This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in an IT 802 mobile communications course. It includes sections on recommended books, introduction, module topics like history and standards, usage scenarios, mobile devices that need to communicate, radio frequency concepts, propagation basics, modulation schemes, and cellular systems. Recommended reading includes books on mobile communications, wireless communications, and data communications and networking.
History, Basic concepts of wireless communication, challenges in wireless communication, cellular communication, performance criteria, wireless communication standars, how call is made?
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.
The most common wireless technologies use radio
History, Basic concepts of wireless communication, challenges in wireless communication, cellular communication, performance criteria, wireless communication standars, how call is made?
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.
The most common wireless technologies use radio
Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design of Wireless NetworksCisco Mobility
This advanced session focuses on deep-dive understanding of the often overlooked Radio Frequency part of designing and deploying a Wireless LAN Network. It discusses 802.11 radio MIMO APs and antennas placements when to use a DAS system antenna patterns. It covers the main environments such as carpeted offices campuses and conference centers, providing feedback based on lessons learned from challenging deployments such as outdoor/stadium/rail deployments and manufacturing areas. Learn More: http://www.cisco.com/go/wireless
Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design of Wireless NetworksCisco Mobility
This advanced session focuses on deep-dive understanding of the often overlooked Radio Frequency part of designing and deploying a Wireless LAN Network. It discusses 802.11 radio MIMO APs and antennas placements when to use a DAS system antenna patterns. It covers the main environments such as carpeted offices campuses and conference centers, providing feedback based on lessons learned from challenging deployments such as outdoor/stadium/rail deployments and manufacturing areas. Learn More: http://www.cisco.com/go/wireless
Concurrent 2.4/5-GHz Multi-Loop MIMO Antennas with Wide 3-dB Beamwidth Radiat...Saou-Wen Su
A high-gain, wide-beamwidth, six-loop-antenna MIMO system suited for wireless access points in the concurrent WLAN 2.4 and 5 GHz bands is presented. The antenna system mainly comprises an antenna ground plane and single-band loop antennas, among which the three antennas are designated for 2.4 and 5 GHz operation respectively. The antennas are set in a sequential, rotating arrangement on the ground plane with an equal inclination angle of 60° to form a symmetrical structure, and the 2.4 and 5 GHz loops are facing each other one by one. The experimental results show that good port isolation can be obtained between antenna ports. High-gain, directional radiation patterns with wide 3-dB beamwidth in elevation planes are also observed. Details of a design prototype are described and discussed in the paper.
Cellular networks versus mobile adhoc networks, mobile adhoc network enabling technologies, Challenges in MANET, MANET, History of Mobile Networks, Mobile Networks, Future Research areas in WLANs, challenges in wireless networks, HomeRF, Bluetooth, HiperLAN ½, Operation modes of 802.11, Different 802.11standards, IEEE 802.11 Wireless Standard:, Wireless LAN Standards, Diffused Configuration, Omni directional Configuration, Direct beam Configuration, Narrowband microwave LANs, Spread spectrum LANs, Infrared (IR) LANs , Types of Wireless LANs, History of Wireless LAN.
Chapter 1 AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):.pptxfilembarketema
Certainly! Here are some examples of how AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
Sentiment Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze customer interactions, such as emails, social media posts, and chat transcripts, to determine customer sentiment and emotions. Sentiment analysis helps CRM systems understand customer satisfaction levels, identify potential issues or concerns, and take proactive measures to address them.
Personalization: AI enables CRM systems to deliver personalized experiences to customers. By analyzing customer data, purchase history, browsing behavior, and preferences, AI algorithms can generate personalized product recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and customized offers to enhance customer engagement and satisfaction.
Lead Scoring and Qualification: AI can assist in lead scoring and qualification processes. By analyzing historical data and customer behavior patterns, AI algorithms can predict the likelihood of a lead converting into a customer. This helps sales teams prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively to high-potential leads, improving conversion rates and sales efficiency.
Predictive Analytics: AI algorithms can analyze customer data and historical patterns to make predictions about customer behavior, such as likelihood to churn or cross-sell/up-sell opportunities. These predictions help CRM systems identify the most effective strategies for customer retention and revenue growth.
Voice and Speech Analytics: AI-powered voice and speech analytics tools can analyze customer calls and extract valuable insights. These tools can identify keywords, sentiment, and speech patterns to understand customer needs, identify common issues, and provide feedback for agent training and process improvement.
Social Media Monitoring: AI algorithms can monitor social media platforms to track brand mentions, customer feedback, and sentiment. This helps CRM systems identify customer concerns, engage in social listening, and respond promptly to customer queries or complaints, improving overall customer satisfaction and brand reputation.
Customer Segmentation: AI can assist in segmenting customers based on various criteria, such as demographics, purchase history, interests, and behavior. This enables CRM systems to tailor marketing campaigns, promotions, and communication strategies to specific customer segments, improving targeting and response rates.
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Prediction: This helps CRM
Improvement of signal coverage using wcdma signal repeater for 3 g systemsIjrdt Journal
Wireless communication has become an indispensable technology for the society. In broadband wireless data transmission technique, 3G cellular systems are expected to provide high data rate and less probability of error. This repeater finds application in areas of poor signal coverage and connectivity. The repeater consists of a patch panel antenna for receiving WCDMA signals from the base station and amplifying the signals using a wideband RF amplifier. The signals are then retransmitted to the weak coverage area using a directional Yagi-Uda antenna. The antenna characteristics such as return loss and VSWR are measured using a Network analyzer. The component of the repeater are mounted in a stand and the performance of the entire unit was evaluated using a WCDMA generator, act as a base station, transmitting at 869 MHz and 5dBm output power. A spectrum analyzer with WCDMA analyzer is used as a receiver, the RF signal level and constellation plots with error vector magnitude are determined
5G NR is a contradictory complex, and it is difficult to have both capacity and coverage. 5G expands the system capacity by expanding the bandwidth of the spectrum. The frequency range extends from below 3GHz in the 4G era to the millimeter wave band, and the single carrier bandwidth is increased from 20MHz to more than 100MHz. But the higher the frequency band, the smaller the coverage of the base station, and the operator has to build more base stations.
Module 4
Wireless Wide Area Networks and LTE Technology Design Private and public leased networks. Video conferencing, television and radio broadcast transmissions. Wireless WAN, Cellular Networks, Mobile IP Management in Cellular Networks, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Technology, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) with LTE, Characterization of Wireless Channels.
Microprocessors & microcontrollers- The design ContextDebasis Das
Describes the context in which microprocessor and microprocessor based designs are carried out. Suitable for 4 year engineering degree courses in Electriical engineering, Computer Science and engineering and any other such courses of different universities.
Management control systems jsb 606 part4Debasis Das
Management Control Systems make management of an organization possible. This set of presentations tells you what they are and how to go about building them. The series is in four parts. If you need to download the presentations mail me at ddas15847@gmail.com
Management control systems jsb 606 part3Debasis Das
Set 3 for the course Management Control Systems. This contains details of various control systems in use.Management Control Systems make management of an organization possible. This set of presentations tells you what they are and how to go about building them. The series is in four parts. If you need to download the presentations mail me at ddas15847@gmail.com
Management control systems jsb 606 part2Debasis Das
Management Control Systems make management of an organization possible. This set of presentations tells you what they are and how to go about building them. The series is in four parts. If you need to download the presentations mail me at ddas15847@gmail.com
Management control systems jsb 606 part1Debasis Das
Management Control Systems make management of an organization possible. This set of presentations tells you what they are and how to go about building them. The series is in four parts. If you need to download the presentations mail me at ddas15847@gmail.com
This presentation is about the complex ecosystem that education has become. There are revolutionary changes happening in the system requiring professional managers to handle many issues.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2. Recommended Books J. Schiller, Mobile Communications, Addison –Wesley, 2003 2. T. S. Rapport, Wireless Communications, Principle and Practices 3. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, TMH 2/27/2011 2 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology
4. Module Topics General Overview: History, Transmission Medium, Need, Advantages, Disadvantages Different Standards. AMPS, GSM, GPRS, 3G. 2/27/2011 4 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology
5. Usage Scenarios Fixed & wired Desktops connected to a wired set up Mobile & wired Laptops get connected to wired networks in hotels Fixed & wireless Temporary arrangements, places where fixed wiring may not be possible Mobile & wireless Topic of this course, users are completely free to move around 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 5
6. Mobile Devices That Need to Communicate Cellular handsets Walkie-talkies Pager PDA/Pocket computer Cordless phones Laptops on wireless LANs Tablet computers eReaders 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 6
7. What Do We Need! A means of carrying information from one party to another A means of modifying the carrier to convey information Standardized formats for communication 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 7
8. RF Can Do the Job Electromagnetic waves in RF frequencies can travel long distances The carrier frequency can be modulated to carry information The carrier needs to be changed in some way to be proportional to the input information 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 8
10. Electromagnetic Bands Up to 300 GHz RF band Up to 300 THz IR band Above 300 THz Visible light, UV 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 10
11. Wireless Communication Scenarios- 1 Lambda=c/f wavelength C=3*10^8 meters/s LF – submarine communications, penetrates water and other obstacles MF & HF - radio broadcasts AM band; 520 kHz to 1605.5 kHz SW band; 5.8 MHz to 26.1 MHz FM band; 87.5 MHz to 108 MHz UHF & VHF – TV broadcasts 174 MHz to 230 MHz & 470 to 790 MHz 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 11
12. Wireless Communication Scenarios- 2 VHF & UHF; Digital audio 232 to 230 MHz, 1452 to 1472 MHz Digital TV 470 to 862 MHz Analog mobile phone 450-465 MHz Digital GSM 490-960 MHz, 1710-1880 MHz DECT cordless 1880-1900 MHz 3G cellular, UMTS standard 1900-1980 MHz, 2020-2025 MHz, 2110-2190 MHz …. Most wireless mobile communication use the VHF and UHF bands. Small antennas. 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 12
13. Basic RF Communication 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 13 Receiver Transmitter
14. Propagation Basics 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 14 Receivers Transmitter Transmission range Detection range Interference range
15. Various Range in Transmission Transmission range : The zone around the transmitter where communication is possible. Receiver receives enough signal so that error rates are very low Detection range : transmitted power can be detected, error rate is high however Interference zone : not high enough to be detected but adds to the interference with other signals 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 15
16. Radiation Pattern 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 16 Transmitters Directional Omni-directional
17. Antenna Issues Theoretical isotropic antenna is one that radiates equal energy in all directions. Practical antenna is a dipole, length lambda/2, centre fed, two halves of lambda/4 Dipoles are Omni-directional Sectorized antennas are multiple directional antenna on a single pole Multiple element antennas help combat fading effects 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 17
18. Multiplexing Space division multiplexing (SDM) Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) Time division multiplexing (TDM) Code division multiplexing (CDM) 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 18
19. Channel Allocation Borrowing channel allocation (BCA) Borrow unused channel frequencies from neighboring cells Fixed channel allocation (FCA) Channel allocations per cell is fixed 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 19
20. Inverse Square Law Radio energy available at any point some distance away from the transmitter Is inversely proportional to the square of the distance 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 20 Surface area= 4.pi.d^2 d
21. Modes of Propagation Ground wave Sky wave Space wave 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 21
22. Ground Wave propagation Radio waves in the low frequency ranges (< 2 MHz) Radio energy travels along the ground mainly Enclosed between the ground and the Ionosphere Radio transmissions in medium wave are examples 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 22
23. Sky Wave Propagation There is a ionized belt around the earth( 2 to 30 MHz) Radio wave is reflected in this ionosphere and travels long distance Wavelengths are shorter than the frequency band that uses the ground wave mode Radio shortwave transmissions are examples 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 23
24. Space Wave Propagation Wavelengths are short enough to penetrate the ionosphere (> 30 MHz) Energy needs to travel in straight line to the receiver TV transmissions are an example 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 24
25. Other Signal Propagation Effects Blocking/shadowing Reflection Refraction Scatter Diffraction Multi path propagation 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 25
27. Multipath + Channel Characteristics Multipath causes delay spread Effect= Inter-symbol interference short term fading (It can help if an estimate can be made of these multi path delays, at least the main path. Sender transmits a “training sequence : known to receiver, programs an equalizer to compensate Long term fading, due varying distance from sender, compensate by raising/ lowering power transmitted so that received power is within specified range Doppler shift 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 27
33. Basic Modulation Schemes(Digital) In wireless network analog modulation need to be used, these include following basic schemes Amplitude Shift Keying ASK Frequency Shift Keying FSK Phase shift keying PSK The digital input is converted to analog baseband signal before modulation 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 33
34. Reasons for Going Analog Antenna Antenna need to comparable to wavelength of carrier Frequency Division multiplexing Analog modulation shifts baseband signal to different carrier signal. Higher carrier frequency gives you higher bandwidth Medium Characteristics Path loss, penetration of obstacles, reflection, scattering, diffraction are wavelength dependent 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 34
35. Modulation in a Transmitter 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 35 Analog baseband signal Digital modulation Analog Modulation Modulated signal Digital data Radio carrier
36. Demodulation in Receiver 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 36 Analog baseband signal Analog demodulation Synchronization decision Digital signal Radio carrier
37. ASK Simple scheme, send one level of carrier amplitude for 1 and another for 0 Needs low bandwidth But amplitude is affected by multipath , noise, path loss etc. ASK is not used for RF communication However, is used in optical communication 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 37
38. FSK Used often in RF communication, binary FSK or BFSK Different frequencies are send for the two digital levels Sudden phase changes can generate high frequencies Frequency modulation in continuous phase modulation (CPM) is used Demodulation can use two fixed frequency filters Needs larger bandwidth, less susceptible to noise 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 38
39. Phase Shift Keying Change phase of carrier by 180 degrees, every time baseband changes from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1. binary PSK BPSK can be simply multiplying the carrier by +1 when input is 1 and multiplying by -1 when input is 0 Reception uses phase locked loop for reference Compared to FSK, PSK is more resistant to interference Receiver and transmitter are more complex to design 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 39
40. MSK(Min Phase Shift Keying) Avoids abrupt phase changes Data bits are separated into odd and even bits, duration of bits are doubled Two frequencies f1 & f2, such that f2=2*f1 Phase is shifted based different criteria Gaussian MSK is a variation, GMSK is used in most European wireless standards 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 40
41. Advanced PSK 2 bits are considered together, smaller phase shifts for each group of 2 bits, 4 phase shifts are used This is the QPSK scheme Carrier reference is a must, frequent synchronization required Differential PSK, decides phase shifts with respect from the last phase, not absolute DQPSK is one of the most efficient schemes IS-136, PACS of US and Japanese PHS of Japan are examples 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 41
42. QAM Phase shift keying and amplitude keying is combined QPSK and several levels of amplitude 64QAm for example can combine QPSK and 4 levels of amplitude 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 42
43. Multi Carrier Modulation MCM, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM), coded OFDM Used in European digital audio broadcast (DAB), WLAN standards such as IEEE 802.11, HIPERLAN2 Good ISI tolerance 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 43
44. Spread Spectrum Direct sequence spread spectrum Frequency hopping spectrum system 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 44 Spread spectrum signal X Modulator Transmission signal User data Radio carrier Chipping sequence Correlator Demodulator X Integrator Decision Data Carrier
45. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Available bandwidth is split into many channels plus guard spaces Transmitter and receiver stay on a channel for some time and then jump to another, the sequence of this change is the hopping sequence Slow hopping: transmitter uses one frequency for several bit times. Fast hopping: transmitter changes even during one bit period 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 45
46. FHSS System 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 46 Narrowband signal Spread spectrum signal Data Modulator Modulator Frequency synthesizer Hopping sequence Narrowband signal Demodulator Demodulator Data Frequency synthesizer Hopping sequence
47. Cellular Systems One base station serving a cell (limited area) Higher the user density, smaller the cell Frequency re-use is possible 3 and 7 cell clusters are common 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 47
48. 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 48 Frequency Re-use Clusters f3 f3 f3 f7 f3 f2 f2 f2 f2 f5 f1 f1 f1 f5 f6 f4 f3 f3 f4 f1 f2 f2 f2 f3 f1 f7 f1 f1 f2 f3 f3 f3 f3 f5 f6 f2 3 frequency cluster 7 frequency cluster
49. Advantages of Small Cells Higher capacity Space division multiplexing allows frequency reuse, more users can be supported Less transmission power Mobile station power need to be limited, smaller cells allow better communication Local interference only Need to worry about local interference only Robustness More base stations mean that the system would not fail as a whole if some base stations fail 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 49
50. Disadvantages of Small Cells Infrastructure needed Larger amount of infrastructure, in terms of base stations, towers and other s will be needed Handover needed With mobile users, users moving from one cell to another, calls will have to be maintained Frequency planning Careful frequency planning needed to avoid interference when you have only a handful of frequencies allocated 2/27/2011 Debasis Das Mallabhum Institute of Technology 50