The document provides an overview of Jain architecture and temple design. It notes that Jain temples were initially carved out of rock faces and later developed temple cities on hills. Key elements include numerous pillars forming squares that create small chapels, domed roofs, and frequently seen four-faced designs with images facing the four cardinal directions. Famous Jain temples mentioned include Dilwara Temple in Mount Abu, Nasiyan Temple in Ajmer, and temples in Ahmedabad and Delhi.

1. Jain
Architecture …
By:
Azizur Khan.
Nikhil Mehta.
Swapnil Kanse.
Akshata Hase.
Tanvi Gujarathi.

2. Introduction .
 Jain architecture is an offshoot
of Hindu and Buddhist styles.
 In the initial years, many Jain
temples were made adjoining the
Buddhist temples following the
Buddhist rock-cut style.
 Initially these temples were mainly
carved out of rock faces and the use
of bricks was almost negligible.
 However, in later years Jains
started building temple-cities on
hills based on the concept of
'mountains of immortality.

3. Elements Of Jain
Architecture.
 Jain temples have numerous
pillars having a well
designed structure, forming
squares.
 The squares thus formed
create chambers, used as
small chapels and contains
the image of a deity.
 From these pillars, there are
richly carved brackets that
emerge at about two thirds
of their height.

4. Elements Of Jain
Temples. these temples
 The roofs of
have pointy domes and
wherever there is a dome, the
pillars are omitted to create
an octagonal space within.

5. Elements Of Jain
Temples.
 The only variation in
architecture specific to Jain
temples is the frequently
seen four-faced or
chaumukh design.
 In these four faced temples,
the image of a Tirthankar
faces back to back to face
four cardinal directions.
 Entry into these temples is
also from four doors that
face the cardinal directions.

6. Jain Temples.
Introduction
 The founder of Jainism is
Vardamana or Mahavira (Great
Hero). But it is said that he is the
last Tirthankara or Jina.
 (Victor) and the first one is
Adinatha. All of Jain temples are
dedicated to one of the 24
Tirthankaras.
 In Jain style of architecture, bricks
were hardly used, and the system
of carving out temples from rock
faces was adopted.

7. Jain Temples.
 In later years when Jains discovered the concept
of mountains of immortality , they proceeded to
deviate from Hindu and Buddhist sites and build
on their own.
 An important aspect to be noted is that Hindus
and Buddhists built temples, Jains built temple-
cities on hills.
 o put it in their own words, they "ornamented
these holy hills with a crown of eternal Arhat
chaityas (tabernacles of saints) shining with the
splendor of jewels."

8. The Temple
Structure
 As mentioned earlier, the
leading idea of the plan of the
Jain temple is that of a
number of columns arranged
in squares. Wherever it was
intended to have a dome,
pillars were omitted, so as to
leave spaces in the form of
octagons.
 By corbelling over the
pendentives in level courses,
the dome was gradually
formed.

9. Interior Layout Of
Temple
 The exits of Jain temples
lead into a series of
columned chambers into
the central halls of the
temple.
 These columns, standing
around for no apparent
purpose, might make the
place seem like a mindless
labyrinth, but on closer
scrutiny it becomes
evident that there is a style
and method in it.

10. Interior Layout Of
Temple
 Simply put, these are temples within a temple,
divided into sanctums and surrounded by a range of
chapels and shrines, and the maze of columns act as
a defense against plunderers.
 The principle impression gathered from these
temples is the variety of their sections but in
harmony with each other.
 The pointed spires above each dome is different, yet
it signifies the position of a chapel, hall or any other
chamber inside.

11. The Architecture Splendor Of
Jain Temples.
 From the architectural
perspective, Jain Temple-
cities seem to be rather
cold compared to Hindu
or Buddhist temples.
 The Ranakpur temple is
built in white marble and
the main chamber is
supported by finely carved
columns, totaling 1,444 in
all.

12. Adinath Temple,
Ranakpur
 The Adinatha Temple of
Ranakpur is also named
Dharma Vihara temple after
its builder.
 The temple is very large. It
stands on a basement of 60m
x 62m (*1) , which is like a
stronghold.
 On the top of a flight of
stairs at the central entrance,
there is a three-storied
"Balanaka" (entrance hall),
which has a dome roof.

13. Adinath Temple,
Ranakpur
 A large number of
columns are carved
elaborately, and it is said
that no two pillars are
alike in design.
 At a space that
penetrates through two
to three stories, various
heights of domes are
placed, and their ceilings
have sculptures that are
unbelievably intricate.

14. Adinath Temple,
Ranakpur
 Light is abundantly coming
inside through gaps between
ceilings and from courtyards,
highlighting the intertwined
spaces and fine carvings all
around.
 The splendor of the space is
so pure as the entire temple
from the floors to the ceilings
is made of white marble. It
also might be described as
the realization of the Pure
Land.

15. PLAN OF THE TEMPLE
 Central Main Shrine is called
"Mula-prasada," its interior is
Garbagriha" (sanctum).
• A - Assembly hall in front.
Of four portals of the main shrine.
Each Ranga-mandapa connects
with three storyed "Meghanada-
mandapa" .
• B - High hall in front.
Having four "Mahadara-prasada"
(two-faced-shrine) diagonally in
four directions of the main shrine,
the temple type is
"Panchayatana" (five-shrined-
type).

16. PLAN OF THE
TEMPLE
 In addition to this, there are two "Bhadra-
prasada" east and west sides, making the total
composition much more intricate.
 A line of "Deva-kulika" (small shrine) along
"Bhamati" (cloister) surround the whole
complex.
 All these shrines hold a statue of Tirthankara or
Jina (four in Chaturmukha, two in Mahadara-
prasada), there are more than 100 statues in total.

17. Comparison Between Hindu And
Jain Temple.
HINDU TEMPLE JAIN TEMPLE
 The basic form of a Hindu  The basic form of Jain
temple is [garbhagriha + temple is "Four faced open
mandapa]. form" in the temple design.
 The garbhagriha at Hindu  On the other hand, a Jaina
temple is not a house of God,
temples means the "house but a place where a
of God" and accordingly "Tirthankara" (Jina) gives
it should be locked teachings. It is called
securely as a human "Samavasarana," and the
residence. doctrine of Jina should be
preached in all directions.

18. Famous Jain Tmples.
Dilwara temple, Mount Abu.
Nasiyan temple, Ajmer.

19. Famous Jain Temples.
HATHEESING JAIN TEMPLE,
AHMEDABAD
DIGAMBAR JAIN TEMPLE,
DELHI.

20. Overview.
Overview
 These temple-cities were not built on a specific plan;
instead they were the results of sporadic construction.
Natural levels of the hill on which the city was being built
accommodated various levels so that as one goes higher
so does the architecture and grandeur increases.
 Each temple, though, followed a set pattern, styles,
designed on principles of architecture in use during the
period.
 Compared to the number of Hindu temples in India, Jain
ones are few and spaced out.
 Jain temples are said to be the richest temples in the
world, surpassing even Mughal buildings in terms of
grandeur and material wealth.

21. Thank you.