The Pandyan dynasty ruled parts of southern India between 600 BCE and the 17th century CE from their capital in Madurai. They commissioned the construction of the famous Meenakshi Temple in Madurai in the early 17th century. The temple was built at the center of the city according to traditional south Indian temple town planning, with concentric streets radiating outward. The Meenakshi temple complex covers an area of around 45 acres and features 12 towering gopurams, the tallest being over 170 feet high, as well as two sanctuaries housing the main deities Meenakshi and Sundareswarar.
KANDARIYA MAHADEV MANDIR), meaning "the Great God of the Cave", is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, in the form of a linga. It was made in 1030 by King Vidhyadhara of Chandela dynasty.
Culture Primary deity Shiva(Mahadeva) Architecture Architectural styles North Indian History and governance Date built circa 1030 Creator King Vidyadhara of the Chandela dynasty
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
KANDARIYA MAHADEV MANDIR), meaning "the Great God of the Cave", is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, in the form of a linga. It was made in 1030 by King Vidhyadhara of Chandela dynasty.
Culture Primary deity Shiva(Mahadeva) Architecture Architectural styles North Indian History and governance Date built circa 1030 Creator King Vidyadhara of the Chandela dynasty
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
The PPP presentation is based on the architecture and art of Brihadeshwara temple of Chola period. It has basic introduction of the region. This is for tthe students of UG and PG not for API.
Jama masjid is the largest mosque in India.
Originally called Masjid-i-Jahanuma, or "mosque commanding view of the world“.
It was based on the plan and design of Ostad Khalil .
It can be called as the replica of Moti Masjid in Agra.
It is one of the finest mosque in the world.
It is a congregational mosque.
The PPP presentation is based on the architecture and art of Brihadeshwara temple of Chola period. It has basic introduction of the region. This is for tthe students of UG and PG not for API.
Jama masjid is the largest mosque in India.
Originally called Masjid-i-Jahanuma, or "mosque commanding view of the world“.
It was based on the plan and design of Ostad Khalil .
It can be called as the replica of Moti Masjid in Agra.
It is one of the finest mosque in the world.
It is a congregational mosque.
Sri Rangam |World's Largest Functioning Temple |Dravidian Architectural Style...NivethaJSaran
The Boologam Vaikuntam, Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple Srirangam, Trichy, describes the history of the place, its architectural significance, land use pattern, settlement pattern, socio-cultural behavior, and overall architectural view of the place.
Urban Renewal and conservation of Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu
Heritage background, places of importance, cultural background, land use and activities with respect to heritage conservation
hyderabad temples
Welcome to "Our Temples Info" YouTube Channel This channel is all about temples. You will find the details about all types of Hindu temples in this channel....
https://www.youtube.com/@OurTemplesInfo
History of Town Planning,
Town Planning in Ancient india,
Ancient Vedic town planning,
Indus valley civilization,
Mohen-jo-daro,
Harappa,
Lothal,
Dholavira,
Buddhist town Planning,
Pre independence Town planning,
Post Independence town planning, town planning of Kashi and Sanchi.
Karmukha, Nandyavarta, Sarvato bhadra, dandaka, swastika, etc. town planning.
The presentation mainly focuses on the architectural aspect of the Vijayanagar Empire with a brief description of the empire. The presentation is in bullet points which are easier to understand and study.
THIS PRESENTATION IS ABOUT Historical monuments MADE BY D.S.ASHWIN ABOUT MORE THAN 11 MONUMENTS AND A AV FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING ( especially for children please if any suggestion to slideshareashwin@yahoo.com
ENJOY OUR SERVICE
Varanasi, also known as Benares, Banaras , or Kashi , is a city on the banks of the river Ganges in Uttar Pradesh, India, 320 kilometres (200 mi) south-east of the state capital, Lucknow, and 121 kilometres (75 mi) east of Allahabad. A major religious hub in India, it is the holiest of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) in Hinduism and Jainism, and played an important role in the development of Buddhism and Ravidassia. Varanasi lies along National Highway 2, and is served by Varanasi Junction railway station and Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport.
Varanasi has been a cultural centre of northern India for several thousand years, and is closely associated with the Ganges. Hindus believe that dying here and getting cremated along the banks of the "holy" Ganges river allows one to break the cycle of rebirth and attain salvation, making it a major centre for pilgrimage. The city is known worldwide for its many ghats, embankments made in steps of stone slabs along the river bank where pilgrims perform ritual ablutions. Of particular note are the Dashashwamedh Ghat, the Panchganga Ghat, the Manikarnika Ghat, and the Harishchandra Ghat, the last two being where Hindus cremate their dead. The Hindu genealogy registers at Varanasi are kept here.
The Mycenaean civilization flourished during the period roughly between 1600 BC. It perished with the collapse of bronze age civilization in the eastern Mediterranean.
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization.
Maya civilization Is well known for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system.
Shading devices are purpose built devices to protect from the sunlight, from natural light, or screening them from view. Shading devices can form part of the facade or can be mounted inside the building, they can be fixed or operable.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaitya halls, also called chaitya grihas)
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Pandyan dynasty
• The Pandyan or Pandiyan or Pandian dynasty was an ancient Tamil
dynasty, one of the three Tamil dynasties, the other two being the
Chola and the Chera.
• The Pandya King, along with Chera King and Chola King, were
referred to as the Three Crowned Kings of Tamil.
• The dynasty ruled parts of South India from around 600 BCE (Early
Pandyan Kingdom) to first half of 17th century CE.
• They initially ruled their country Pandya Nadu from Korkai, a
seaport on the southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula, and in
later times moved to Madurai.
• Fish being their flag, Pandyas were experts in water management,
agriculture(mostly near river banks) and fisheries and they were
eminent sailors and sea traders too.
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP 2
3. Pandyan Dynasty – Art and Culture
• The Pandyan Kings were of Dravidian descent, and were proficient in
art, culture, trade and literature. Being located in a coastal area, the
Pandyan Rulers wielded control over the fisheries and the related
trade activities between Sri Lanka and India.
• This period also saw some of the finest pearls ever produced. The
Pandyans were also great patrons of architecture, and the famous
Meenakshi Temple in Madurai is a testimony to this.
• Meenakshi Temple - Built by Pandya Rulers – This Structure has been
Constructed in Madurai in Early 17th Century - 1623 AD
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP 3
4. Madurai City The city was built around the temple complex as the focal point
with a combination of a concentric street pattern.
Prepared By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP
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5. INTRODUCTION
• MADURAI , popularly known as the Temple
city, also called as ATHENS OF THE EAST, City of
Junction, City of Jasmine, CITY THAT NEVER
SLEEPS and City of four junctions. Madurai is
third major economic, industrial, commercial,
political centre and a major transportation hub
for the southern Tamilnadu.
• The city is renowned for tourism, festivals and
vibrant cultural life in general and is
considered to be the states cultural capital.
•The rich and vibrant natural and cultural landscape with different linguistic and cultural
groups coexisting together in its UNIQUE CUSTOMS, TRADITIONS, AND ART FORMS make
it a classical example of an urban environment wherein diversity becomes the source of
strength rather than conflicts.
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP 5
6. • In 1801 the British East India
Company took direct control of
Madurai and brought it under
the Madras Presidency.
• In 1837, the city was expanded to
accommodate the growing
population by demolishing the
fortifications around the temple.
This was done on the orders of
the then collector John
Blackburn.
• The moat was drained and the
debris was used to construct the
new streets - Veli, Marat and
Perumaal Mesthiri streets. The
city was constituted as a
municipality in 1866.
Map indicates the Evolution of Historic City
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP
6
7. TRADITIONAL PLANNING STRATEGIES
• The old city of Madurai is considered to
be designed according to the Rajdhani
plan, described in Manasara, one of the
Shilpasastra, and has the fivefold
concentric rectangular formation with
Meenakshi- Sundareshwara Temple at a
very centre point.
• The city was a well planned one with
bazaars and many broad streets with
high and luxurious mansions on both
sides.
• The city was built around the temple
complex as the focal point with a
combination of a concentric street
pattern.
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP 7
8. SETTLEMENT PATTERN
• The settlement pattern of Madurai is
planned according to the ancient
system of town planning which is
based on caste and occupational
hierarchies.
• The map shows the present settlement
pattern and its relevance with the
ancient town planning system.
• Ancient south Indian temple towns are
designed by placing the temple
complex at the centre with concentric
rectangle pattern of streets around.
• This can be seen in another southern
temple town Srirangam also.
Map showing Settlement Pattern of Madurai city with
ancient town planning system.
Source: City as diagram
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP 8
9. • In Madurai, Meenakshi
Amman Temple is at the
center. Royal Palaces,
Brahmins and Priests at the
first concentric rectangle.
• Traders, Kishatriyas and
Vaishnavaites on the second
rectangle. The lower caste
Sudras and immigrants in the
third rectangle.
Map showing Settlement Pattern of Madurai city with ancient
town planning system.Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP
9
10. • Meenakshi Amma Temple is a historic
Tamil Hindu temple located on the
southern bank of the Vaigai River in the
temple city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu.
• It is dedicated to Parvati, known as
Meenakshi, and her consort, Shiva,
here named Sundareswarar..
• The temple forms the heart and lifeline
of the 2,500-year-old cityof Madurai
and is a significant symbol for the Tamil
people, mentioned since antiquity in
Tamil literature.
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP
10
11. PLAN depicting the Entire premises of Sree meenakshi amman temple
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP 11
16. INTRODUCTION
• Meenakshi amma temple is located on the southern bank of the Vaigai river in the temple city of
Madurai, Tamil nadu, India.
• Its an Dravidian style Hindu temple.
• It is dedicated to Parvathi, known as Meenakshi, and her consort, Shiva, here named
sundareswarar.
• Surrounding an area of the temple is about 45 acres
• The temple was 1st constructed somewhere around the time by kulashekara pandyan.
• A large part of the temple was destroyed during the muslim invasion during the 14th century and
then was restored to its former glory in the early 17th century.
• The temple was rebuilt by vishwanatha nayak accordance to shilpa shastra.
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP 16
17. GOPURAMS
• The temple has huge Gopurams which can be seen from a far
distance.
• There are 14 Gopurams ranging from 45–50m in height.
• The outer 4 towers are the landmarks of Madurai, which are tall
when compared to other gopurams.
They are:
• East tower height 161'3“ & has 1011 sudhai figures. (its the
oldest gopuram built by maravarman sundara pandyan during
1216-1238)
• South tower height 170'6“(, 51.9 metres) & has 1511 sudhai
figures. ( tallest of all)
• West tower height 163'3“ & has 1124 sudhai figures.
• North tower height 160'6“ & has lesser figures of sudhai than
other outer towers.
• These 4 gopuram’s are nine storeys & is ornamented with
elaborate sculptures.
• And the other towers are inside the twin temples and are smaller
compared to the outer gopurams. and aslso these inner gopuram
serves as the entrance to the inner enclosure shrines Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP
17
18. MADURA STYLE
• The temple is high walled & enclosure on the
boundaries around the temples, intervening
courtyards called prakarams which contain
pillared halls, store rooms, other smaller shrines
and square water tanks for ritual baths.
• The temple is square shaped.
• The tank is surrounded by a pillared cloister and
has steps leading down to the water.
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18
21. VIMANA
• They are two golden sculptured Vimanas, over the Garbhagriha for the main deities.
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP 21
22. SHRINE
• These temples are separately surrounded by four smaller Gopurams.
• MEENAKSHI Main shrine is located to the southwest of Sundareswaran's shrine and
Sundareswaran's shrine is located in the north east
• Meenakshi shrine and the sundareswarar shrine are huge temples with their own sets of 2
prakarams maha mandapams and gold plated vimanas.
• The shrine has a 3-storied gopuram guarded by two stern dwarapalakas and supported by
golden, rectangular columns that bear lotus markings.
• The area covered by the shrine of Sundareswaran is exactly one fourth of the area of the
temple and that of Meenakshi is one fourth that of sundareswarar
• Within the sundareswarar temple complex is a shrine to Nataraja – the rajata sabha or the
velliambalam
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP 22
32. There are 12 temple towers(Gopurams). The outer 4 towers are the landmarks of Madurai. They are:
East Tower (Nine Storeys). Height 161'3" has 1011 sudhai figures.
South Tower (Nine Storeys). Height 170'6“ has 1511 sudhai figures.
West Tower (Nine Storeys). Height 163'3" has 1124 sudhai figures.
North Tower (Nine Storeys). Height 160'6“ has lesser figures of sudhai than other outer towers.
Prepared By- Ar.Roopa Chikkalgi. BGS SAP
32