This document provides an overview of bogies used in Jaipur Metro trains. It discusses the key components of bogies, including wheels, axles, suspension systems, and traction motors. It also outlines the main functions of bogies in supporting loads, transmitting traction and braking forces, and ensuring stable riding quality. The document is divided into chapters that cover bogie fittings and characteristics, the mechanical drive system, how bogies function, their design and major components, and aspects of bogie maintenance.
A preliminary design review slideshow for the electric endurance car, Mila. This was put together by the entire team and presented in the spring of 2019.
A preliminary design review slideshow for the electric endurance car, Mila. This was put together by the entire team and presented in the spring of 2019.
4-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM MECHANISM USING DPDT SWITCHIAEME Publication
In standard 2 Wheel Steering System, the rear set of wheels are always directed forward and do not play an active role in controlling the steering, thus it results in increased turning radius. While in 4 Wheel Steering System, the rear wheels do play an active role for steering and helps to decrease the turning radius. Vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy traffic in tight spaces, driving would be very difficult due to larger wheelbase and track width. Hence there is a need of a mechanism that can decrease the vehicle’s turning radius.
The Baja SAE Series is an annual competition organized by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the objective to encourage undergraduate students to design, manufacture and test and All-Terrain vehicle prototype. There are almost 100 participants and it was a good opportunity to put in practice the knowledge acquired in class. In 2010 we achieved the 1st place in design, it has been the highest achievement in the whole team’s history, and it was of course a consequence of our hard work. As Powertrain head I led several tests in order to characterize the dynamical behavior of the vehicle, these developments settles a good base for future generations.
Design of half shaft and wheel hub assembly for racing carRavi Shekhar
The Half - Shaft and Wheel Hub of Formula One racing car was designed taking into consideration one of the popular model of Redbull racing car. The various dimension of shaft and hub were altered to attain maximum factor of safety.
IN THIS BOOK DETAILS OF AUTOMOBILE CHASSIS BOOK
contents
1.0 Chassis, Frame and Body
1.1 Introduction of Chassis frame
1.2 Layout of the Chassis and its main components
1.3 Functions of the Chassis frame
1.4 Types of Chassis frames
1.5 Various loads acting on the frame
1.6 State the different bodies used in automobiles
1.7 Explain the requirements of bodies for various types of
vehicles viz. private, commercial etc.
2.0 Steering Sytem
2.1 Requirement of the Vehicle steering
2.2 Types of Steering ears, systems and power steering
2.3 Steering linkages mechanism under steering, over steering
2.4 Turning radius
2.5 Wheel alignment of Ackerman’s & Devis Steering gear,
Mechanism
2.6 Steering geometry – Caster, Camber, King pin inclination, toe
in and toe out
2.7 Steering defects – wheel woubble and shimmy
2.8 List our the type of steering system used in various vehicles
3.0 Braking system
3.1 Explain Functions of brakes
3.2 Requirements of automobile brakes
3.3 Explain stopping time and stopping distance
3.4 Type of Braking systems – Disc and Drum braking system
3.5 Construction and working of Mechanical, hydraulic, and air
brakes
3.6 List out the types of brakes used in various vehicles
4.0 Suspension System
4.1 Requirement of a automobile suspension system
4.2 Types of suspension system – conventional and Independent
4.3 Types of springs – Laminated spring, coil spring, helical spring
4.4 Need of Shock absorber – construction and working of
different types of shock absorbers
4.5 Stabilizer bar and torsion bar
4.6 List out the type of suspension system used in various vehicles
5.0 Seat, Door and Window mechanism
5.1 Construction and working of door lock mechanism
5.2 Construction and working of manual window regulating
mechanism
5.3 Construction and working of power window regulating
mechanism
5.4 Construction and working of seat adjusting mechanism
6.0 Air Conditioning of motor vehicles
6.1 Necessity of automobile air conditioning
6.2 Construction and working of passenger car air conditioning
7.0 Painting of automobiles
7.1 Body painting
7.2 Different types of painting – Spray painting – hand painting
procedures
8.0 Automobile Pollution
8.1 Effects of automobile pollution on environment and human
beings
8.2 Types of automobile emissions
8.3 Treatment of exhaust gases by using catalytic convectors
8.4 Measurement of percentage of pollutants from petrol &
Diesel vehicles with the help of exhaust gas analyzers
9.0 Legal aspects of motor vehicles
9.1 Traffic signs and signals
9.2 Registration requirements
9.3 Necessity of permits for commercial vehicles
9.4 Insurance coverage
9.5 Procedure for obtaining driving licenses
Technical expertise on the cause of final drive unit failure of the VAZ NivaIJRTEMJOURNAL
The article concerns the case of damaged front axle final drive unit of the VAZ Niva and the
methodology a technical expert applied to identify a direct cause of failure. The final drive unit failure occurred
when operating a vehicle after 22, 804 km service, the failure being manifested by oil leakage, damage to the
crown wheel teeth and bevel gear pinion (pear-shaped), and damage to the shaft assembly bearings of conical
gears. The above-mentioned failure had to be assessed by a technical expert to determine whether it had been
caused by a material defect or occurred because of the mode of using the vehicle. To determine the cause, a
vehicle has been inspected on the car service station premises, where a technical expert was present and
according to his instructions, diagnostic and subsequent disassembly works were done. The procedure of
evaluating the key characteristics on individual parts, their display and the resulting evaluation are described.
Four-wheel steering (or all-wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.
An approach to parallel parking and zero turning radius in automobilesIjrdt Journal
Conventional steering mechanism involves either the use of Ackerman or Davis steering systems. The disadvantage associated with these systems is the minimum turning radius that is possible for the steering action. This difficulty that is associated with the conventional methods of steering is eliminated by employing a four wheel steering system. In this system, the wheels connected to the front axles are turned opposite to each other, and so are the wheels connected to the rear axle. The wheels on the on left half vehicle rotate in one direction and the ones on the right half of the vehicle rotate in the opposite direction. This arrangement of the wheels enables the vehicle to turn 360 degrees, without moving from the spot, i.e. the vehicle has zero turning radius. This helps in maneuvering the vehicle in tight spaces such as parking lots and within small compounds.
Four steering system is about the maneuvering of the wheel using all four wheel. Which allows the vehicle to take sharp turn at slow speed and decrease the rollover accident danger at higher speed.
Four Wheel Active Steering / Without VideosGoodarz Mehr
This presentation gives you more information about Four Wheel Steering systems, physical means to incorporate them and control methods used to determine rear steering angles. In the end, results of our various simulations using CarSim vehicle simulation software and MATLAB Simulink are presented.
4-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM MECHANISM USING DPDT SWITCHIAEME Publication
In standard 2 Wheel Steering System, the rear set of wheels are always directed forward and do not play an active role in controlling the steering, thus it results in increased turning radius. While in 4 Wheel Steering System, the rear wheels do play an active role for steering and helps to decrease the turning radius. Vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy traffic in tight spaces, driving would be very difficult due to larger wheelbase and track width. Hence there is a need of a mechanism that can decrease the vehicle’s turning radius.
The Baja SAE Series is an annual competition organized by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the objective to encourage undergraduate students to design, manufacture and test and All-Terrain vehicle prototype. There are almost 100 participants and it was a good opportunity to put in practice the knowledge acquired in class. In 2010 we achieved the 1st place in design, it has been the highest achievement in the whole team’s history, and it was of course a consequence of our hard work. As Powertrain head I led several tests in order to characterize the dynamical behavior of the vehicle, these developments settles a good base for future generations.
Design of half shaft and wheel hub assembly for racing carRavi Shekhar
The Half - Shaft and Wheel Hub of Formula One racing car was designed taking into consideration one of the popular model of Redbull racing car. The various dimension of shaft and hub were altered to attain maximum factor of safety.
IN THIS BOOK DETAILS OF AUTOMOBILE CHASSIS BOOK
contents
1.0 Chassis, Frame and Body
1.1 Introduction of Chassis frame
1.2 Layout of the Chassis and its main components
1.3 Functions of the Chassis frame
1.4 Types of Chassis frames
1.5 Various loads acting on the frame
1.6 State the different bodies used in automobiles
1.7 Explain the requirements of bodies for various types of
vehicles viz. private, commercial etc.
2.0 Steering Sytem
2.1 Requirement of the Vehicle steering
2.2 Types of Steering ears, systems and power steering
2.3 Steering linkages mechanism under steering, over steering
2.4 Turning radius
2.5 Wheel alignment of Ackerman’s & Devis Steering gear,
Mechanism
2.6 Steering geometry – Caster, Camber, King pin inclination, toe
in and toe out
2.7 Steering defects – wheel woubble and shimmy
2.8 List our the type of steering system used in various vehicles
3.0 Braking system
3.1 Explain Functions of brakes
3.2 Requirements of automobile brakes
3.3 Explain stopping time and stopping distance
3.4 Type of Braking systems – Disc and Drum braking system
3.5 Construction and working of Mechanical, hydraulic, and air
brakes
3.6 List out the types of brakes used in various vehicles
4.0 Suspension System
4.1 Requirement of a automobile suspension system
4.2 Types of suspension system – conventional and Independent
4.3 Types of springs – Laminated spring, coil spring, helical spring
4.4 Need of Shock absorber – construction and working of
different types of shock absorbers
4.5 Stabilizer bar and torsion bar
4.6 List out the type of suspension system used in various vehicles
5.0 Seat, Door and Window mechanism
5.1 Construction and working of door lock mechanism
5.2 Construction and working of manual window regulating
mechanism
5.3 Construction and working of power window regulating
mechanism
5.4 Construction and working of seat adjusting mechanism
6.0 Air Conditioning of motor vehicles
6.1 Necessity of automobile air conditioning
6.2 Construction and working of passenger car air conditioning
7.0 Painting of automobiles
7.1 Body painting
7.2 Different types of painting – Spray painting – hand painting
procedures
8.0 Automobile Pollution
8.1 Effects of automobile pollution on environment and human
beings
8.2 Types of automobile emissions
8.3 Treatment of exhaust gases by using catalytic convectors
8.4 Measurement of percentage of pollutants from petrol &
Diesel vehicles with the help of exhaust gas analyzers
9.0 Legal aspects of motor vehicles
9.1 Traffic signs and signals
9.2 Registration requirements
9.3 Necessity of permits for commercial vehicles
9.4 Insurance coverage
9.5 Procedure for obtaining driving licenses
Technical expertise on the cause of final drive unit failure of the VAZ NivaIJRTEMJOURNAL
The article concerns the case of damaged front axle final drive unit of the VAZ Niva and the
methodology a technical expert applied to identify a direct cause of failure. The final drive unit failure occurred
when operating a vehicle after 22, 804 km service, the failure being manifested by oil leakage, damage to the
crown wheel teeth and bevel gear pinion (pear-shaped), and damage to the shaft assembly bearings of conical
gears. The above-mentioned failure had to be assessed by a technical expert to determine whether it had been
caused by a material defect or occurred because of the mode of using the vehicle. To determine the cause, a
vehicle has been inspected on the car service station premises, where a technical expert was present and
according to his instructions, diagnostic and subsequent disassembly works were done. The procedure of
evaluating the key characteristics on individual parts, their display and the resulting evaluation are described.
Four-wheel steering (or all-wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.
An approach to parallel parking and zero turning radius in automobilesIjrdt Journal
Conventional steering mechanism involves either the use of Ackerman or Davis steering systems. The disadvantage associated with these systems is the minimum turning radius that is possible for the steering action. This difficulty that is associated with the conventional methods of steering is eliminated by employing a four wheel steering system. In this system, the wheels connected to the front axles are turned opposite to each other, and so are the wheels connected to the rear axle. The wheels on the on left half vehicle rotate in one direction and the ones on the right half of the vehicle rotate in the opposite direction. This arrangement of the wheels enables the vehicle to turn 360 degrees, without moving from the spot, i.e. the vehicle has zero turning radius. This helps in maneuvering the vehicle in tight spaces such as parking lots and within small compounds.
Four steering system is about the maneuvering of the wheel using all four wheel. Which allows the vehicle to take sharp turn at slow speed and decrease the rollover accident danger at higher speed.
Four Wheel Active Steering / Without VideosGoodarz Mehr
This presentation gives you more information about Four Wheel Steering systems, physical means to incorporate them and control methods used to determine rear steering angles. In the end, results of our various simulations using CarSim vehicle simulation software and MATLAB Simulink are presented.
SELECTION OF GEAR BOX FOR VARIOUS MECHANICAL SYSTEMSANDIP THORAT
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
Diseñado para trabajos exigentes en aplicaciones de explanación, el tractor de ruedas 834G combina un aumento de potencia, movilidad y comodidad del operador para proporcionar un avance revolucionario en las topadoras. El 834G es ideal para movimiento de tierras, industrias y minería.
Brochure, Folleto, Specalog, oroscocatt, oroscocat
Catalogo 834G CAT pdf
A balance bar (also called a bias bar) on dual master cylinder systems, divides the force from the brake pedal to the two master cylinders . It is called a “balance bar” because that is exactly what it does.
El Tractor Topador de Ruedas 844 se ha diseñado para usar en trabajos exigentes de explanación, es el más grande de la gama de tractores de ruedas Caterpillar y es ideal para trabajar en aplicaciones grandes de minera, generación de corriente eléctrica,la industria de construcción general y donde quiera que se necesiten movilidad y explanación a gran volumen.
Brochure, Folleto,Specalog, oroscocatt, oroscocat
UNIT-IV-STEERING, BRAKES AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS.pptxDineshKumar4165
Steering geometry and types of steering gear box-Power Steering- Pneumatic and Hydraulic Braking Systems - Antilock Braking System (ABS)- Electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and Traction Control - Types of Front Axle- types of Suspension systems
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Jaipur metro bogie
1. A
TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: BOGGIE
1.1 BOGGIE FITTINGS
1.2 CHARACTERISTICS
CHAPTER 2: MECHANICAL DRIVE SYSTEM
2.1 DRIVE SYSTEM
2.2 MAINTENANCE
CHAPTER 3:FUNCTIONING OF BOGIE
3.1 LOAD SUPPORT
3.2 HAULING
3.3 RIDE QUALITY
3.4 NEGOTIATE CURVE
3.5 VEHICLE DEFLECTION
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN AND COMPONENTS
4.1 DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
4.2 MAJOR COMPONENTS
CHAPTER 5: BOGIE MAINTENANCE ASPECTS
5.1 BOGIE FRAME
5.2 Axles & Wheelsets
5.3 PRIMARY SUSUPENSION
5.4 SECONDARY SUSPENSION
5.5 ANTI-ROLL BAR
5.6 VERTICAL DAMPER
5.7 BOGIE TESTS
CONCLUSION
2. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 1
INTRODUCTION
Jaipur Metro is a rapid transit system in the city
of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Construction on the mostly elevated part of the first
line, called Phase 1A, comprising 9.63 kilometres (5.98 mi) of route
from Mansarovar to Chandpole Bazaar, started on 13 November 2010, and was
completed in 2014. The project's commercial run was delayed to December 2014,
and then to April 2015. After receiving safety clearance from Commissioner of
Metro Rail Safety (CMRS) in May 2015, Jaipur Metro began commercial service
between Chandpole and Mansarovar on 3 June 2015. The Jaipur Metro Rail system
is India's sixth metro rail system after those in Kolkata, Delhi
NCR, Bangalore, Gurgaon and Mumbai. Jaipur Metro is the first metro in India to
run on triple-storey elevated road and metro track.
ROUTE OF METRO
4. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 3
CHAPTER 1
BOGIE:
Bogie is a frame work carrying wheel sets, traction motors, gears, brakes and
suspension system. Main functions are:
i. Support the car body.
ii. Allow relative movement between car body & bogie.
iii. Ensure stable running.
iv. Ensure adequate ride comfort.
5. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 4
Bogie Fittings
Wheel disc
The wheel-mounted brake disc is that part of the vehicle brake system that
serves to convert kinetic energy into heat by means of friction. The wheel-
mounted brake discs are heated by braking as they rub against the brake pads
during braking. Cooling is provided by a stream of air generated by the fanning
effect of the rotating wheel. The air flows between the brake disc and wheel
web, passes through radically arranged cooling fins, and carries off the heat
into atmosphere
Driving Gear:
The driving gear is mounted on both of the transom and the power motor axle.
One side of the driving gear is mounted to the transom by the reaction rod,
which is resiliently fixed by a rubber bush to the bogie frame and another is
mounted to the axle by the large gear wheel of the driving gear, which is fitted
into the axle by an interference fit method.
Traction Motor
The traction motor is bogie frame mounted type, complete with suitable and
suspension and transfers the traction force the electro-dynamic braking force
to the driving gear by means of the gear coupling. The traction motor is
mounted on bogie frame.
Wheels
The mono block wheels have a tread diameter of 860mm in new condition, and
780mm in maximum worn condition. Wheels for each bogie are equipped with
two wheel disks.
Centre Pivot Device
The center pivot device forms the main connection between the bogie and the
carbody. This allows for full movement of the bogie (lateral, vertical, yaw and
pitch) with respect to the carbody structure but restricts the longitudinal
displacement between the bogie and the carbody. Traction and brake forces are
transmitted to the carbody from the bogie by means of the center pivot device.
Vertical Hydraulic damper
6. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 5
secondary spring assembly without disconnection or removal of the
carbody from the bogie.
TBU
The friction wheel mounted disk brakes are on the DT, M & T bogie frame.
One parking brake per axle is installed.
7. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 6
Main characteristics of the Bogie
Track gauge 1,435mm
Maximum Axle load 16Tonne
Maximum design speed
inflated secondary suspension 95km/h
deflated secondary suspension 80km/h
Maximum service speed
inflated secondary suspension 85km/h
deflated secondary suspension 70km/h
Wheel base 2,200mm
Wheel Diameter(new/worn) 860 / 780mm
Distance between journal centers 2,100mm
The minimum clearance of bogie
mounted equipment
75mm(at worn wheel and fully loaded static)
Approximate un-sprung mass M bogie : 3,920 kg DT bogie : 3,300kg
Approximate bogie weight M bogie : 8,500 kg DT bogie : 6,150kg
8. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 7
CHAPTER 2
MECHANICAL DRIVE SYSTEM
DRIVE SYSTEM
• Consists of-Traction motor, drive gear assembly, gear coupling and traction link
(torque arm or reaction link)
• Traction motor is mounted on bogie frame on the transom
• Drive gear is connected to traction motor through a flexible coupling and
connected to transom via traction link
• Flexible coupling transfers the traction force and electro dynamic braking force
from traction motor to gear box
• In the event of failure of traction link, a safety bracket provided in the drive gear
prevents drive gear from falling on the sleepers
9. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 8
MAINTENANCE
• Driving gear & traction motor must be inspected every 6000km for oil level
and temperature rise
• For a newly assembled drive gear, first oil change shall be done at 20000km
• At every 150000km or 1 year (whichever is earlier) oil must be changed
• General inspection for driving gear & traction motor shall be carried out after
420000km
• Drive gear & traction motor must be overhauled and completely serviced after
840000km
10. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 9
CHAPTER 3
FUNCTIONING OF BOGIE
LOAD SUPPORT
• Passenger distribution is neither continuous nor uniform
• Loading pattern changes during the running of vehicle
• CG of passenger load changes with running condition
• Intermittent moments are generated within the bogie-carbody system
• Hence a counter measure to nullify these moments is required-AIR SPRINGS
Air springs/Bellows/Secondary Suspension…etc
HAULING
• To impart motion to vehicle by transferring traction forces
• To overcome track friction for vehicle motion
• To stop vehicle by transferring braking forces
• Hence traction motor, gear box and brake system is required
11. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 10
RIDE QUALITY
• Improve ride quality by damping the vibrations and oscillations
• Wheel-track interaction generates oscillations
• Bogie sub systems like traction motor, gearbox, brakes etc. also generate
vibrations
NEGOTIATE CURVE
• To safely negotiate tighter curves without derailing
• Inner wheels have a different speed than the outer wheels
• No differential gear box exists in a bogie contrary to on road vehicles
• Max wheel and track wear occurs at curve
• Hence a lubrication system is needed
12. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 11
VEHICLE DEFLECTION
• Yaw, pitch and roll movements have to be controlled
• Soft springs results in more deflection while stiffer springs reduce ride comfort
• Bumping at vertical curves and track irregularities should be kept minimum
• Optimum selection of suspension and control system becomes important
• Hence anti-roll bar and two stage suspension system is required
14. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 13
Majorcomponents of the Bogie
Motor bogie Trailer Bogie
Bogie Frame
Conventional H frame
with end beam
Conventional H frame with
end beam
Wheel sets
Monobloc wheel +
Solid Axle
Monobloc wheel + Solid Axle
Taper roller Bearing Taper roller Bearing
Driving system
Driving Gear + Flexible
Coupling
Friction Brake
system
Wheel Mounted disc
Brake
Wheel Mounted disc Brake
Primary
suspension
Conical rubber spring Conical rubber spring
Secondary
suspension
Air spring + Vertical
damper + Anti-roll
bar
Air spring + Vertical damper +
Anti-roll bar
Traction system
Center Pivot + mono-
link + Lateral
damper
Center Pivot + mono-link +
Lateral Damper
Additional Items Lubricator Lubricator
17. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 16
CHAPTER 5
BOGIE MAINTENANCE ASPECTS
BOGIE FRAME
Inspect following-
• Weld cracks
• Rust marks
• Painting and surface coating
• Interference marks
• Integrity of brackets
Corrective action-
• MPI test for welds
• Degrease and re-paint after shot
blasting
• Apply metal paste for deep dents
• Check clearance for interfering part
Axles & Wheelsets
Inspect following-
• Relative movement between
wheel and axle
• Condition of sealant
• Painting and surface coating
• Dents and pitting
• Wheel profile
• Wheel gauge
• Corrosion
• Overheating
Corrective action-
• Rotation greater than 5deg,
replace wheel
• Axle end play more than 2mm,
replace assembly
• Re-apply sealant
• Apply metal paste, primer and re-
paint
• Re-profile wheel if necessary
18. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 17
PRIMARY SUSUPENSION
Inspect following-
• Surface condition of spring, cracks
greater than 3mm,
• Crown height at 4 locations
• Fasteners integrity
• Deflection in 3 directions-
compression test
Corrective action-
• Replace spring for deeper cracks
• Insert liners to maintain crown
height
• Replace locking plates and apply
torque to fasteners
• 10% variation in stiffness is
acceptable
SECONDARY SUSPENSION
Inspect following-
• External surface for cracks,
depositions etc.
• Check height at tare load
Corrective action-
• Ozone cracks deeper than 5mm-
replace diaphagram
• Check height at tare load, if less
than 300mm, insert liners
19. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 18
ANTI-ROLL BAR
Inspect-
• Surface defects like paint, cracks,
corrosion etc
• Abrasion
• Alignment of fork arms Cracks in
double bearing assembly
• Condition of rubber bearings
Corrective action-
• MPI inspection
• Abrasion more than 1mm due to
any defect makes it unfit for use
• UT is advisable at every
420,000kms
• Alignment of fork arms deviate
more than 0.5mm, replacement is
advised
• Cracks in DBA makes it unfit for
use
• Rubber bearing if de-formed or
cracked, better replace
• Re-paint after de-greasing for
surface defects
VERTICAL DAMPER
Inspect-
• Oil leakage
• Dents or signs of collision
• Surface condition of rubber bush
• Tightness of fasteners and fittings
Corrective action-
• Oil leakage or dripping on piston
tube is serious
• Dents with depth greater than
10mm-replace dampers
• Cracks deeper than 5mm-replace
damper
• Tightness of fasteners and fittings
20. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 19
BOGIE TESTS
• Static & fatigue tests for bogie frame
• Clearance checking between bogie-carbody in inflated & deflated air springs
• Wheel unloading test (static & dynamic)
• Load deflection test and accelerated ageing test for primary suspension
• Ride index test
• Type test for brake lining & main components
• Rotational resistance test
• Ultrasonic test for axles
• Oscillation test (for measuring acceleration in lateral & vertical directions)
• Rotational resistance test (x-factor measurement)
• Wedge test( natural frequency of bogie & damping factor measurement)
21. DEPARTMENTOF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING/SKIT Page 20
CONCLUSION
Overall I had a great experience while training with the engineers of Jaipur metro.
I feel very fortunate to be part of such a governmental organisation . this summer
training helped me in growing a lot and getting a deeper look into several mechanisms
and about metro trains.
Thanks to JMRC staff and Amit K. Bansal sir for making my training a worth journey.