochlea. Finally, it outlines different types of deafness resulting from impairments to conductive or sensorineural components of hearing.
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by the destruction of lung tissue and the abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs. It is primarily caused by smoking and long-term exposure to air pollutants. A CT scan can detect emphysema by showing decreases in lung density and pulmonary vessels. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and reduced exercise capacity. Treatment focuses on pulmonary rehabilitation, which aims to improve quality of life through exercise and education. Preventing emphysema involves avoiding smoking and other lung irritants.
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This presentation quickly throws light on its subtypes, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and complications.
Emphysema is a long-term lung disease that damages lung function and causes shortness of breath. It destroys necessary lung tissue and airways. Specifically, emphysema causes the creation of small holes in the alveoli, the air sacs responsible for oxygen exchange, resulting in not enough oxygen reaching the bloodstream. Smoking and air pollution are the primary causes of emphysema by damaging the lungs over many years. Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, decreased tolerance for exercise, and pursed-lip breathing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilation, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and managing symptoms.
The document provides an overview of the history, physical examination, and cardinal symptoms in pulmonary medicine. The physical examination section describes inspection techniques like observing breathing patterns, palpation methods for chest abnormalities, percussion sounds over the lungs, and auscultation of breath sounds, rales, and other lung noises. The cardinal symptoms section outlines dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, cyanosis, and clubbing as key respiratory complaints.
This document discusses obstructive pulmonary disorders including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It covers the causes of these conditions such as smoking, occupational exposures, air pollution, and genetics. The pathophysiology of COPD involves damage to airways and air sacs causing airflow limitation. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Management involves medical treatment to improve ventilation, oxygen therapy, and surgery in some cases. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications like infection.
Social Media and the horticulture industrySymphony3
The document discusses how organizations can use social media to better listen to, talk with, support, and collaborate with customers and employees. It provides examples of social media platforms that can help with listening, talking, supporting customers more effectively at lower costs. It also suggests that organizations should evaluate how well they are currently utilizing social media across these key areas and identifies questions to help guide social media strategy and identify opportunities for improvement.
The document discusses the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act of 1970 in India. It provides context on the prevalence of contract labor, the poor conditions they faced, and the act's purpose to regulate contract labor and abolish it in some circumstances. It summarizes key aspects of the act including its application, requirements for registration of establishments and licensing of contractors, welfare provisions for contract workers, payment of wages, and penalties for noncompliance. It also discusses views on reforming the act from employer associations who wish for more flexibility, and trade unions who oppose contracting of permanent jobs.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved giving either the new drug or a placebo to 100 volunteers aged 65-80 over a 6 month period. Testing showed those receiving the drug experienced statistically significant improvements in short-term memory retention and processing speed compared to the placebo group.
Mobile technologies: are you remotely interested 21 01 14Niall Hardie
This document discusses the rise of mobile internet access and its implications for mobile learning. It notes that internet access via mobile phones more than doubled from 2010 to 2012, with over half of adults now accessing the internet on their mobile phones daily. Younger age groups especially are using social media and the internet on the go. The document then outlines various mobile apps that can be used for activities like reading, writing, research, collaboration, and evidence collection that are relevant for student learning. It stresses the importance of increasing students' digital literacy and discusses resources for e-safety.
The document discusses opportunities for retailers in Sub-Saharan Africa. It finds that while the region faces challenges like underdeveloped infrastructure, it also has strong potential for retail growth due to factors like rapid urbanization and an emerging middle class. The analysis introduces the African Retail Development Index which ranks the top 10 countries for retail investment in the region. It places the countries into three categories: those where retailers should focus on basic products; rapidly developing markets where companies need to move quickly; and more mature markets like South Africa where expansion is ongoing.
The patient is a 67-year-old male former smoker presenting with shortness of breath on exertion. Physical examination finds reduced breath sounds and wheezing. Tests show reduced lung function and oxygen levels. The differential diagnosis includes cardiac and pulmonary causes like COPD. Dyspnea is the medical term for shortness of breath and can result from various lung and heart conditions. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, like using bronchodilators for COPD.
This document provides an overview of pulmonology, including:
1) A review of respiratory anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, assessment of the respiratory system, and management of respiratory disorders.
2) Descriptions of specific respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, and lung cancer.
3) Details on respiratory assessment techniques, diagnostic testing, and treatment approaches for various respiratory conditions.
The document discusses airway management and ventilation, which are critical steps in assessing patients. It covers anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, respiratory problems, and assessment techniques. Key points include the importance of establishing a patent airway and adequate breathing. Manual maneuvers like head-tilt chin-lift are described. Basic airway devices like oropharyngeal airways are presented. Methods of ventilation including bag-valve masks are covered. Advanced techniques like endotracheal intubation are discussed in detail, including indications, equipment, techniques, and verification of proper placement. Continuous monitoring of the airway is emphasized.
The document summarizes key aspects of the respiratory system for EMTs, including anatomy, physiology, assessment, and initial management of respiratory emergencies. It describes the respiratory system's purpose of gas exchange, relevant anatomy such as the lungs and airways, normal physiology of breathing, common pathologies affecting ventilation and gas exchange, and the ABCDE approach to assessment and initial management of patients with respiratory distress or failure.
The document discusses the respiratory system, including its anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. It focuses on the initial assessment and management of a patient experiencing respiratory distress or failure. Key steps include assessing the patient's airway, breathing, circulation, and disability (ABCDS), providing oxygen, assisting ventilation if needed, and considering underlying conditions that may be causing respiratory distress.
This document discusses nursing care of the respiratory system. It covers respiratory system function, assessment techniques including inspection, auscultation and vital signs, common respiratory disorders like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and obstructive sleep apnea. It provides nursing diagnoses and interventions for various respiratory dysfunctions like inadequate oxygenation, infections, and upper airway problems.
This document provides information on assessing the chest and lungs, including the functions of the respiratory system, anatomical structures and landmarks, examination techniques, normal and abnormal findings, and developmental variations. It describes ventilation, diffusion, gas exchange, and breathing control. Topics covered include inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, breath sounds, and examining infants, children, pregnant patients and older adults. Videos are referenced for demonstrations of examination.
The document discusses respiratory failure, its causes, types, and mechanisms. Respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system cannot perform gas exchange of oxygenation and/or carbon dioxide elimination. It can be caused by issues in the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, neuromuscular system, thorax, airways, lungs, cardiovascular system, blood, or cells/tissues. There are two main types: type 1 involves hypoxemia without hypercapnia, and type 2 involves both hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Mechanisms contributing to respiratory failure include ventilation-perfusion mismatching, shunting, diffusion limitations, and hypoventilation.
The document provides an overview of respiratory anatomy and physiology, focusing on the respiratory system, gas exchange, blood flow through the lungs, oxygenation, and sleep apnea. It defines obstructive sleep apnea as repeated cessation of breathing during sleep due to upper airway collapse. Risk factors include obesity, age, male gender, and anatomical abnormalities. Symptoms include loud snoring, witnessed breathing pauses, and daytime sleepiness. Consequences include cardiovascular disease, accidents, and decreased quality of life. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, risk factors, and polysomnography. Treatment aims to reduce risks and includes weight loss, positive airway pressure, and surgery.
OSA is an entity that is increasingly being managed by otolaryngologists...Hope this presentation helps to clear any doubts regarding its diagnosis and management!
This document provides information on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), including its physiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. OSA involves pauses in breathing during sleep due to upper airway collapse. It is diagnosed through an overnight sleep study that measures breathing, oxygen levels, and brain waves. A high number of breathing pauses or dips in oxygen (apnea-hypopnea index over 5) indicates OSA. Common symptoms include loud snoring, witnessed breathing pauses, and daytime sleepiness. Risk factors include obesity, large neck size, and family history. Treatment typically involves a CPAP machine to keep the airway open during sleep.
This document describes the anatomy and physiology of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It discusses the structures and functions of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and associated muscles. It explains the processes of ventilation, gas exchange, oxygen transport and the role of pressure gradients in breathing. It covers clinical assessments of respiratory symptoms like dyspnea, cough and abnormal breath sounds. It also outlines diagnostic tests and treatments for upper respiratory infections.
Oxygen insufficeincy and sensory deprivationParbh Jot
The document discusses oxygen insufficiency and sensory deprivation. It defines oxygen insufficiency as a condition where the body or a region is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Causes include decreased hemoglobin, altitude, tissue oxygen extraction issues, and impaired ventilation. Symptoms include cyanosis, altered breathing, and fatigue. Nursing assessments focus on respiratory status and signs of hypoxia. Oxygen therapy is the primary treatment. Sensory deprivation occurs when a person experiences decreased meaningful stimuli and can affect physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning. At-risk groups include those with sensory impairments or in long-term care. Preventing deprivation involves promoting healthy sensory stimulation.
The document outlines plans for the week of respiratory system notes and labs, including a respiratory notes worksheet on Monday, a lung capacity lab on Tuesday, circulatory notes and worksheets on Wednesday, and pulse labs on Thursday and Friday. Students are instructed to bring a notebook and writing utensils. The remainder of the document details the structures and functions of the respiratory system, gas exchange process, common respiratory illnesses, and career options in respiratory therapy.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder where the airway collapses or becomes blocked during sleep, disrupting breathing. Polysomnography is the gold standard test used to diagnose OSA by measuring breathing, oxygen levels, and brain waves during sleep. The main treatment is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which uses mild air pressure to keep the airway open during sleep. Weight loss, avoiding alcohol, and sleeping on one's side can also help reduce OSA symptoms.
Dry cough – presentation, causes and managementSujay Iyer
This document provides an overview of cough, including its mechanism, classification, and various causes. It describes the cough reflex pathway involving afferent nerves, central processing, and efferent response. Dry cough is defined as non-productive and accounts for up to 46% of cough cases. Common causes of dry cough discussed include upper airway cough syndrome, cough variant asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and medications like ACE inhibitors. Treatment depends on the identified cause and may include lifestyle changes, medications, and addressing underlying respiratory conditions.
This document discusses dyspnea (shortness of breath) and asthma. It begins by defining dyspnea and describing its pathophysiology, which involves a mismatch between afferent signals from lung receptors and efferent motor signals. It then discusses the various causes and categories of dyspnea, including cardiac, pulmonary, cardiac/pulmonary, and non-cardiac/non-pulmonary. The document provides details on differentiating dyspnea through history, physical exam, and investigations. It also discusses types of dyspnea and provides a diagnostic algorithm. Later sections focus on asthma, covering etiology, risk factors, physical exam findings, investigations such as spirometry, and classifications of asthma exacerbations.
This document provides an overview of respiratory system anatomy and physiology and discusses several respiratory emergencies. It describes the functions of the upper and lower airways, gas exchange, ventilation, and respiratory assessment. Key respiratory emergencies covered include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, pneumothorax, and hyperventilation syndrome. Patient presentation, treatment, and management are discussed for each condition.
This document covers several topics related to respiratory pathophysiology:
1. It describes the anatomy and control of breathing, including the medullary respiratory center and pontine and apneustic areas.
2. Various types of breathing patterns are defined, such as Cheyne-Stokes respirations and Biot's respiration, along with the areas of brain injury that cause each pattern.
3. Common respiratory symptoms like cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis are discussed alongside their typical causes.
4. Physical exam findings on chest auscultation and percussion are outlined, including vocal fremitus and lung sounds.
5. The calculation of the alveolar-arterial oxygen
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Respiratory Emergencies
Respiratory
We are going to cover material for ALL
Emergencies levels of training
East Region (Washington) OTEP
M-7 YOU CAN ONLY PRACTICE AT THE
LEVEL YOU HAVE BEEN CERTIFIED
Brian Reynolds, MD
Deaconess Medical Center
Spokane, WA
Anatomy of the Upper Airway
Topics
Anatomy and function of the Respiratory
System
Patient Assessment
Airway Management
1
3. Internal Anatomy of the Upper Airway
Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Glottic opening
Vocal cords
Arytenoid cartilage
Pyriform fossae
Cricothyroid cartilage
Anatomy of the Lower Airway
Lower Airway Anatomy
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
Lung parenchyma
Pleura
3
4. Definitions Introduction
Atelectasis – collapse of small segments of Ventilation is the mechanical process that brings
lung O2 to the lungs, and clears CO2 from the
lungs
Oxygenation is the diffusion of O2 to the blood
Hypoxia – lack of oxygen
Perfusion is the flow of blood through the lungs
(thus exchanging oxygen and CO2)
Hypoxemia – lack of oxygen in arterial
Brain stem is the involuntary regulator of
blood
respirations
Respiratory Physiology Pathophysiology
Ventilation
Disruption in Ventilation
Body Structures
Upper & Lower Respiratory Tracts
Chest Wall
Obstruction due to trauma or infectious processes
Pleura
Diaphragm Chest Wall & Diaphragm
Trauma
Tidal Volume:
Pneumothorax
7ml/kg Hemothorax
(Adult 500ml) Flail chest
Neuromuscular disease
4
5. Pulmonary Circulation
Oxygenation
Room air – 21% FiO2
Roughly 3% increase per liter
Nasal cannula – 8L max (40%)
Mask – 10L (55%)
NRB mask – 15L (80%)
Respiratory Physiology Pathophysiology
Pulmonary Perfusion Disruption in Perfusion
Requirements
Alteration in systemic blood flow
Adequate blood volume
Changes in hemoglobin
Intact pulmonary capillaries
Efficient pumping by the heart Pulmonary shunting
Hemoglobin Damaged alveoli
Carbon Dioxide
5
6. Respiratory Factors Assessment of the Respiratory
Factor Effect System
Fever Increases
Emotion Increases Scene Assessment
Pain Increases Threats to Safety
Hypoxia Increases
Make sure you are safe first
Acidosis Increases
Identify rescue environments having
Stimulants Increase decreased oxygen levels
Depressants Decrease
Gases and other chemical or biological
Sleep Decreases agents
Clues to Patient Information
Assessment of the Respiratory Assessment of the Respiratory
System System
Initial Assessment Airway
Proper ventilation cannot take place without an
General Impression adequate airway
Position
Breathing
Color
Mental status
Signs of life-threatening problems
Alterations in mental status
Ability to speak
Severe central cyanosis, pallor, or diaphoresis
Respiratory effort
Absent or abnormal breath sounds
Speaking limited to 1–2 words
Tachycardia
Use of accessory muscles or intercostal retractions
6
7. Abnormal Respiratory Patterns Abnormal Respiratory Patterns
Kussmaul’s respirations:
Deep, slow or rapid, gasping; common Agonal respirations:
in diabetic ketoacidosis Shallow, slow, or infrequent breathing,
Cheyne-Stokes respirations: indicating brain anoxia
Progressively deeper, faster breathing
alternating gradually with shallow,
slower breathing, indication brain
stem injury
Focused History Focused History
& Physical Exam & Physical Exam
History Physical Examination
SAMPLE History Inspection
Look for asymmetry, increased diameter, or
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and orthopnea paradoxical motion
Coughing, fever, hemoptysis
Palpation
Associated chest pain Feel for subcutaneous emphysema or tracheal
Smoking history or environmental exposures deviation
Similar Past Episodes Percussion
Auscultation
7
8. Focused History Focused History
& Physical Exam & Physical Exam
Auscultation Diagnostic Testing
Normal Breath Sounds Pulse Oximetry
Bronchial, Bronchovesicular, and Vesicular
Inaccurate Readings
Abnormal Breath Sounds
Snoring
Stridor
Wheezing
Rhonchi
Rales/Crackles
Pleural friction rub
Ausculation Airway Obstruction
The tongue is the most common cause of
Listen at the mouth and nose for adequate air airway obstruction
movement
Foreign bodies
Listen with a stethoscope for normal or
Trauma
abnormal air movement
Proper listening positions Laryngeal spasm and edema
Aspiration
8
9. Congestive Heart Failure Obstructive Lung Disease
Wet, crackly lung sounds Types
Emphysema
Lower extremity edema Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma
Must sit and sleep upright Causes
Genetic Disposition
Smoking & Other Risk Factors
Frothy, pink sputum
Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis
Assessment Physical Exam
Physical Exam Often overweight
Barrel chest Rhonchi present on
Prolonged expiration and auscultation
rapid rest phase Jugular vein distention
Thin Ankle edema
Pink skin due to extra red Hepatic congestion
cell production “Blue Bloater”
Hypertrophy of accessory
muscles
“Pink Puffers”
9
10. Asthma Pneumonia
Physical Exam
Infection of the Lungs
Presenting signs may include dyspnea, wheezing,
cough Immune-Suppressed Patients
No wheezing is severe disease Pathophysiology
Speech may be limited to 1–2 word sentences
Look for hyperinflation of the chest and accessory
Bacterial & Viral Infections
muscle use/feel chest wall for crepitus Hospital-acquired vs. community-acquired
Carefully auscultate breath sounds and measure Alveoli may collapse, resulting in a ventilation
peak expiratory flow rate disorder
Lung Cancer Toxic Inhalation
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology Includes inhalation of heated air, chemical irritants,
General and steam
Majority are caused by carcinogens secondary to Airway obstruction due to edema and laryngospasm
cigarette smoking or occupational exposure due to thermal and chemical burns
May start elsewhere and spread to lungs Assessment
High mortality Focused History & Physical Exam
Types SAMPLE & OPQRST History
Adenocarcinoma Determine nature of substance
Epidermoid, small-cell, and large-cell carcinomas Length of exposure and loss of consciousness
10
11. Carbon Monoxide Inhalation Pulmonary Embolism
Pathophysiology Pathophysiology
Binds to Hemoglobin Obstruction of a pulmonary artery
Prevents oxygen from binding to RBC’s Emboli may be of air, thrombus, fat, or amniotic
Room air half life – 6 hrs., HBO – 23 minutes fluid
Assessment Foreign bodies may also cause an embolus
Focused History and Physical Exam Risk Factors
SAMPLE & OPQRST History Recent surgery, long-bone fractures
Determine source and length of exposure Pregnant or postpartum
Presence of headache, confusion, agitation, lack of Oral contraceptive use, tobacco use
coordination, loss of consciousness, and seizures Immobility
Blood disorders
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Pathophysiology
Hyperventilation Syndrome
Pneumothorax Assessment
Can occur in the absence of blunt or penetrating trauma
Focused History & Physical Exam
Risk factors
SAMPLE
Assessment Fatigue, nervousness, dizziness, dyspnea, chest
Focused history pain
SAMPLE
Numbness and tingling in mouth, feet, and both
Presence of risk factors hands
Rapid onset of symptoms Presence of tachypnea and tachycardia
Sharp, pleuritic chest or shoulder pain Spasms of the fingers and feet
Often precipitated by coughing or lifting
11
12. Airway Sounds
Airflow
Compromise
Gas Exchange
Compromise
Basic Mechanical Airways
Snoring Crackles
Gurgling Rhonchi
Stridor
Wheezing
Quiet
Insert oropharyngeal airway Rotate airway 180º into position
with tip facing palate
12
13. Nasopharyngeal Airway
(Do not use if significant facial trauma)
Advanced Airway Management
Advanced Airway Management Advantages of Endotracheal Intubation
Endotracheal intubation
Isolates trachea and permits complete control
of airway
Combitube
Maximizes ventilation and oxygenation
CPAP and BiPAP Impedes gastric distention
Eliminates need to maintain a mask seal
CO2 monitors – measure exhaled CO2 Offers direct route for suctioning
Normal – 5-6%
13
14. Placement of Macintosh blade into
Laryngoscope Blades vallecula
Placement of Miller blade under epiglottis Endotrol ETT
14
15. ETT, stylet, syringe Combitube
CPAP Endotracheal Intubation Indicators
Respiratory or cardiac arrest
Unconsciousness
Risk of aspiration
Obstruction due to foreign bodies, trauma,
burns, or anaphylaxis
Respiratory extremis due to disease
(Pneumothorax), hemothorax,
(hemopneumothorax) with respiratory
difficulty
15
16. Complications of Endotracheal Tracheostomies/Stomas
Intubation
Equipment malfunction Use patient’s supplies
Teeth breakage and soft tissue injury
Hypoxia Ambu bag attaches easily
Esophageal intubation
Endobronchial intubation Treat as an endotracheal tube
Tension pneumothorax
Extubation Suction
Questions Questions
1. Which one is lack of oxygen in the blood? 2. Which one is the best airway?
a. Hypoxia a. Nasal cannula
b. Hypocarbia b. Endotracheal tube
c. Hypoxemia c. Oral airway
d. Hypocarbemia d. Combitube
16
17. Questions Questions
3. Which one is a contraindication to nasal 4. Which one is the correct tidal volume for a
trumpet use? 200 pound patient?
a. Seizure a. 500cc
b. Bloody nose b. 600cc
c. DNR patient c. 700cc
d. Significant facial trauma d. 800cc
Questions
5. Which one is not an indication for
endotracheal intubation? Now you know everything
a. Respiratory failure about respiratory emergencies
b. Cardiac arrest
c. GCS of 5
d. Hyperventilation syndrome
17