Information technology infrastructure includes physical hardware like transmission lines, routers, and software that manages transmission signals between connected computers and users. It is the integrated framework that digital networks operate on and includes components like data centers, computer networks, databases, and regulatory systems. The seven major coordinated components that make up a firm's IT infrastructure are computer hardware, operating systems, enterprise software, data management and storage, networking and telecommunications platforms, internet platforms, and consulting/integration services.

1. What is Infrastructure?
 In information technology and on the Internet, infrastructure is the
physical hardware used to interconnect computers and users.
Infrastructure includes the transmission media, including telephone
lines, cable television lines, satellites antennas, routers, and other
devices that control transmission paths. Infrastructure also includes
the software used to send, receive, and manage the signals that are
transmitted.
Information technology infrastructure is the integrated framework
upon which digital networks operate. This infrastructure includes data
centers,computers, computer networks, Database
Management devices, and a regulatory system.

2. INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
THERE ARE SEVEN MAJOR COMPONENTS THAT MUST BE
COORDINATED TO PROVIDE THE FIRM WITH A COHERENT IT
INFRASTRUCTURE.

3. 1. COMPUTER HARDWARE PLATFORMS
COMPUTER HARDWARE PLATFORMS INCLUDE CLIENT MACHINES AND SERVER
MACHINES, AS WELL AS MODERN MAINFRAMES PRODUCED BY IBM. US FIRMS SPENT
ABOUT $145 BILLION ON COMPUTER HARDWARE.
2. OPERATING SYSTEM PLATFORMS
OPERATING SYSTEM PLATFORMS INCLUDE PLATFORMS FOR CLIENT COMPUTERS,
DOMINATED BY WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS, AND SERVERS, DOMINATED BY THE
VARIOUS FORMS OF THE UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM OR LINUX. OPERATING
SYSTEMS ARE SOFTWARE THAT MANAGE THE RESOURCES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE
COMPUTER AND ACT AS AN INTERFACE FOR THE USER.
3. ENTERPRISE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
ENTERPRISE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS INCLUDE SAP, ORACLE, AND PEOPLESOFT,
AND MIDDLEWARE SOFTWARE THAT ARE USED TO LINK A FIRM'S EXISTING
APPLICATION SYSTEMS.

4. 4. DATA MANAGEMENT AND STORAGE
DATA MANAGEMENT AND STORAGE IS HANDLED BY DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE AND STORAGE DEVICES INCLUDE
TRADITIONAL STORAGE METHODS, SUCH AS DISK ARRAYS AND TAPE
LIBRARIES, AND NEWER NETWORK-BASED STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
SUCH AS STORAGE AREA NETWORKS (SANS). SANS CONNECT
MULTIPLE STORAGE DEVICES ON DEDICATED HIGH-SPEED
NETWORKS.
5. NETWORKING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
PLATFORMS
NETWORKING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLATFORMS INCLUDE
WINDOWS SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS, NOVELL, LINUX, AND
UNIX. NEARLY ALL LAN AND MANY WIDE AREA NETWORKS
(WANS) USE THE TCP/IP STANDARDS FOR NETWORKING.

5. 6. INTERNET PLATFORMS
INTERNET PLATFORMS OVERLAP WITH, AND MUST RELATE TO, THE
FIRM'S GENERAL NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE AND HARDWARE
AND SOFTWARE PLATFORMS. INTERNET-RELATED INFRASTRUCTURE
INCLUDES THE HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND SERVICES TO MAINTAIN
CORPORATE WEB SITES, INTRANETS, AND EXTRANETS, INCLUDING
WEB HOSTING SERVICES AND WEB SOFTWARE APPLICATION
DEVELOPMENT TOOLS.
7. CONSULTING AND SYSTEM INTEGRATION SERVICES
CONSULTING AND SYSTEM INTEGRATION SERVICES ARE RELIED ON
FOR INTEGRATING A FIRM'S LEGACY SYSTEMS WITH NEW
TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROVIDING EXPERTISE IN
IMPLEMENTING NEW INFRASTRUCTURE ALONG WITH RELEVANT
CHANGES IN BUSINESS PROCESSES, TRAINING, AND SOFTWARE
INTEGRATION.

6. MAKING WISE INFRASTRUCTURE
INVESTMENT
IT Infrastructure is a major capital
investment for the firm. If too much is spent
on infrastructure, it lies idle and constitutes
a drag on firm financial performance. If too
little is spent, important business services
cannot be delivered and firms competitors
will outperform in the under investing firm.

7. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
A DATABASE IS A COLLECTION OF RECORDS. DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED AS THE MEANS OF
MANAGING ALL THE RECORDS. DATABASE MANAGEMENT IS A
SOFTWARE SYSTEM THAT USES A STANDARD METHOD AND RUNNING
QUERIES WITH SOME OF THEM DESIGNED FOR THE OVERSIGHT AND
PROPER CONTROL OF DATABASES.
Types of Database Management Systems:
There are four structural types of database
management systems:
 Hierarchical databases.
 Network databases.
 Relational databases.
 Object-oriented databases

8. USING DATABASES TO IMPROVE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
AND DECISION-MAKING
Businesses use their databases to:
 Keep track of basic transactions
 Provide information that will help the company run the business more efficiently
 Help managers and employees make better decisions
In a large company, special capabilities and tools are required for analyzing vast
quantities of data and for accessing data from multiple systems, such as:
Data warehouse: a database that stores current and historical data from core
operational transactional systems for use in management analysis, but this data
cannot be altered.

9. Data mart: A subset of a data warehouse in which a summarized or highly focused
portion of the organization's data is placed in a separate database for a specific
population of users.
Business intelligence (BI) tools: Data analysis tools used for consolidating,
analyzing, and accessing vast stores of data to help in decision making, such as
software for database query and reporting, tools for multidimensional data analysis
(online analytical processing), and data mining.

10. Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) supports multidimensional data analysis,
enabling users to view the same data in different ways using multiple dimensions
Data mining finds hidden patterns and relationships and infers rules from these to
predict future behavior. The types of information obtainable from data mining include
•Associations
•Sequences
•Classifications
•Clustering
•Forecasting
Predictive analysis uses data mining techniques, historical data, and assumptions
about future conditions to predict outcomes of events, such as the probability a customer will
respond to an offer or purchase a specific product.

11. TYPES OF NETWORK
Common examples of area
network types are:
 LAN - Local Area Network
 WLAN - Wireless Local Area
Network
 WAN - Wide Area Network
 MAN - Metropolitan Area
Network
 SAN - Storage Area Network,
System Area Network, Server
Area Network, or sometimes
Small Area Network
 CAN - Campus Area Network,
Controller Area Network, or
sometimes Cluster Area
Network
 PAN - Personal Area Network
 DAN - Desk Area Network

12. WHAT IS TRANSMISSION MEDIA ?
TRANSMISSION MEDIA IS A PATHWAY THAT CARRIES THE
INFORMATION FROM SENDER TO RECEIVER.WE USE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF CABLES OR WAVES TO TRANSMIT DATA. DATA IS
TRANSMITTED NORMALLY THROUGH ELECTRICAL OR
ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNALS.
Types of transmission media:
Transmission media is broadly classified into two groups.
 1. Wired or Guided Media or Bound Transmission Media
 2. Wireless or Unguided Media or Unbound Transmission Media

13. Wireless or Unguided Media or Unbound Transmission
Media: Unbound transmission media are the ways of
transmitting data without using any cables. These media are
not bounded by physical geography. This type of transmission
is called Wireless communication.
Wired or Guided Media or Bound Transmission
Media: Bound transmission media are the cables that are
tangible or have physical existence and are limited by the
physical geography. Popular bound transmission media in
use are twisted pair cable, co-axial cable and fiber optical
cable.

14. WHAT IS INTERNET?
 The Internet is a global system
of interconnected computer
networks that use the
standard Internet protocol
suite (TCP/IP) to serve several
billion users worldwide. It is
a network of networks that
consists of millions of private,
public, academic, business, and
government networks, of local to
global scope, that are linked by
a broad array of electronic,
wireless and optical networking
technologies.

15. INTERNET BASED COMMUNICATION TOOLS
 There are many different kinds of Internet
communications tool, such as email, VoIP, forums,
online chat and social networking among others.
Using the latest tools and methods of
communicating over the Internet is essential for
bringing your business into the modern age of
communication and marketing.

16. WIRELESS REVOLUTION
 The revolution is expected to dramatically affect the way we
communicate and use computer technology. Wireless will
change the significance of location. Time-zone and cost now
matter more than mere distance. Indeed, in some ways, the
mobile telephone dispenses with physical geography even
more effectively than does the Internet. To tap into their e-mail,
most folk still have to plug in somewhere in the world
(although that too will change as new mobile gadgets

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