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Neurosurgery - Evidence Based Surgery
Radiation-induced meningiomas (RIM) are more likely to be multiple and recur compared to spontaneous meningiomas. The studies reviewed found that 18% of RIM cases were multiple and 23% recurred, compared to lower rates for spontaneous meningiomas. While the studies could not definitively conclude RIM are more likely to be higher grade, the majority were found to be WHO grade 1 or 2. Long-term surveillance is recommended for individuals who received cranial radiation, such as childhood cancer survivors, due to the increased risk of developing RIM. Further research is needed to better understand RIM characteristics and natural history.
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- 1. MACQUARIE NEUROSURGERY Evidence BasedSurgery Dr Michael Mulcahy 25th of August, 2016
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- 7. Searchable Question (PICO) P- Radiation-induced meningiomas I - Nil C - Spontaneous meningiomas O - grade, brain invasion, proliferation index, recurrence, multiplicity Q: Are radiation-induced meningiomas more aggressive?
- 8. Search Strategy Search forall studies that could provide surgical and pathologic data on radiation-induced meningiomas Search: medline, embase Scopus review Reference check Include case series, cohort studies. Exclude case reports and review articles.
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- 13. Results Radiation Type Cases Grade MIB-1Multiple Meningiomas Recurrence Morgenstern 2016 Previous malignancy 30 21 surgical 12/21 (57%) G1 9/21 (43%) G2 Mean 5.4% for grade 1 10/30 (33%) 4/21 (20%)(mean follow up 6yrs) Felicetti 2015 Previous malignancy 15 10 surgical 5/9 (56%) G1 4/9 (44%) G2 - 4/15 (27%) 5/9 (56%) (unknown follow-up) Godlewski 2012 Previous malignancy 26 20 surgical 20/23 (87%) G1 3/23 (13%) G2 - 10/26 (38%) 4/23 (17%) (follow up 6months - 16yrs) Lillehei 2008 Mixed 20 15 surgical 10/15 (67%) G1 3/15 (20%) G2 2/15 (13%) G3 - 6/20 (30%) 6/15 (38%) 2 had a second recurrence (unknown follow-up) Goshen 2007 Previous malignancy 16 12 surgical 11/12 (92%) G1 1/12 (8%) G2 - 3/16 (19%) 1/12 (8%) (unknown follow-up) Al-Mefty 2004 Previous malignancy 16 surgical 10/16 (63%) 5/16 (31%) 1/16 (6%) - 5/16 (31%) 13/16 (81%) (mean F/U 6 years) 8 had a second recurrence 2 had a third recurrence 3 not followed up Sadetzki 2002 Tinea capitis cohort 253 220 surgical - - 40/253 (16%) 46/220 (18%) (mean follow up 10 years) Salvati 1997 Previous malignancy 10 surgical 6/10 G1 4/10 G2 - 0 1/10 (unknown follow-up) Musa 1995 Previous malignancy 10 surgical 8/10 G1 2/10 G3 - 1/10 (10%) 1/10 (had 4 recurrences) (unknown follow-up) Rubenstein 1984 Tinea capitis cohort 43 surgical 1 “malignant” - 2/43 (5%) 11/43 (26%) 5 (12%) had a second recurrence Soffer 1983 Tinea capitis cohort 42 surgical 6 “malignant” 6/42 (14%) 6/42 (14%) 2 had a second recurrence 1 had a third recurrence
- 14. Results Radiation Type Cases Grade MIB-1Multiple Meningiomas Recurrence Morgenstern 2016 Previous malignancy 30 21 surgical 12/21 (57%) G1 9/21 (43%) G2 Mean 5.4% for grade 1 10/30 (33%) 4/21 (20%)(mean follow up 6yrs) Felicetti 2015 Previous malignancy 15 10 surgical 5/9 (56%) G1 4/9 (44%) G2 - 4/15 (27%) 5/9 (56%) (unknown follow-up) Godlewski 2012 Previous malignancy 26 20 surgical 20/23 (87%) G1 3/23 (13%) G2 - 10/26 (38%) 4/23 (17%) (follow up 6months - 16yrs) Lillehei 2008 Mixed 20 15 surgical 10/15 (67%) G1 3/15 (20%) G2 2/15 (13%) G3 - 6/20 (30%) 6/15 (38%) 2 had a second recurrence (unknown follow-up) Goshen 2007 Previous malignancy 16 12 surgical 11/12 (92%) G1 1/12 (8%) G2 - 3/16 (19%) 1/12 (8%) (unknown follow-up) Al-Mefty 2004 Previous malignancy 16 surgical 10/16 (63%) 5/16 (31%) 1/16 (6%) - 5/16 (31%) 13/16 (81%) (mean F/U 6 years) 8 had a second recurrence 2 had a third recurrence 3 not followed up Sadetzki 2002 Tinea capitis cohort 253 220 surgical - - 40/253 (16%) 46/220 (18%) (mean follow up 10 years) Salvati 1997 Previous malignancy 10 surgical 6/10 G1 4/10 G2 - 0 1/10 (unknown follow-up) Musa 1995 Previous malignancy 10 surgical 8/10 G1 2/10 G3 - 1/10 (10%) 1/10 (had 4 recurrences) (unknown follow-up) Rubenstein 1984 Tinea capitis cohort 43 surgical 1 “malignant” - 2/43 (5%) 11/43 (26%) 5 (12%) had a second recurrence Soffer 1983 Tinea capitis cohort 42 surgical 6 “malignant” 6/42 (14%) 6/42 (14%) 2 had a second recurrence 1 had a third recurrence
- 15. Results Grade 1 -68/96 (71%) or 82/106 (77%) Grade 2 - 25/96 (26%) or 29/106 (27%) Grade 3 - 3/96 (3%) or 5/106 (5%) WHO 2016: 20-25% grade 2 1-6% grade 3
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- 17. Summary and Conclusions •Morelikely to be multiple •More likely to recur •Can’t say more likely to have higher grade •Surveillance for irradiated children, and patient’s with RIM, unanswered •Further studies would be beneficial
- 18. References Morgenstern PF, ShahK, Dunkel IJ, et al. Meningioma after radiotherapy for malignancy. J Clin Neurosci. 2016;30:93-7. Felicetti F, Fortunati N, Garbossa D, et al. Meningiomas after cranial radiotherapy for childhood cancer: a single institution experience. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2015;141:1277-82. Godlewski B, Drummond KJ, Kaye AH. Radiation-induced meningiomas after high-dose cranial irradiation. J Clin Neurosci. 2012;19:1627-35. Lillehei KO, Donson AM, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Radiation-induced meningiomas: clinical, cytogenetic, and microarray features. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;116:289-301. Goshen Y, Stark B, Kornreich L, et al. High incidence of meningioma in cranial irradiated survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;49:294-7. Al-Mefty O, Topsakal C, Pravdenkova S, et al. Radiation-induced meningiomas: clinical, pathological, cytokinetic, and cytogenetic characteristics. J Neurosurg. 2004;100:1002-13. Sadetzki S, Flint-Richter P, Ben-Tal T, et al. Radiation-induced meningioma: a descriptive study of 253 cases. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:1078-82. Salvati M, Cervoni L, Puzzilli F, et al. High-dose radiation-induced meningiomas. Surg Neurol. 1997;47:435-41. Musa BS, Pople IK, Cummins BH. Intracranial meningiomas following irradiation--a growing problem? Br J Neurosurg. 1995;9:629-37. Rubinstein AB, Shalit MN, Cohen ML, et al. Radiation-induced cerebral meningioma: a recognizable entity. J Neurosurg. 1984;61:966-71. Soffer D, Pittaluga S, Feiner M, et al. Intracranial meningiomas following low-dose irradiation to the head. J Neurosurg. 1983;59:1048-53.
Editor's Notes
- #3 Well established from the Israeli tinea capitis cohort and the Japanese atomic bomb survivors that radiation increases the risk of meningiomas Case reports of RIM have been published since the 50s, (mann et al.;Clin. Radiol. (1969) RADIATION INDUCED INTRACRANIAL MENINGIOMAS. Munk et al.)
- #4 Published in Lancet 1974, showed there was an increased risk of benign and malignant brain and neck tumours (Prior to this only case reports) (RR 9.5 for meningioma). Further supported by: - US and british childhood cancer survivor study Data on incidence of radiation induced tumours, but what is less well established: ?more likely to be higher grade ?more likely to recur ?natural history ?should be followed/managed differently
- #5 63 y.o. female R G1 cav sinus meningioma debulked 2005 Brisbane, then SRS 2006 B/G: smoker, post-op dvt, hypercholesterolaemia 2015: appearance of new convexity meningioma at craniotomy site 2016: enlarged OT: adherent to brain, multiple small meningiomas along dura towards floor of middle cranial fossa Path: transitional meningioma
- #6 63 y.o. female R G1 cav sinus meningioma debulked 2005 Brisbane, then SRS 2006 B/G: smoker, post-op dvt, hypercholesterolaemia 2015: appearance of new convexity meningioma at craniotomy site 2016: enlarged OT: adherent to brain, multiple small meningiomas along dura towards floor of middle cranial fossa Path: transitional meningioma
- #7 MM 41 male RTx age 7 for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2014 seizure Resection of meningioma: grade 1 with brain invasion Advised RTx in MDT, currently under surveillance Also has 5 cavernous malformations
- #8 define tumour aggressiveness (describes a tumour that forms, grows, or spreads quickly. It may also describe treatment that is more severe or intense than usual) no intervention, just comparing the groups
- #9 at least 10 cases
- #10 Original search - radiation induced meningioma: 61 Mostly case reports and review articles but a few relevant case series from which alternative names to RIM were found, hence no.2
- #11 Then looked at keywords and MESH terms and found additional terms Also found some papers in reference checks so knew I wasn’t getting everything Esp older papers had different referencing
- #13 316 total of the 245: - radiation treatment for meningioma or RIM - genetic studies - case reports and reviews - epidemiology studies (cause, prevalence)
- #14 note on grading: prior to 1993 and second WHO grading there was no universal grading system so bottom two I have just put as malignant and non malignant even the first WHO grading was vague (first was 1979) no paper mentioned brain invasion
- #15 scalp irradiation lower dose than treatment for tumours Morgenstern - high rate of G2. a large cohort had MIB-1 of 3.28% for grade 1 meningiomas (Roser et al. 2004) Felicetti - one death during anaesthetic induction (cardiac arrhythmia). high rate of G2 and recurrence Godlewski - missed on medline Lillehei - two G3 Goshen - lower rates Al-mefty - 100% recurrence of followed up patients. mostly referred from other institutes, so more aggressive by bias perhaps Sadetzki - nearly half had missing histopath data, mixture of grading schemes Rubenstein - no grading, classified based on russell and rubinstein. grading introduced? Soffer- grading based on rubinstein, zulch and kennel (characterized by loss of typical architecture, high cellularity, pleomorphism, increased mitotic rate, focal necrosis, and brain infiltration accompanied by marked glial proliferation)
- #16 First number is from 2000 criteria (i.e.defined grade 2 and 3 meningioma), second number includes 2 studies from 1993 when WHO grading more defined could be an underestimate as large numbers are from pre-brain invasion criteria. also, don’t have grades from the largest study
- #17 multiple SM - 1-5% (Multiple meningiomas: a clinical, surgical, and cytogenetic analysis. Butti et al. Surgical neurology, 1989) recurrence of SM up to 20% at 20 years (Seemingly complete removal of histologically benign intracranial meningioma: late recurrence rate and factors predicting recurrence in 657 patients. A multivariate analysis. Jääskeläinen J. 1986) But remember these were all unknown or less than 10 yrs follow-up
- #18 All retrospective data, but good numbers Difficult to comment on grade as not only has grading changed between papers, even changed within some papers no consensus in the literature as to how to approach RIM (regarding surveillance, treatment and follow-up) Would take a long time to get numbers in a prospective study…grading might change again