4. Background (once upon a time )
• Information pollution
• Document management system
• Information management systems
• The new idea of Taxonomies
5. Enterprise Information infrastructure
• information infrastructure as a shared, evolving, heterogeneous
installed
base of IT
capabilities based on open and standardized interfaces
7. Cont,EII
• When dealing with information infrastructures, we need to look to
the whole
• array of organizational forms, practices, and institutions that
accompany, make
• possible, and inflect the development of new technology, their
related practices,
• and their distributions
8. Challenges in designing information
infrastructure
enterprise
inherent
complexity
scale and
functional
uncertainty
Heterogenic
Compatibility
with existing
enterprise
structure
9. Information infrastructure development
focus
• the integration, synthesis, and definition of any information that
needs to be shared across the enterprise, and
• The means by which to transport, store, and access that information
in a way that enhances, rather than impedes, user productivity.
10. What are the technical goal for the Enterprise
to develop Information infrastructure
• Reliable storage and retrieval of complex Enterprise information for
varied applications
• Real-time, data-driven Enterprise decisions
• Real-time data entry by any node in the Enterprise
• Real-time global transport of complex Enterprise records with
accuracy, speed, and security
• Computer-based training, , and reference tools
11. What are the Business goal for the Enterprise
to develop Information infrastructure
• To gain the capability to develop products that will
• decrease needless duplication of records through reuse
• Improve financial and management information handling
• faster and more accurate analysis of data
• Capture global market share of new and improved products and
services
14. II
Our approach to the study of the characteristics of
IIs is to focus on what is found to be the primary
characteristics of other infrastructure technologies
in general and analyses how these characteristics
appear in IIs.
Architecture
Socio-
change
AI
IT
IOS&
DIS
CN
IS
N-TIOS=interorganizational systems DIS=distributed
information systems
Ai = application infrastructure
CN=computer Network
IS=information system
N-T= network technology
15. Design Principle
Design initially for
usefulness
Draw upon
existing installed
bases
Expand installed
base by persuasive
tactics to gain
momentum
Make it simple
16. Structured approach in designing EII
Strategize and
Plan
Develop
Governance
Drive Change
Management
Execute
Measure and
Improve
19. • Kernel theory
• Horizontal
• vertical ,
• Socio-technical
• rational design
• Active network theory
EII
Theories
Theory is
theoretical warrants that can offer
effective guidance
21. ENTERPRISE INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
• An architecture is the blueprint for translating a business strategy
into a plan
• An infrastructure is a relative term meaning “the structure beneath a
structure”
• This definition implies different layers of structure, which provide support or
services
• It is the implementation of the architecture
23. Why Information Infrastructure
Matters????
• Global markets are creating enormous demands for increased
information sharing
• A powerful, flexible Information infrastructure has become a
prerequisite for any enterprise for doing business
24. Why Information Infrastructure
Matters????
• Information infrastructure should exhibit several key
traits, such as:
• Efficiency
• Reusable components that are priced reasonably and can be turned
around quickly for application development projects
• Effectiveness
• Easy integration of all components in a way that supports their
operation
• Agility
• Good planning and design processes that allow companies to develop
new applications quickly and to upgrade their existing infrastructure to
support new requirements for existing and/or new applications
25. Why Information Infrastructure
Matters????
• Translating the architecture into an infrastructure entails creating
details about certain technologies:
• Hardware
• Software
• Network
• Information
26. ENTERPRISE INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
• There are four types of information infrastructures:
1. Decentralized
2. Centralized
3. Distributed
4. Client/server
27. Decentralized Information Infrastructure
• A decentralized information infrastructure involves little or no
sharing of information systems
• Gives users the freedom to develop applications that meet their
needs and maintain control over the applications they develop
• Disadvantages
• Difficult to share applications and information across areas
• Each area may have their own hardware/software, maintenance and service
contracts which could increase cost
• Encourages duplication of data which can lead to inconsistencies
29. Centralized Information Infrastructure
• A centralized information infrastructure involves the
storing of application software and information in one
central area or one central mainframe
• Mainframes were originally the only computers available for business
• Advantages:
• High degree of control makes it easy to maintain h/w, s/w, procedures and
operations standards
• Easy to control access to information
• Disadvantages:
• Inflexibility – different departments have different needs and one size does not
fit all
31. Distributed Information Infrastructure
• A distributed information infrastructure involves distributing
the information and processing power of IT systems via a
network
• The architecture must be able to determine the location as well as
the optimal way to request specific applications and information
• By connecting all the information systems via a distributed
infrastructure, all locations can share information and
applications
• Processing activity can be allocated to the location(s) where it
can most efficiently be done
• Will duplicate the same application and/or information in multiple
sites
33. Client/Server Information Infrastructure
• A client/server information infrastructure has one or
more computers that are servers which provide services
to other computers, called clients
• The client/server infrastructure is a form of distributed
infrastructure
• Application processing is split between the client and server
• When surfing the web, your computer is the client using browser
software and interacting with Web servers that have information you
are seeking (shopping, news, education, etc.)
• The server sends information to the client where it is
processed – the network is heavily used which can become
a bottleneck
35. Types of Enterprise Information Infrastructure
and their Characteristics
Characteristics Decentralized Centralized Distributed Client/Server
Cost efficiency Moderate Excellent Moderate Very reasonable
Data location Distributed Centralized Distributed Distributed
Management Ease Simple Easy Difficult Moderate
Network
performance
Excellent Constrained Varies Constrained
Processing
location
Distributed Centralized Distributed Shared
User control Full Very limited Varies Varies
36. Output for Enterprise to invest on
Information Infrastructure
• IT investments are one of the most important decisions made within an
organization
• IT infrastructure investments are large, long term, and have no (real)
value on their own
• By developing a solid information infrastructure, GM (General Motors
Company) has saved $1 billion annually for the past 5 years
• Wachovia Corp (4th largest financial services comp and 3rd largest
brokerage firm in the US) invested $1.4 million in information
infrastructure development and saved $2.3 million within two years
37. Supporting an Information Infrastructure
• Backup is the process of making a copy of the
information stored on a computer
• Recovery is the process of reinstalling the backup
information in the event the information was lost
38. Disaster Recovery Plan
• A disaster recovery plan is a detailed process for recovering
information in the event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire or
flood
• A collocation facility is a enterprise that rents space and
telecommunications equipment from another company
• Hot site – separate and fully equipped facility where a enterprise can
move immediately after a disaster and resume business
• Cold site – separate facility that does not have computer equipment
but where employees can move after a disaster
39. INTEGRATING THE ENTERPRISE INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
• Integration allows separate applications to communicate
directly with each other by automatically exporting data
files from one application and importing them into
another
• Building integrations between applications helps an
organization maintain better control of its information
40. INTEGRATING THE ENTERPRISE INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
• Gap Inc has 1,900 stores around the world, employees
more than 13,000 people and generated 16.3 billion
revenues in 2010
• Their goal is to maintain a 20% growth rate each year –
to do this they need to provide their employees with
immediate access to real-time information
41. Why Integration Is Necessary
• Integration requires the simplification and streamlining of
organizational processes using techniques such as BPR
and workflow redesign
• Business process reengineering (BPR) is the analysis and
redesign of workflow within and between enterprises
• Workflow defines all the steps or business rules, from beginning
to end, required for a business process
42. Benefits of Integration
• Many of the benefits can be easily measured in financial terms
• Cost reduction
• Reduction of inventory costs
• Reduction of personnel costs
43. Benefits of Integration
RANK TANGIBLE INTANGIBLE
1 Inventory reduction Information visibility
2 Personnel reduction New/improved process
3 Productivity improvements Customer responsiveness
4 Order processing improvements Integration
5 IT cost reduction Standardization
6 Procurement reduction Flexibility
7 Revenue/profit increase Globalization
8 Transportation logistics Business performance
45. Conclusions
The paper suggests that information infrastructures should not be studied
retrospectively to understand how they are established, but rather should
be studied focusing on the process of making. Here we study the action of
making rather than the processes that made.
A business organization it is simple like the competitive edge and for
service oriented organization it is simple a set of procedures
