This document discusses 5 common misconceptions that clinicians have regarding treatment of patients with brain metastases. It summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Tossif Ghodiwala aimed at reevaluating the management of these patients. The 5 misconceptions are: 1) all tumor histologies are the same, 2) number of lesions matters most rather than total tumor volume, 3) micrometastases are always present, 4) whole brain radiation is always harmful, and 5) most metastases cause obvious symptoms. For each misconception, the document provides the current evidence and perspective that these views are outdated and that a more personalized approach is needed.
Brain Metastasis: Emerging Treatments ans Reasons to be Hopefulbkling
Join Dr. Nancy Lin, Director of the Metastatic Breast Cancer Program at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, as she discusses diagnosis, symptom management, emerging treatments and reasons to be hopeful with Julia Maues, a metastatic breast cancer patient advocate. This one-hour webinar will allow time for questions from participants. In collaboration with Living Beyond Breast Cancer and Young Survival Coalition.
Brain Metastasis: Emerging Treatments ans Reasons to be Hopefulbkling
Join Dr. Nancy Lin, Director of the Metastatic Breast Cancer Program at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, as she discusses diagnosis, symptom management, emerging treatments and reasons to be hopeful with Julia Maues, a metastatic breast cancer patient advocate. This one-hour webinar will allow time for questions from participants. In collaboration with Living Beyond Breast Cancer and Young Survival Coalition.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy of Brain Metastases Clinical White...Brainlab
Learn more: https://www.brainlab.com/iplan-rt
Brain metastases are a common manifestation of systemic cancer constituting as much as 30% of all intracranial malignant tumors. Each year, 15 to 30% of cancer patients develop brain metastases, yielding an incidence of over 100,000 patients in the US. Development of brain metastases leads directly to the patient’s death in the majority of cases.
Brain metastasis is an advance diseases with poor overall prognosis management of which is full of controversies. This slide aims to make metastasis simplified.
MNPS is a stereotactic neurosurgery planning system, including radiosurgery. Support for most stereotactic hardware on the market. Developed by Mevis, Brazil.
www.mevis.com.br
Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy of Brain Metastases Clinical White...Brainlab
Learn more: https://www.brainlab.com/iplan-rt
Brain metastases are a common manifestation of systemic cancer constituting as much as 30% of all intracranial malignant tumors. Each year, 15 to 30% of cancer patients develop brain metastases, yielding an incidence of over 100,000 patients in the US. Development of brain metastases leads directly to the patient’s death in the majority of cases.
Brain metastasis is an advance diseases with poor overall prognosis management of which is full of controversies. This slide aims to make metastasis simplified.
MNPS is a stereotactic neurosurgery planning system, including radiosurgery. Support for most stereotactic hardware on the market. Developed by Mevis, Brazil.
www.mevis.com.br
Kimberly L. Blackwell, MD, discusses breast cancer in this CME activity titled "Raising the Bar in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Improving Patient Outcomes in the Neoadjuvant Setting". For the full presentation, downloadable practice aids, transcript, complete CME information, and to apply for credit please visit us at http://bit.ly/2e2aj2P. CME credit will be available until July 26, 2017.
O artigo fala sobre a reabilitação em pacientes com tumores cerebrais sob uma visão multidisciplinar, visando a funcionalidade e tratamento das sequelas.
This presentation reviews the current neurosurgical management of patients with medulloblastoma, including the data on molecular subtyping; uses “medulloblastoma” as a springboard to discuss other topics / tumor cell biology in general; and formulates research questions to further advance neurosurgical basic science.
Very beggining of my post graduation journey I prepared it for weekly presentation in my oncology department RAJSHAHI MEDICAL COLLEGE. sharing here if anyone get any help who r begginer in this field. Thank you.
Treatment of Brain Metastases Using the Current Predictive Models: Is the Pro...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Brain metastases from solid tumours are the most common intracranial tumours [1] and it occur in 40% of patients with cancer [2]. The most common primary tumours that metastasize to the brain are lung(40%),breast (25%) and melanoma (20%) [3]. The incidence is expected to be on the increase, due to improved survival, with use of modern cytotoxic drugs, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and modern radiotherapy techniques, in addition to greater use of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Brain metastases are common in the elderly, defined as above 60 years [4], and the interval between diagnosis of the primary and the development of brain metastases is variable, however some reported an average of 19 months [5] and adenocarcinoma is the commonest histology that metastasizes to the brain [6].
A tumour is an abnormal growth of cells within an anatomical structure of the body. Primary tumours arise from the structure they are within, while secondary tumours have generally migrated from elsewhere through the bloodstream, lymphatics or localised migration. Dr Peter Geoffrey Lucas explains the tumours of the neurological system arise in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and the structures surrounding these areas including muscle and bone.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
It Is Time to Reevaluate the Management of Patients With Brain Metastases
1. Douglas Kondziolka, MD, MSc,FRCSC
Steven N. Kalkanis, MD
Minesh P. Mehta, MD
Manmeet Ahluwalia, MD
Jay S. Loeffler, MD
It Is Time to Reevaluate the Management
of Patients With Brain Metastases
Presented by Dr Tossif Ghodiwala. MD
MOSCOW 2015
2. There are many elements to the science that
drives the clinical care of patients with brain
metastases. Although part of an
understanding that continues to evolve, a
number of key historical misconceptions
remain that commonly drive physicians’ and
researchers’ attitudes and approaches.
3. By understanding how these relate to current
practice, we can better comprehend our
available science to provide both better
research and care.
4. "We are in an era of personalized medicine,"
Dr. Kondziolka said in press statement, "and we
need to begin thinking that way
[with brain metastases]."
5. So the team took the initiative to dust off and
clear out 5 "key" misconceptions that linger
and "commonly drive" clinicians' approaches
to treatment.
Douglas Kondziolka, MD, MSc,FRCSC
Steven N. Kalkanis, MD
Minesh P. Mehta, MD
Manmeet Ahluwalia, MD
Jay S. Loeffler, MD
6. Review
"The authors did a great job looking at the current
issues with respect to the evidence and highlight
5 areas of controversy,“ But the truth is, the list
could be longer. There are "many" areas of
treatment and management that are based on
misconceptions and are in need of clinical trials
and evidence.
Arjun Sahgal, MD,
(Associate professor of radiation oncology
at the Sunnybrook
Odette Cancer Centre in Toronto.)
7. For now, the authors submit the
following 5 misconceptions.
1. Misconception: All histologies are created equal.
2. Misconception : Actual numbers of lessions matter
most.
3. Misconception: When a metastatic brain tumor is
present, micrometastases are also always present
and in need of management.
4. Misconception: WBRT is always harmful —
eventually
5. Misconception: Most brain metastases cause very
obvious symptoms, making regular screening
unnecessary.
8. MISCONCEPTION 1: ALL HISTOLOGIES ARE
CREATED EQUAL
The first misconception is assuming that "all
histologies are created equal" - that the type of
cancer doesn't matter once it has spread to the
brain.
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
9. All tumor cell types act the same way once they
spread to the brain?
This oversimplification means that doctors
assume that histologically diverse cancers
respond the same way to chemotherapy and are
equally sensitive (or insensitive) to radiation. It
also means that patients are all assumed to be at
the same risk of subsequent brain cancer
relapses, and development of additional
metastatic lesions; and that survival rates are
similar as well.
This is "one size fits all" approach
WHAT IS YOUR POINT OF VIEW?
10. The authors point out that this type of thinking
overlooks important biological differences in brain
metastases resulting from different types of
cancer, such as those originating in the lung,
breast or skin.
AUTHORS POINT OF VIEW
11. Correction:
Clinicians should recognize that brain
metastases are not all the same and will have
biologic differences resulting from different types
of the original extracranial cancer, such as those
from the lung, breast, or skin.
Thus "one size fits all" approach is incorrect
12. MISCONCEPTION 2: ACTUAL NUMBERS OF
LESIONS MATTER MOST
Many brain metastasis randomized trials included
the number of brain metastases identified using
whatever imaging was available at that time as
either a stratification or a prognostic variable.
Common thresholding patterns included single
lesions (often further subclassified as single or
solitary), 2 to 4 tumors, fewer than 5, more than
5, or more than 10 tumors (with 1 or more of
these categories being recognized as multiple
lesions).
This simple numerical approach arose from 4
biases.
13. 4 biases
First, surgical resection was almost exclusively used in
patients with 1 known tumor, although some small
series in the literature reported resection of 2 to 3
lesions.
Second, single-tumor patients (and. more importantly,
those with solitary tumors) were believed to live
longer and perhaps deserved greater attention in
terms of the aggressiveness of achieving intracranial
control.
Third, the number of tumors was thought to be a
reasonable estimate of tumor burden as well as tumor
biology, leading to the concept of oligometastatic vs
miliary spread of intracranial disease.
Fourth, it was easy to count tumors for stratification and
response analysis.
14. In this way
an 8-mm diameter frontal lobe melanoma metastasis was
given the same “weight” as a 2-cm diameter thalamic tumor
from non-small cell lung cancer.
Given the fact that patients with these differing lesions
might present with vastly different symptomatic
presentations with different degrees of brain edema,
potentially different radiation responses, and different
forms of extracranial disease therapy, it is not surprising
that clinical series containing such information could
provide results that were often disparate.
Even though higher quality studies attempted to match clinical
criteria according to age, sex, number of patients with lung
cancer, and Karnofsky Performance Scale score, they still
failed to account for tumor biology andtumor volume.
15. Correction:
Total tumor volume might be more predictive of survival, local
control, and distant brain failure than the number of tumors.
YES "One cannot dismiss tumor number as being unimportant, but
real tumor burden should be our new focus,".
They cite a number of contemporary studies to back up this point.
For example, in a study of 251 patients with brain metastases
who underwent radiosurgery, the number of brain metastases (1
to 9) was not predictive of survival, local control, or distant brain
failure. Instead, total tumor volume greater than 2 mL was
predictive of survival and local control, which was 94% at 1 year
(Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;85:656-661).
Dr. Kondziolka told Medscape Medical News that the myth about
tumor number even influences insurance payments. "Payers
often approve treatment of the brain depending on the number of
tumors present, which may have little to do with outcome," he
emphasized.
16. MISCONCEPTION 3: THERE IS NO SUCH
THING
AS A SINGLE BRAIN METASTASIS
When a metastatic brain tumor is present,
micrometastases are also always present and
in need of management.
"It is still held that micrometastases...create a
diffuse problem no matter how many [bigger]
tumors might be visible on an imaging study,"
17. Lets think !!!
If this thinking was accurate, then whole-brain
radiation therapy (WBRT) should improve survival
when it is added to a focal therapy, such as
stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS),
BUT
That is not what happens. "In no large study does
the addition of WBRT to SRS improve survival,".
18. Correction:
"Blindly managing assumed metastases is no longer best
practice when such tumors can be defined with serial
images," the authors assert.
Micromets will surface if they are significant. "If
micrometastases are present and not treated, they should
become apparent on later imaging."
WBRT is not needed for every patient.
Indeed, "strong evidence" indicates that focal therapies for
isolated metastatic lesions improve survival, compared
with the more diffuse WBRT.
Citing 2010 guidelines, the authors explain that both
single-dose SRS and WBRT are effective for treating
patients with brain metastases, but single-dose SRS alone
provides a survival advantage over WBRT alone for
patients with as many as 3 metastases.
19. MISCONCEPTION 4: WBRT IS ALWAYS
HARMFUL EVENTUALLY
The idea behind this myth is that WBRT is
generally unjustified because it will cause
cognitive dysfunction if a patient survives long
enough.
Whole-brain radiation therapy invariably causes
disabling cognitive dysfunction if a patient lives
long enough.
20. Correction:
Ultimately, a "balanced approach that allows for
individualization" of treatment.
Cognitive deficits occur as a result of WBRT, but
also occur in the absence of WBRT — because of
tumor progression. Such progression can be
slowed by WBRT, so "an appropriate balance"
needs to be sought.
Examples of patients who should avoid WBRT
are someone who is "high-functioning" and
concerned about cognitive decline or those in
whom extended survivals are expected.
21. MISCONCEPTION 5: MOST BRAIN
METASTASES
ARE SYMPTOMATIC AND SCREENING DOES
NOT HAVE A MAJOR IMPACT
Most brain metastases cause very obvious
symptoms, making regular screening
unnecessary.
This misconception did not apply until recently
and still is not a full-blown myth. In past years,
imaging for neurologic screening was rare, and it
is still not commonplace, the authors
acknowledge. As a result, the majority of brain
metastases have been found because of
symptoms — headaches, seizures, or neurologic
deficits.
22. Correction:
The tumor was most commonly found on a
screening scan and caused no or minimal
symptoms. Thus, the goal of modern brain
metastasis treatment is not usually to improve
overall prognosis or function, but rather to prevent
neurological deterioration while care for the
extracranial cancer continues uninterrupted.
With increased use of MRI, metastases are now
being detected before they cause any symptoms.
23. Thus, it is time for fresh thinking
and new critical analyses.
24. CME QUESTIONS:
1. An asymptomatic patient with known melanoma
is found to have a new isolated 1 cm intracranial
metastatic tumor. What is the most significant
factor in determining the prognosis for this
patient?
A. Age
B. Gender
C. Tumor size
D. Single brain metastasis
E. Extracranial melanoma
25. 2. What factor is most predictive of response to
radiotherapy for patients with brain metastases?
A. Total tumor volume
B. Tumor number
C. Tumor volume and number
D. Anatomical location
26. 3. Single dose radiosurgery has a survival
advantage over WBRT alone for patients with
what number of brain metastases?
A. 1-3
B. 3-5
C. 5-7
D. 7-9