This document summarizes research on isolating and characterizing a bacterium from wastewater samples that is tolerant to high salt concentrations and heavy metals. A bacterium, identified as Pseudomonas lini, was found to be resistant to high levels of various heavy metals like nickel, lithium, copper, manganese, zinc and iron. It also showed resistance to salt concentrations up to 2.5M and was resistant to several antibiotics. Further tests confirmed P. lini's ability to break down starch (amylolytic activity) and its potential use in bioremediating environments contaminated with heavy metals, salt, or starch waste.
Isolation of serratia liquefaciens as metal resistant bacteria from industria...IJARIIT
Sample from industry effluent consist of various metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc. The growth of
microorganisms is affected by various factors like temperature, PH, salinity etc. In some cases there are some microorganisms
which can tolerate the presence of metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc., presence of these metal is analysed by
atomic adsorption spectrometry method ,present study deals with isolation of Serratia liquefaciens is done by various
biochemical characteristics ,various parameter analysis, culturing of Serratia liquefaciens in the bacterial growth medium
which consist of artificially supplemented with metal .From the study, it is confirmed that Serratia liquefaciens is present in
the polluted water where metal dust persists in the effluent sample. Serratia liquefaciens were resistant to metal and these
microorganisms are further encouraged to degrade metal in the sample.
1. Four bacterial strains were isolated from wastewater and tested for their ability to form biofilms under metal stress conditions using microtiter plate and metal reduction assays.
2. All strains showed increased biofilm formation under metal stress compared to no metal stress, demonstrating their ability to resist metal toxicity through biofilm production.
3. The microtiter plate assay found that biofilm formation increased over 3, 5, and 7 days of growth and was highest under metal stressed conditions for all strains.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Potential Microorganism for Remediation of Heavy...CSCJournals
The present research work has been carried out to study the waste disposal contaminated site for its physico chemical and microbial characterization and identification of potential microorganism capable of bioaccumulation and biodegradation of heavy metals. The ambient conditions present in the metal contaminated environment shows the values: pH(5.4),temperature(30°C), moisture(11.71%), nutrients; Nitrogen(0.2mg/l), phosphorus(22.65mg/l) and sulphur(559.3mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved oxygen (7.4mg/l), Biological oxygen demand (3.8 mg/l), Chemical oxygen demand (64.6 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environmental conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using Bioinformatics tools like BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentrations of heavy metals viz 5mg/l, 25mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l up to 800mg/l with special reference to Iron. At a concentration of 500mg/l, only one microorganism was found survived and multiplied. This shows that potential microorganism was only survived at higher concentration of iron. The 16SrRNA sequence and phylogenetic tree characterized the organism as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also confirmed by biochemical tests. The potential microorganism identified by BLAST technique can be used for remediation of the heavy metal from contaminated environment.
This document discusses microbial fingerprinting of anolyte and provides background information on biofilms and microbially induced corrosion. It then reviews different types of biocides used for controlling bacteria in industrial water systems, including oxidizing biocides like chlorine, peroxides, and ozone, as well as non-oxidizing biocides like quaternary ammonium compounds, biguanides, aldehydes, and phenol derivatives. The modes of action and effectiveness of these various biocides are described.
Evaluation of Cadmium tolerant Fungi in the dying Staff and their removal Pot...AI Publications
Cadmium tolerance and bioremediation capacity of seven isolates including Aspergilus versicolor, Aspergillus fumigatus, Paecilomyces sp.9, Paecilomyces sp.G, Terichoderma sp, Microsporum sp,Cladosporium sp were determined. Minimum inhibitory concentration values among 2,000-6,000 mg lˉ1proved great ability of isolated strains to survive in cadmium polluted environments. The most tolerant fungi, Aspergilus versicolor, showed tolerance index of 0.93 in 100 mg lˉ1 cadmium agar media. Fungal resistance against cadmium is depended directly on strain’s biological function. A. versicolor was found to bioaccumulation over 7.67mg of cadmium per 1 g of mycelium, followed by 6.546, 6.354, and 6.286, 6.134 by Paecilomyces sp, Aspergilus fumigatus, Microsporum sp and Terichoderma sp, respectively. It can be noted that tolerance of the strains appears to be independent from bioaccumulation capacity. Finally, the results indicated that A. versicolor could be a prospective candidate for bioremediation processes.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses the isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis from soil in Basra, Iraq and its ability to biosorb heavy metals like cadmium and lead. B. thuringiensis showed resistance to high concentrations of lead and cadmium. Experiments examined the effect of metal concentration and contact time on biosorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis were used to identify functional groups on the bacterial surface. The bacterium was able to effectively biosorb cadmium and lead from solutions, demonstrating its potential for remediating environments contaminated with heavy metals.
Copper Nanoparticles and Antioxidant Stress: Problem Makers or Solvers?_ Cri...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
Copper nanoparticles (NPs) have various applications but also pose environmental concerns. They can act as both problem makers and problem solvers. As problem makers, copper NPs may accumulate in the environment and cause toxicity in plants and animals over the long term. However, they also show promise as problem solvers by demonstrating antibacterial properties useful for wound dressings, and potential antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. More research is still needed to fully understand the ecological effects of copper NP exposure and their long term impacts on human health before their widespread use can be considered safe.
Isolation of serratia liquefaciens as metal resistant bacteria from industria...IJARIIT
Sample from industry effluent consist of various metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc. The growth of
microorganisms is affected by various factors like temperature, PH, salinity etc. In some cases there are some microorganisms
which can tolerate the presence of metal like lead, zinc, copper, silver, mercury etc., presence of these metal is analysed by
atomic adsorption spectrometry method ,present study deals with isolation of Serratia liquefaciens is done by various
biochemical characteristics ,various parameter analysis, culturing of Serratia liquefaciens in the bacterial growth medium
which consist of artificially supplemented with metal .From the study, it is confirmed that Serratia liquefaciens is present in
the polluted water where metal dust persists in the effluent sample. Serratia liquefaciens were resistant to metal and these
microorganisms are further encouraged to degrade metal in the sample.
1. Four bacterial strains were isolated from wastewater and tested for their ability to form biofilms under metal stress conditions using microtiter plate and metal reduction assays.
2. All strains showed increased biofilm formation under metal stress compared to no metal stress, demonstrating their ability to resist metal toxicity through biofilm production.
3. The microtiter plate assay found that biofilm formation increased over 3, 5, and 7 days of growth and was highest under metal stressed conditions for all strains.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Potential Microorganism for Remediation of Heavy...CSCJournals
The present research work has been carried out to study the waste disposal contaminated site for its physico chemical and microbial characterization and identification of potential microorganism capable of bioaccumulation and biodegradation of heavy metals. The ambient conditions present in the metal contaminated environment shows the values: pH(5.4),temperature(30°C), moisture(11.71%), nutrients; Nitrogen(0.2mg/l), phosphorus(22.65mg/l) and sulphur(559.3mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved oxygen (7.4mg/l), Biological oxygen demand (3.8 mg/l), Chemical oxygen demand (64.6 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environmental conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using Bioinformatics tools like BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentrations of heavy metals viz 5mg/l, 25mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l up to 800mg/l with special reference to Iron. At a concentration of 500mg/l, only one microorganism was found survived and multiplied. This shows that potential microorganism was only survived at higher concentration of iron. The 16SrRNA sequence and phylogenetic tree characterized the organism as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also confirmed by biochemical tests. The potential microorganism identified by BLAST technique can be used for remediation of the heavy metal from contaminated environment.
This document discusses microbial fingerprinting of anolyte and provides background information on biofilms and microbially induced corrosion. It then reviews different types of biocides used for controlling bacteria in industrial water systems, including oxidizing biocides like chlorine, peroxides, and ozone, as well as non-oxidizing biocides like quaternary ammonium compounds, biguanides, aldehydes, and phenol derivatives. The modes of action and effectiveness of these various biocides are described.
Evaluation of Cadmium tolerant Fungi in the dying Staff and their removal Pot...AI Publications
Cadmium tolerance and bioremediation capacity of seven isolates including Aspergilus versicolor, Aspergillus fumigatus, Paecilomyces sp.9, Paecilomyces sp.G, Terichoderma sp, Microsporum sp,Cladosporium sp were determined. Minimum inhibitory concentration values among 2,000-6,000 mg lˉ1proved great ability of isolated strains to survive in cadmium polluted environments. The most tolerant fungi, Aspergilus versicolor, showed tolerance index of 0.93 in 100 mg lˉ1 cadmium agar media. Fungal resistance against cadmium is depended directly on strain’s biological function. A. versicolor was found to bioaccumulation over 7.67mg of cadmium per 1 g of mycelium, followed by 6.546, 6.354, and 6.286, 6.134 by Paecilomyces sp, Aspergilus fumigatus, Microsporum sp and Terichoderma sp, respectively. It can be noted that tolerance of the strains appears to be independent from bioaccumulation capacity. Finally, the results indicated that A. versicolor could be a prospective candidate for bioremediation processes.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses the isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis from soil in Basra, Iraq and its ability to biosorb heavy metals like cadmium and lead. B. thuringiensis showed resistance to high concentrations of lead and cadmium. Experiments examined the effect of metal concentration and contact time on biosorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis were used to identify functional groups on the bacterial surface. The bacterium was able to effectively biosorb cadmium and lead from solutions, demonstrating its potential for remediating environments contaminated with heavy metals.
Copper Nanoparticles and Antioxidant Stress: Problem Makers or Solvers?_ Cri...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
Copper nanoparticles (NPs) have various applications but also pose environmental concerns. They can act as both problem makers and problem solvers. As problem makers, copper NPs may accumulate in the environment and cause toxicity in plants and animals over the long term. However, they also show promise as problem solvers by demonstrating antibacterial properties useful for wound dressings, and potential antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. More research is still needed to fully understand the ecological effects of copper NP exposure and their long term impacts on human health before their widespread use can be considered safe.
Heavy metals occur naturally but human activities concentrate them and introduce them into the environment. Plants uptake heavy metals through their roots from soil and water and act as conduits for metals to enter the food chain as animals consume plants and humans consume plants and animals. Common heavy metal contaminants taken up by plants include cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, lead, and zinc. Some metals are necessary micronutrients for plants, but others like cadmium, lead, and mercury have unknown biological functions. Hyperaccumulator plants are able to grow in high metal concentrations by absorbing and storing extremely high levels of metals in their tissues through specialized root and transport systems.
This document summarizes research on the green synthesis of nanoparticles using plants. It discusses how plants provide an eco-friendly alternative to physical and chemical synthesis methods. Key points include:
- Plants can synthesize nanoparticles both in the laboratory and natural environment through biosynthesis, involving the reduction of metal ions.
- Factors like temperature, pH, and ion concentrations can influence nanoparticle size, shape, and properties.
- Plants have synthesized various nanoparticles including silver, gold, silicon-germanium, and magnetite which have applications in areas like catalysis, sensing, and medicine.
- Silver nanoparticles from various plants have demonstrated antimicrobial properties against bacteria like E. coli, making them promising for applications like
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Heavy metal in the environment and effect on plant physiologyArifin Sandhi
This document summarizes the effects of heavy metals in the environment on plant physiology. It discusses how industrialization and mining have increased heavy metal levels and how plants uptake metals through their roots and foliage. It then examines the physiological effects on plants, including cellular interactions where metals are stored, transport mechanisms using proteins, impacts on metabolism like oxidative stress, and effects on photosynthesis, reproduction, and hyperaccumulation. The document concludes that understanding plant uptake and resistance strategies could help with phytoremediation and addressing metal deficiencies in foods.
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
This study evaluated the ability of the plant species Sainfoin (Onobrychis vicifolia) to absorb and tolerate heavy metals lead and copper. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with different levels of lead and copper contaminated soil. The results showed that Sainfoin was able to absorb significant amounts of both lead and copper into its roots and aerial parts, with greater absorption of copper. Higher metal concentrations in the soil led to increased antioxidant enzyme activity and biomarkers of oxidative stress in the plant. Specifically, the highest metal levels caused the greatest increases in enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as biomarkers like malondialdehyde, dityrosine and 8-hydroxy-2-de
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Pa...ijtsrd
This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
Isolation and characterization of zinc resistant bacteria from a coil coating...Joshua Owolabi
This study isolated and characterized zinc-resistant bacteria from the wastewater treatment plant of a coil coating industrial facility in Nigeria. Ten zinc-resistant bacterial strains were isolated from treated wastewater samples on nutrient agar supplemented with zinc sulphate, and identified as species of Bacillus, Micrococcus, Serratia, Proteus, Aeromonas, and Citrobacter. Further testing showed that eight isolates were resistant to zinc concentrations of 6 mM and above. Four isolates also exhibited resistance to lead. Most isolates (70%) were resistant to multiple antibiotics. The zinc-resistant bacteria isolated could potentially be used to bioremediate zinc and lead contamination.
This study isolated Shewanella oneidensis from soil in Basra, Iraq. S. oneidensis showed high resistance to cadmium (1000 mg/L) and lead (700 mg/L). It effectively accumulated both metals at different concentrations and exposure times. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed S. oneidensis accumulated cadmium and lead intracellularly, causing morphological changes. The results suggest S. oneidensis has potential for bioremediating sites contaminated with heavy metals like cadmium and lead.
This document reviews the role of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides in biofilm formation. It discusses how extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by microorganisms form the matrix of microbial aggregates and biofilms. EPS are involved in the initial attachment of cells to surfaces and provide protection from environmental stresses. The production of EPS is regulated by quorum sensing and helps mediate processes like bioremediation and bioleaching that are important in industrial applications.
Possible processes for origin of life and living matter with modeling of phys...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the physiological effects of heavy water (D2O) on the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis was grown in media with increasing concentrations of D2O up to 98% to adapt it. When grown in 89-90% D2O medium, B. subtilis produced 3.9 g/L of deuterated inosine. The study analyzed the qualitative and quantitative composition of cellular proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates when adapted to D2O. Growing chemoheterotrophic bacteria like B. subtilis in hot mineral water with pH 9-11 was proposed to be more suitable for the origin of life than other water
This document discusses bioindicators and provides examples of different types of bioindicators. It begins with an introduction to bioindicators, which are species that can reveal the qualitative status of the environment. It then covers how to use bioindicators by comparing data from reference sites to study sites. The document categorizes bioindicators based on their aims and applications. Specific examples of animals, plants, microbes, and macroinvertebrates as bioindicators are given. Characteristics of good bioindicator species are listed. Limitations of bioindicators are addressed before concluding with their potential roles in forecasting disasters, preventing pollution, and exploring natural resources.
Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafyAlexander Decker
This document analyzes heavy metal contamination in two leafy green vegetables, palak and coriander, grown in five areas of Bangalore, India that receive wastewater. Samples of the vegetables, soil, and water were tested for levels of copper, zinc, lead, chromium, cadmium, and manganese. Results found high levels of lead in both vegetables across all areas, exceeding safe limits. Zinc also exceeded limits in some areas. Chromium and cadmium were detected at some sites. The high metal levels found indicate contamination from automobile exhaust, pesticides, and industrial waste in the wastewater used for irrigation. Cytological studies on the plants showed chromosomal abnormalities, suggesting genetic effects from the
Acute Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Patterns of Lead and Zinc in Juveniles of ...iosrjce
Acute toxicity of lead and zinc salts (Pb(NO3)2 and ZnCl2) and their bioaccumulation patterns in
juveniles of Clarias gariepinus was investigated. ZnCl2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 15.301mg/l was found to be
more toxic than Pb(NO3)2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 51.516mg/l. ZnCl2 was bio-accumulated at a faster rate
in the gills and flesh of the fish than Pb(NO3)2 . The amount of ZnCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 bio-accumulated reduced
as the experiment proceeded. Higher levels of ZnCl2 were recorded in the gills than in the flesh of the juvenile
fishes. Essential heavy metals can be more toxic to aquatic organisms than non essential heavy metals when the
former is present in high enough concentrations. Water chemistry, speciation and bio-availability of heavy
metals in surrounding media are major factors that determine rate of accumulation in aquatic organisms.
ABSTRACT- Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-words- Zebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals
Biological application of new organic derivatives on bacterial growthAlexander Decker
This article summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial effects of new organic derivative complexes containing either nickel (Ni2+) or cobalt (Co2+). The complexes contained 2-2'-(1,4-phenylene bis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene))diacetic acid ligands. The cobalt complex showed inhibitory effects against several pathogenic bacteria, while the nickel complex showed no effects except against one bacteria. The cobalt complex was most effective against E. coli and inhibited the growth of other bacteria at higher concentrations, suggesting it has potential as an antibacterial agent.
This document describes Demba Jammeh's research project exploring bacterial biodiversity in acid mine contaminated sediments in Adventdalen Landfill, Svalbard, Norway. The project aims to investigate the effect of pH on bacterial growth and diversity between upstream and downstream sediment sites. Methods used include bacteria culture, DNA extraction and 16S rRNA sequencing to identify bacteria species, DAPI staining to measure bacteria abundance, and GC-MS and XRF to analyze organic and inorganic compounds. The results found differences in culturable bacteria, abundance, organic compounds, and elements between the upstream low pH site and downstream higher pH site impacted by contaminated surface water runoff.
Biosorption kinetics of vetiveria zizanioides rhizobacter on heavy metals con...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the kinetics of biosorption of heavy metals in contaminated wastewater using two bacteria - Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis - isolated from the rhizosphere of the Vetiveria zizanioides plant. The results showed that B. cereus accumulated the most lead (96.75%), cadmium (23%), and zinc (16.98%), while B. subtilis accumulated the most lead (95.2%), cadmium (41.3%), and zinc (32.2%). Kinetic studies revealed that the uptake of heavy metals followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The goal was to determine the potential of these microorganisms for bioremediating wast
Iron and manganese in water can cause staining of laundry, dishes, and plumbing fixtures, as well as a buildup in pipes that reduces water pressure and quantity. While not hazardous, they become an economic problem when equipment needs replacement. These minerals are more commonly found dissolved in oxygen-poor groundwater and can precipitate out when the water is exposed to air. Bacteria can also cause the iron and manganese to precipitate out faster, concentrating stains. Testing should be done to accurately measure dissolved levels before treatment options are considered.
Basic techniques in Isolation of Soil BacteriaMohammed Tayyab
Here simple techniques alongwith basic qulaitative tests of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPRs) are discussed.
All work done in Soil Biology & Biochemistry Setion, National Agriculture Research Center Islamabad,Pakisatn
Heavy metals occur naturally but human activities concentrate them and introduce them into the environment. Plants uptake heavy metals through their roots from soil and water and act as conduits for metals to enter the food chain as animals consume plants and humans consume plants and animals. Common heavy metal contaminants taken up by plants include cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, lead, and zinc. Some metals are necessary micronutrients for plants, but others like cadmium, lead, and mercury have unknown biological functions. Hyperaccumulator plants are able to grow in high metal concentrations by absorbing and storing extremely high levels of metals in their tissues through specialized root and transport systems.
This document summarizes research on the green synthesis of nanoparticles using plants. It discusses how plants provide an eco-friendly alternative to physical and chemical synthesis methods. Key points include:
- Plants can synthesize nanoparticles both in the laboratory and natural environment through biosynthesis, involving the reduction of metal ions.
- Factors like temperature, pH, and ion concentrations can influence nanoparticle size, shape, and properties.
- Plants have synthesized various nanoparticles including silver, gold, silicon-germanium, and magnetite which have applications in areas like catalysis, sensing, and medicine.
- Silver nanoparticles from various plants have demonstrated antimicrobial properties against bacteria like E. coli, making them promising for applications like
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Heavy metal in the environment and effect on plant physiologyArifin Sandhi
This document summarizes the effects of heavy metals in the environment on plant physiology. It discusses how industrialization and mining have increased heavy metal levels and how plants uptake metals through their roots and foliage. It then examines the physiological effects on plants, including cellular interactions where metals are stored, transport mechanisms using proteins, impacts on metabolism like oxidative stress, and effects on photosynthesis, reproduction, and hyperaccumulation. The document concludes that understanding plant uptake and resistance strategies could help with phytoremediation and addressing metal deficiencies in foods.
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
This study evaluated the ability of the plant species Sainfoin (Onobrychis vicifolia) to absorb and tolerate heavy metals lead and copper. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with different levels of lead and copper contaminated soil. The results showed that Sainfoin was able to absorb significant amounts of both lead and copper into its roots and aerial parts, with greater absorption of copper. Higher metal concentrations in the soil led to increased antioxidant enzyme activity and biomarkers of oxidative stress in the plant. Specifically, the highest metal levels caused the greatest increases in enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as biomarkers like malondialdehyde, dityrosine and 8-hydroxy-2-de
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Pa...ijtsrd
This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
Isolation and characterization of zinc resistant bacteria from a coil coating...Joshua Owolabi
This study isolated and characterized zinc-resistant bacteria from the wastewater treatment plant of a coil coating industrial facility in Nigeria. Ten zinc-resistant bacterial strains were isolated from treated wastewater samples on nutrient agar supplemented with zinc sulphate, and identified as species of Bacillus, Micrococcus, Serratia, Proteus, Aeromonas, and Citrobacter. Further testing showed that eight isolates were resistant to zinc concentrations of 6 mM and above. Four isolates also exhibited resistance to lead. Most isolates (70%) were resistant to multiple antibiotics. The zinc-resistant bacteria isolated could potentially be used to bioremediate zinc and lead contamination.
This study isolated Shewanella oneidensis from soil in Basra, Iraq. S. oneidensis showed high resistance to cadmium (1000 mg/L) and lead (700 mg/L). It effectively accumulated both metals at different concentrations and exposure times. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed S. oneidensis accumulated cadmium and lead intracellularly, causing morphological changes. The results suggest S. oneidensis has potential for bioremediating sites contaminated with heavy metals like cadmium and lead.
This document reviews the role of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides in biofilm formation. It discusses how extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by microorganisms form the matrix of microbial aggregates and biofilms. EPS are involved in the initial attachment of cells to surfaces and provide protection from environmental stresses. The production of EPS is regulated by quorum sensing and helps mediate processes like bioremediation and bioleaching that are important in industrial applications.
Possible processes for origin of life and living matter with modeling of phys...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the physiological effects of heavy water (D2O) on the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis was grown in media with increasing concentrations of D2O up to 98% to adapt it. When grown in 89-90% D2O medium, B. subtilis produced 3.9 g/L of deuterated inosine. The study analyzed the qualitative and quantitative composition of cellular proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates when adapted to D2O. Growing chemoheterotrophic bacteria like B. subtilis in hot mineral water with pH 9-11 was proposed to be more suitable for the origin of life than other water
This document discusses bioindicators and provides examples of different types of bioindicators. It begins with an introduction to bioindicators, which are species that can reveal the qualitative status of the environment. It then covers how to use bioindicators by comparing data from reference sites to study sites. The document categorizes bioindicators based on their aims and applications. Specific examples of animals, plants, microbes, and macroinvertebrates as bioindicators are given. Characteristics of good bioindicator species are listed. Limitations of bioindicators are addressed before concluding with their potential roles in forecasting disasters, preventing pollution, and exploring natural resources.
Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafyAlexander Decker
This document analyzes heavy metal contamination in two leafy green vegetables, palak and coriander, grown in five areas of Bangalore, India that receive wastewater. Samples of the vegetables, soil, and water were tested for levels of copper, zinc, lead, chromium, cadmium, and manganese. Results found high levels of lead in both vegetables across all areas, exceeding safe limits. Zinc also exceeded limits in some areas. Chromium and cadmium were detected at some sites. The high metal levels found indicate contamination from automobile exhaust, pesticides, and industrial waste in the wastewater used for irrigation. Cytological studies on the plants showed chromosomal abnormalities, suggesting genetic effects from the
Acute Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Patterns of Lead and Zinc in Juveniles of ...iosrjce
Acute toxicity of lead and zinc salts (Pb(NO3)2 and ZnCl2) and their bioaccumulation patterns in
juveniles of Clarias gariepinus was investigated. ZnCl2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 15.301mg/l was found to be
more toxic than Pb(NO3)2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 51.516mg/l. ZnCl2 was bio-accumulated at a faster rate
in the gills and flesh of the fish than Pb(NO3)2 . The amount of ZnCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 bio-accumulated reduced
as the experiment proceeded. Higher levels of ZnCl2 were recorded in the gills than in the flesh of the juvenile
fishes. Essential heavy metals can be more toxic to aquatic organisms than non essential heavy metals when the
former is present in high enough concentrations. Water chemistry, speciation and bio-availability of heavy
metals in surrounding media are major factors that determine rate of accumulation in aquatic organisms.
ABSTRACT- Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-words- Zebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals
Biological application of new organic derivatives on bacterial growthAlexander Decker
This article summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial effects of new organic derivative complexes containing either nickel (Ni2+) or cobalt (Co2+). The complexes contained 2-2'-(1,4-phenylene bis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene))diacetic acid ligands. The cobalt complex showed inhibitory effects against several pathogenic bacteria, while the nickel complex showed no effects except against one bacteria. The cobalt complex was most effective against E. coli and inhibited the growth of other bacteria at higher concentrations, suggesting it has potential as an antibacterial agent.
This document describes Demba Jammeh's research project exploring bacterial biodiversity in acid mine contaminated sediments in Adventdalen Landfill, Svalbard, Norway. The project aims to investigate the effect of pH on bacterial growth and diversity between upstream and downstream sediment sites. Methods used include bacteria culture, DNA extraction and 16S rRNA sequencing to identify bacteria species, DAPI staining to measure bacteria abundance, and GC-MS and XRF to analyze organic and inorganic compounds. The results found differences in culturable bacteria, abundance, organic compounds, and elements between the upstream low pH site and downstream higher pH site impacted by contaminated surface water runoff.
Biosorption kinetics of vetiveria zizanioides rhizobacter on heavy metals con...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the kinetics of biosorption of heavy metals in contaminated wastewater using two bacteria - Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis - isolated from the rhizosphere of the Vetiveria zizanioides plant. The results showed that B. cereus accumulated the most lead (96.75%), cadmium (23%), and zinc (16.98%), while B. subtilis accumulated the most lead (95.2%), cadmium (41.3%), and zinc (32.2%). Kinetic studies revealed that the uptake of heavy metals followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The goal was to determine the potential of these microorganisms for bioremediating wast
Iron and manganese in water can cause staining of laundry, dishes, and plumbing fixtures, as well as a buildup in pipes that reduces water pressure and quantity. While not hazardous, they become an economic problem when equipment needs replacement. These minerals are more commonly found dissolved in oxygen-poor groundwater and can precipitate out when the water is exposed to air. Bacteria can also cause the iron and manganese to precipitate out faster, concentrating stains. Testing should be done to accurately measure dissolved levels before treatment options are considered.
Basic techniques in Isolation of Soil BacteriaMohammed Tayyab
Here simple techniques alongwith basic qulaitative tests of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPRs) are discussed.
All work done in Soil Biology & Biochemistry Setion, National Agriculture Research Center Islamabad,Pakisatn
Bacteria Isolation and Characterization PresentationCamille Ruiz
This document summarizes the results of isolating and identifying bacteria from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. Four soil samples were collected from different locations and dates. Gram staining, PCR electrophoresis, and antibiotic resistance testing were performed on the bacteria isolated from each sample. The results showed that two isolates were gram-positive bacilli and one was a gram-negative coccus. PCR identified one isolate as positive while antibiotic resistance testing showed varying levels of resistance to different antibiotics among the isolates.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria from Tropical SoilCarolina Ayala
Nine bacteria were isolated from tropical soils in Puerto Rico. All bacteria were gram positive and seven were bacilli. Four bacteria produced antibiotics and two showed antibiotic resistance to tetracycline. Bacteria with antibiotic resistance and production capabilities were found, supporting the hypothesis that tropical soils contain bacteria with these properties.
Isolation , characterization and comparative study of lactobacillus sp. using...Vaibhav Maurya
The document summarizes a study that aimed to isolate, characterize, and compare Lactobacillus strains from different milk product samples. Various tests were performed on isolated strains including Gram staining, biochemical tests, analysis of growth parameters like absorbance and pH, and FTIR analysis. Results showed that the Lactobacillus ATCC 7469 strain and a strain isolated from Bifilac produced the highest amounts of lactic acid and had growth most similar to the reference strain based on FTIR analysis. The study characterized and compared Lactobacillus isolates from different milk sources.
Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from s...Pooja Walke
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a group of bacteria that actively colonize plant roots and increase plant growth and yield . Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were first defined by Kloepper and Schroth
“Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorga...IOSR Journals
The search for new antibiotics continues in a rather overlooked hunting ground. In the course of screening for new antibiotic-producing microorganisms, isolates showing antimicrobial activity were isolated from waste soil samples from various habitats in the Industrial Areas in Dheradun, Uttarakhand, India. Existing methods of screening for antibiotic producers together with some novel procedures were reviewed. Both modified agar-streak and agar-plug methods were used in the primary screens. The use of selective isolation media, with or without antibiotic incorporation and/or heat pretreatment, enhanced the development of certain actinomycete colonies on the isolation plates. Antibiotics have long been considered the “magic bullet” that would end infectious disease. Although they have improved the health of countless numbers of humans and animals, many antibiotics have also been losing their effectiveness since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Bacteria have adapted defenses against these antibiotics and continue to develop new resistances, even as we develop new antibiotics. In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in antibiotic resistance. As more microbial species and strains become resistant, many diseases have become difficult to treat, a phenomenon frequently ascribed to both indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human medicine. However, the use of antibiotics and antimicrobials in raising food animals has also contributed significantly to the pool of antibiotic resistant organisms globally and antibiotic resistant bacteria are now found in large numbers in virtually every ecosystem on earth. Dual culture bioassays were used to screen seven selected Bacillus isolates for activity against four plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. All isolates were able to inhibit the pathogens to varying degrees. Two isolates, R29 and B81, were selected for further testing and characterization. Further bioassays were performed on five complex nutrient media which were adjusted to pH S.S and 7, and both incubated at 2SoC and 30°C" respectively. It was found that pH and media composition showed significant influences on the antifungal activities of the isolates tested, but that a SoC temperature difference in incubation temperature did not. Tryptone soy agar was found to give rise to the largest inhibition zones. Both isolates were tentatively identified using standard biochemical and morphological tests. Based on its phenotypic characteristics, R29 was identified as a strain of B. subtilis. B81 proved to be more difficult to assign to a specific group or species of Bacillus, though B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were considered to be the nearest candidates. Genomic DNA was extracted from both isolates and a portion of each of their 16s rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced for homology testing against the GeneBank database. Homology testing confirmed that both isolates were members of the genus Bacillus and most
This document summarizes key aspects of microbiology. It discusses the definition of microbiology as the study of microorganisms including unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes such as bacteria, archaea, fungi and protists. It notes some of the benefits of microbes such as antibiotic production, nutrient cycling, and roles in food production. It also briefly outlines the history of microbiology including early pioneers like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and key characteristics of microbes like their modes of transmission, reproduction, and impacts on health and disease.
This document discusses plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which are bacteria that indirectly promote plant growth through mechanisms like biological control or by directly enhancing plant growth without the presence of pathogens. PGPR colonize the rhizosphere, the soil area around plant roots, and can increase plant growth through various processes like biofertilization by fixing atmospheric nitrogen or solubilizing phosphorus, stimulating root development, degrading pollutants in the rhizosphere (rhizoremediation), or controlling plant stress by regulating the plant hormone ethylene. PGPR can also indirectly promote plant growth through biological control of pathogens using mechanisms like antibiosis, inducing systemic resistance in plants, or competing with pathogens for nutrients and space
This document discusses genetic engineering for resistance to biotic stress. It defines biotic stress as stress caused by other living organisms that can damage crops. Various techniques for genetically engineering plants for resistance are described, including using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to make plants resistant to certain insects. Case studies on developing resistance to the European corn borer in Bt corn and developing glyphosate resistance in crops through different strategies are summarized. The development of transgenic crops with traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and virus resistance are also briefly outlined.
Pseudomonas are ubiquitous bacteria found in soil, water, and other moist environments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in particular is an opportunistic pathogen capable of infecting susceptible hosts. It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that produces several pigments and is resistant to many antibiotics. Biochemical tests were performed on soil isolates to identify them as P. aeruginosa, including positive results for oxidase, catalase, citrate, and gelatin hydrolysis tests, along with glucose respiration.
Soil microorganisms play important roles in maintaining soil health and fertility. They are involved in nutrient cycling by decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and carrying out other biochemical processes. The main types of microbes found in soil are bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Soil microbes affect soil structure, plant growth, and carry out important processes like nitrogen fixation, nutrient availability, and degradation of pollutants. However, human activities like agricultural practices, urbanization, and climate change threaten soil microbes by reducing organic matter, increasing salinity, and introducing pollutants. Proper management is needed to protect these vital soil microorganisms.
The document provides instructions for using various features in Microsoft PowerPoint, including how to open PowerPoint, select slide layouts and design templates, add slides, enter and format text, insert clip art and shapes, take screenshots, add slide animations and transitions. Key steps include clicking "File" then "New" to start a new presentation, selecting slide layouts and design templates, clicking "Insert" to add text boxes, clip art or shapes, using the "Print Screen" key to take screenshots, and clicking "Slide Show" then "Custom Animation" or "Slide Transition" to add effects.
This document discusses the seminar method of teaching. It defines a seminar as involving guided interaction among a group on different aspects of a topic presented by members. The objectives of seminars are to develop higher cognitive and affective abilities in participants. Seminars are classified based on their size and scope. The roles of organizers, chairperson, speakers and participants are outlined. Requirements for conducting seminars and the functions of the teacher in guiding seminars are also described.
How to create a basic power point presentationjoluisae
This document provides instructions for creating a basic PowerPoint presentation in 9 steps:
1) Open PowerPoint and save your project, saving often to prevent data loss.
2) Create a title slide with the presentation title and subtitle.
3) Choose a slide design template.
4) Add new slides and edit the slide layout.
5) Add text to slides by adjusting font settings.
6) Add pictures to slides by inserting images from your computer.
7) Create multiple slides by following steps 4-6.
8) Add slide transitions by selecting different transition styles and settings.
9) Repeat step 8 to add transitions to other slides and preview the completed presentation.
This document provides steps for making a basic PowerPoint presentation:
1) Choose a template and title slide, then insert additional slides using shortcuts or the insert menu.
2) Customize each slide by adding headings, text, and formatting fonts, colors, and bullets.
3) Make the presentation more engaging by inserting clip art, charts, movies, or sound files.
4) Set up the slide show with custom animations, transitions, recordings, and timings.
Bacteria have various nutritional requirements including water, carbon and nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, vitamins, and certain gaseous and temperature conditions to grow. Different types of culture media can be used for bacterial cultivation based on ingredients, agar concentration, and special properties. These include basic, complex, synthetic, enriched, selective, differential, and transport media formulated for specific bacterial isolation and identification purposes.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document discusses the isolation and characterization of nickel tolerant bacterial strains from electroplating effluent sediments. Sixteen bacterial strains were isolated from electroplating effluent contaminated soil and screened for nickel resistance. Six strains (Pseudomonas spp 1, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp 2, Staphylococcus spp 1, Salmonella spp 2, and Shigella spp 2) showed better growth in nickel medium. Pseudomonas spp 1 was found to be the most nickel tolerant, exhibiting best growth at 300ppm nickel, pH 7, and 37°C temperature. The document aims to identify bacterial strains that can potentially be used to bioremediate nickel contamination
Characterization of chromium bioremediation by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized a bacterium called Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SRS05 from tannery effluent that is able to remediate hexavalent chromium pollution. S. maltophilia SRS05 was able to reduce chromium levels in the effluent after 15 days of incubation. Testing revealed this bacterium was resistant to high levels of chromium and able to uptake chromium from solutions. The study concluded S. maltophilia SRS05 shows promise for bioremediating chromium pollution in industrial wastewater.
Removal of lead and oil hydrocarbon from oil refining contaminated wastewater...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential of three Pseudomonas bacterial species (P. florescence, P. paucimobilis, and Pseudomonas sp.) to remove lead and crude oil from wastewater from an oil refinery in Alexandria, Egypt. The study found high removal efficiencies for lead (over 90%) and oil (56.8-68.8%) when treating wastewater in batches with different bacteria to wastewater ratios. P. florescence was the most effective at removing contaminants. The optimal ratio was 1:2 bacteria to wastewater. The study recommends using Pseudomonas bacteria, especially P. florescence, for bioremediation
Removal of lead and oil hydrocarbon from oil refining contaminated wastewater...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential of three Pseudomonas bacterial species (P. florescence, P. paucimobilis, and Pseudomonas sp.) to remove lead and crude oil from wastewater from an oil refinery in Alexandria, Egypt. The study tested different bacteria to wastewater ratios in batch experiments and measured the removal efficiency of lead, oil, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results showed high removal efficiency of lead (over 90%) and oil (56.8-68.8%) and partial removal of COD and BOD. P. florescence was the most effective and a bacteria to wastewater ratio of
This document summarizes a study on using chitin biopolymer blended with bentonite clay to remove copper from wastewater via adsorption. Characterization of the blended material was done using FTIR, XRD, TGA and SEM. FTIR showed interactions between chitin and bentonite through hydrogen bonding. XRD indicated the blend was amorphous. TGA showed the blended material had higher thermal stability than chitin alone. SEM revealed the blend had a porous structure and large surface area suitable for adsorption. Batch adsorption studies showed the blended biopolymer effectively removed copper from wastewater.
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the concentration of essential and non-essential metals in vegetables irrigated with municipal wastewater in Ethiopia. Soil, water, and vegetable samples were collected and analyzed for copper, zinc, iron, lead, and cadmium content using acid digestion and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that vegetables contained higher levels of essential metals like iron, zinc, and copper, while non-essential metals like lead and cadmium were at lower concentrations. The study aimed to evaluate the health risks from metal contamination of vegetables through wastewater irrigation.
This document discusses various types of environmental pollution including oil pollution, water pollution, and heavy metals. It provides details on specific heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and arsenic. For each metal, it outlines their sources of pollution, how they enter the environment and food chain, associated health effects on humans, and examples of famous pollution incidents related to these metals.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on using sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate to remove heavy metals from electroplating industry wastewater. It begins with background on heavy metal pollution from industrial sources and its effects. The document then reviews literature on electroplating wastewater composition and various treatment methods. The objectives of this study are to characterize wastewater from 5 electroplating sites, measure parameters like pH, BOD, COD and heavy metals, precipitate heavy metals from wastewater using sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate, and test using the precipitate as a plant disease management agent. The methodology describes analyzing wastewater samples for color, odor, turbidity, pH, total
Imp metallic nanocomposite for foood packagingsbbagade11
This document provides an overview of metallic-based micro and nanocomposites used in food contact materials and active food packaging. It discusses how silver, copper, zinc, titanium and other metals are incorporated into polymers, films and surfaces in nanoparticle or microparticle form to enhance properties like mechanical strength and barriers to moisture, oxygen and light. These metallic particles also exhibit antimicrobial properties useful for food preservation and safety. The document reviews the various mechanisms and forms in which different metals demonstrate antimicrobial effects, and discusses regulations around their use in food packaging. It provides examples of studies incorporating various metallic nanoparticles into materials to inhibit bacteria growth on foods.
This document discusses heavy metals, their properties, effects on living organisms and the environment, and methods for measuring and treating heavy metal toxicity. Heavy metals are naturally occurring but human activities have increased their levels. They can accumulate in organisms and cause damage even at low concentrations. The document outlines the health effects of several heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, and lead. It also discusses heavy metal contamination of plants, soil, water and indoor environments. Methods for detecting and removing heavy metals include atomic absorption spectrophotometry, chelation therapy and use of absorbents.
An investigation on heavy metal tolerance properties of bacteria isolated fro...AbdullaAlAsif1
The presence of high concentration of toxic heavy metals in industrial waste directly leads to contamination of receiving soil and water bodies and has deleterious impact on both human health and aquatic life. In the present study samples from textile mill effluent from different areas of Jessore city were analyzed for the identification and characterization of bacteria which shows tolerance to Copper, Mercury and Zinc. The bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of their morphological and physiological studies including size and shape of the organisms, arrangement of the cells, presence or absence of spores, regular or irregular forms, gram reaction, cultural characteristics, IMViC test, H 2S production, nitrate reduction, deep glucose agar test etc. All the bacterial isolates belonged to 3 genera Bacillus, Enterobacter and Pseudomonas. All the gram positive isolates used in our study showed highest level of tolerance to Zn and moderate level of tolerance to Cu while gram negative isolates showed higher tolerance to Zn in comparison with Cu in nutrient broth. But all of the isolates showed almost no tolerance to Hg. So, our bacterial isolates have the probability to use in the treatment of industrial effluent containing heavy metals and thus pollution due to heavy metal can be controlled. The goal of this study was to identify heavy metal tolerant bacteria from the textile effluent. This kind of study is very significant for broader investigation to obtain data about metal tolerant bacteria considering their potential use for bioremediation and about the interactions between metals and bacteria.
2. evaluation of remediation in heavy metal tolerance and removal by comamona...Darshan Rudakiya
Comamonas acidovorans has vital role in degradation of natural as well as complex organic compounds. Comamonas acidovorans MTCC 3364 is mainly used for bioconversion of different steroids but now it is a novel approach on bioremediation. In heavy metals hexavalent chromium, mercury and lead is very toxic and carcinogenic for human health. Organism can tolerate heavy metals like hexavalent chromium, mercury, lead and aluminium with high efficiency. Removal of hexavalent chromium is major problem to textile as well as different industries. Comamonas acidovorans MTCC 3364 removed 99% of the hexavalent chromium from the medium and it can tolerate up to 600 ppm of chromium and 200 ppm of mercury in solidified medium. This organism shows high tolerance against salt i.e. it can tolerate up to 10% of salt. Chromium removal was also observed by using biosorption studies and MIC method. This bacteria increases pH during removal of chromium and makes chromium oxide which is trivalent chromium; it is a non-toxic compound. High salt tolerance, heavy metal tolerance and removal of hexavalent chromium make applicability in the treatment of waste water technology and treatment of industrial effluent which contain high amount of salt and heavy metals.
The document discusses the removal of heavy metals from polluted sites using microorganisms through the process of bioremediation. It outlines how certain bacteria, algae, and fungi are able to uptake and accumulate heavy metals through various binding mechanisms. Bioremediation holds promise as a more eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional wastewater treatment technologies. Ongoing research is focused on determining the most suitable bioremediation strategies for different contaminated sites and optimizing environmental conditions to enhance microbial activity.
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
Water pollution occurs when undesirable substances are added to water resources during various human activities like cooking, drinking, industrial processes, and waste disposal, altering the basic chemistry of rivers and streams. The main sources of water pollution include domestic sewage from households, industrial effluents discharged from factories, excess fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture, thermal pollution from power plants, and pathogenic organisms from sewage. Effects of water pollution include various diseases when contaminated water is consumed, damage to kidneys and liver from pollutants like cadmium, and increased growth of algae that consumes oxygen and kills aquatic life. Control of water pollution involves separate containment of animal waste, judicious use of chemicals in agriculture, sewage treatment, bans
Similar to Isolation characterization and identification of high salinity tolerant (20)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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Isolation characterization and identification of high salinity tolerant
1. Volume 10, Issue 2, September – October 2011; Article-024 ISSN 0976 – 044X
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Page 125
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net
Siddharth Vats
*
, Dr Rajesh Kumar and Kanupriya Miglani
University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.
Accepted on: 11-04-2011; Finalized on: 28-09-2011.
ABSTRACT
Earth is our home and it is in danger. Pollution is threatening its sustainability and carrying capabilities. Heavy metal pollution can
cause toxicity by inhibiting metabolic reactions. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the isolated samples against Nickel
(Ni
2+
), Lithium (Li
1+
), Copper (Cu
2+
), Manganese (Mn
2+
), Zinc (Zn
+2
) and Iron (Fe
+3
) was determined in solid media. Multiple metal
resistances of the isolate associated with resistance to various antibiotics were also determined. Salt tolerance was determined both
in solid and liquid media. Identified halo-tolerant, metal resistant bacteria find use in the bioremediation of heavy metal
contaminated sewage and waste water, and also for the digestion of the high salt rich soil grown plants. Enzymes from these
microbes can be used for various bioremediation purposes. Though amylases originate from different sources (plants, animals, and
microorganisms), the microbial amylases are the most abundantly produced and used in industry, due to their productivity and
thermo stability. Microbe identified is Pseudomonas lini and show remarkable heavy metal tolerance, high salinity tolerance,
antibiotic resistance and amylolytic activities.
Keywords: Heavy metal, Pollution, Halotolerant, thermostability, antibiotics resistant.
INTRODUCTION
Our earth is the only planet which has been found to
support life. It supports millions of species and billion of
living organisms. But population explosion has led to its
uncontrolled exploitation. Man to full fill its need has
established industries which twenty four in to seven,
produces toxic products and cause pollutions and harm
nature. Pollution of heavy metal is one of the important
menaces. And this pollution is increasing with the
expansion of the industries. Heavy metals pose a real
serious contamination of soil and water
1
. Water effluents
coming out from the industries and sewage wastes have
permanent toxic effects to human and the environments.
Metals like potassium, copper, nickel, zinc, manganese,
ferrous and lithium are the most commonly used and the
widest spread contaminant.2
Heavy metals frequently
generate strong reactive species and directly or indirectly
cause gene mutation and harm living cells. Iron, copper
and zinc are the metal with dual role. At trace level these
metal ions are very essential but beyond a concentration
they start showing negative effects. These metals are
used as the Co- factors in the enzymatic reactions but
their over presence can also inhibit the metabolic
reactions and can cause toxicity in the living organisms.
Microbes especially Bacteria are most abundant and are
almost omnipresent, they found every environment
hospitable. They can survive almost any kind of nutrients
available to them. Some heavy metals are micronutrients
but heavy metals in excess definitely toxic. These micro-
organisms react and respond with different ways like
biosorption to the cell wall, transport across the cell
membrane, oxidation- reduction reactions, complexation,
precipitations and entrapment in their extracellular
capsules.3
Enzymes are biological catalysts or assistants.
Enzymes consist of various types of proteins that work to
drive the chemical reaction required for a specific action.
Enzymes can either perform a reaction or speed it up. The
chemicals that are transformed with the help of enzymes
are called substrates. In the absence of enzymes, these
chemicals are called reactants. Biocatalysis involves
enzyme catalysis in the living cells. Over 3000 enzymes
have already been identified and the number is growing
with research in the field of genomics and proteomics.
Enzymes can be extracted from living tissues, purified and
even crystallized. Though amylases originate from
different sources (plants, animals, and microorganisms),
the microbial amylases are the most abundantly
produced and used in industry, due to their productivity
and thermo stability.4
Enzymes from bacterial and fungal
sources have dominated applications in industrial sectors.
Amylases are classified based on how they break down
starch molecules. α-amylase (alpha-amylase) -Reduces
the viscosity of starch by breaking down the bonds at
random, therefore producing varied sized chains of
glucose. ß-amylase (Beta-amylase) - Breaks the glucose-
glucose bonds down by removing two glucose units at a
time, thereby producing maltose. Amyloglucosidase
(AMG) - Breaks successive bonds from the non-reducing
end of the straight chain, producing glucose. The α-
amylase family comprises a group of enzymes with a
variety of different specificities that all act on one type of
substrate being glucose residues linked through α-1-1, α-
1-4, α-1-6, glycosidic bonds. Members of this family share
a number of common characteristic properties.5
Amylases
can be divided into two categories based upon their site
of action, endoamylases and exoamylases. Endoamylases
catalyze hydrolysis in a random manner in the interior of
ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH SALINITY TOLERANT, HEAVY METAL
CONTAMINANT AND ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANT AMYLOLYTIC-THERMOPHILIC PSEUDOMONAS Sp.
Research Article
2. Volume 10, Issue 2, September – October 2011; Article-024 ISSN 0976 – 044X
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Page 126
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net
the starch molecule producing linear and branched
oligosaccharides of various chain lengths. Exoamylases
act from the non-reducing end successively resulting in
short end products.
6
Amylases constitute a class of
industrial enzymes having approximately 25% of the
enzyme market.7,8
It is desirable that α- amylases should
be active at the high temperatures of gelatinization (100-
110°C) and liquefaction (80-90°C) to economize
processes, therefore there has been a need for more
thermophilic and thermostable α-amylases.
7
With the
availability of High salinity tolerant microbe number of
new possibilities for industrial processes has emerged.
While the most widely used thermostable enzymes are
the amylases in the starch industry.9-11
A number of other
applications are in various stages of development. The
spectrum of amylase application has widened in many
other fields, such as clinical, medical, and analytical
chemistries, as well as their wide spread application in
starch saccharification and in the textile, food,
fermentation, paper, brewing and distilling industries.12
Sources of contamination
Water effluents coming out from the industries and
sewage wastes have permanent toxic effects to human
and the environments.13
Resistance system of bacteria is
made so that all kinds of Bacteria are resistant to heavy
metals.14
Nickel is the 24th
most abundant element with
soft and hard metal like characteristics show binding
nature with sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen groups.15
Nickel
is the metal used mostly in alloy formation. The nickel
content of these alloys varies widely from, as examples,
1-3% for special engineering steels, 8-14% for stainless
steels, 15-40% for special engineering alloys, 40-90%
nickel for special alloys for the aerospace and electronic
industries. And these industries are the source of its
contamination. Chromium in natural environment mostly
present in hexa-valent and trivalent species.
16
Main
sources of chromium contamination are leather tanning,
chromium electroplating, alloy preparation and its use in
the nuclear power plant.17
Zinc serve as a co-factor in
various cellular processes carried out by more than 300
enzymes.
18
Zinc is an important player in the structural
stability and in transcription. It an important part and
adult human weight contain 2.5 gram of zinc mostly used
by the enzymes. Sources for the zinc contaminations are
permitted industries, residential wastes, human wastes,
corrosion and other sources. Sources for the copper
contaminations are copper pesticides, vehicle brake pads,
industrial copper use, soil erosion and copper in domestic
water discharge. Copper-containing pesticides are widely
used to control fungi, algae and roots. Big doses of copper
can cause liver and kidney damage. Iron as a pollutant is
released by iron and steel industries. Iron bearing water is
journal orange is colour. In cities manganese pollution is
increasing with the increase of traffics and most likely
source is exhaust.
19
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
All the chemicals used were from Himedia and glass
wares used were from Perfitt.
Sample collection
Samples are collected from the sewage water, industrial
effluents disposal sites, waste water treatment plants and
sites where waste clothes are treated with chemicals.
Samples were collected in the sterile autoclaved plastic
cap bottles. 15 samples were collected and taken for
study.
Isolation of pure bacterial cultures
Different water samples were spreaded on nutrient agar
and pure colonies obtained. These pure colonies were
again spreaded on nutrient agar. After this, stock
solutions of each bacterium were prepared and used to
carry out study and to find the best bacteria among them.
Selection of thermostable microbes
Nutrient agar plates are made of pure colonies and are
incubated at a temperature of 40°C for 48 hours. Those
colonies which survive this temperature are selected and
tested also in nutrient broth. Microbes having good
growth in the solid as well as in liquid media are selected.
Selection of the high salinity tolerant microbes
To select halotolerant bacteria, pure culture were
spreaded on the 1 and 2 molar NaCl containing nutrient
agar plates and growth were observed incubating at 27°C
after 24-48 hours. The resistant bacteria are then
inoculated in 1 and 2 molar nutrient broth and best
growing microbe are selected.
Selection of amylolytic microbes
Halo tolerant microbes selected are sub cultured over 2%
starch enriched nutrient agar plate. After 48 hr
incubation bacterial colonies were flooded with 1 %
Iodine solution, to select isolates which show wide clear
zone around their colonies.
Selection of heavy metals resistant microbes
Selection of the heavy metal resistant microbe is done by
use of heavy metal incorporated media. Heavy metals
incorporated were Nickel (Ni
2+
), Lithium (Li
1+
), Copper
(Cu
2+
), Manganese (Mn
2+
), Zinc (Zn
+2
) and Iron (Fe
+3
).
Salinity tolerant microbes are exposed to high metal
concentration. Chemicals used were LiCl [Lithium
chloride], MnSO4.H2O [Manganese (II) Monohydrate],
CuSO4.5H2O [Copper (II) Sulphate Pentahydrate],
ZnSO4.7H2O [Zinc Sulphate], [Ferrous III Sulphate] Fe.Cl3
and NiSO4.6H2O [Nickle Sulphate].
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance of the halotolerant, multiple metal
resistance thermophilic microbe was determined Kirby-
Bauer disc diffusion method.20
After incubation of the
3. Volume 10, Issue 2, September – October 2011; Article-024 ISSN 0976 – 044X
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Page 127
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net
microbe grown on MHA, it is considered as resistant or
susceptible based on the clear zone shown or not by the
antibiotics.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Isolation and identification of the bacteria with heavy
metal resistance
A no. of microbes were screened from the samples
collected from the various effluents sites near
Kurukshetra University and were screened for high
salinity tolerance, multiple heavy metal resistance. Halo-
tolerant Bacteria with highest salinity tolerance and
multiple heavy metal resistance ability was selected.
Bacteria showed (table 1 & 3) MIC for different metal
ranging from 400µg/ml to 1800µg/ml. The test indicates
multiple heavy metal and antibiotic resistance. Bacteria
have maximum resistance to lithium, ferrous, zinc and
manganese with moderate resistance to nickel and
copper.
Table 1: Resistance of bacteria to heavy metals
(Halotolerant, multiple heavy metal resistant Bacteria)
Resistance to MIC
Nickel (Ni
2+
) 1400µg/ml
Lithium (Li
1+
) 2000µg/ml
Copper (Cu
2+
) 1900µg/ml
Manganese (Mn
2+
) 1800µg/ml
Iron (Fe+3
) 1900µg/ml
Zinc (Zn+2
) 1200µg/ml
Antibiotic sensitivity of multiple heavy metal resistant
bacteria
Sensitivity of bacteria was tested against 15 antibacterial
antibiotics like amoxicillin, penicillin, methicillin,
doxocycline, chlorocycline, erythromycin, nitronidozole,
minocycline, clindocycline, ampiciline, clindomycine,
ofloxocine, rifampicine, gentamycine, vancomycine. It
was resistant again vancomycine, clindomycine,
amoxycilline, penicillin, methicilline, nitronidazole,
minocyline and streptomycine.
Salt resistance is very important characteristic of isolated
microbe and is use full in treating amylolitic waste rich in
salt. This is very important in bioremediation purposes.
We observed good resistance both in liquid media as well
as solid media by Pseudomoonas sp. against NaCl. Results
are notified in the table 2.
Table 2: Resistance of bacteria to salt concentration.
Salt Concentration (Molar) Resistivity
0.5 +++++
1.0 +++++
1.5 +++++
2.0 +++++
2.5 +++
3.0 +
+: Growth; ++, ++++: Growth status; - : no growth
Table 3: Antibiotic Resistance of halotolerant and heavy metal resistant bacteria
Antibiotic disc of size 6mm Disc content Diameter of inhibition zone Resistivity of bacteria
Vancomycine 30 mcg 6 mm +++++
Erythromycin 15 mcg 49 mm - - - - -
Penicillin 10 mcg 6 mm +++++
Minocycline 30 mcg 15 mm - -
Gentamycine 10 mcg 25 mm - -
Rifampicin 5 mcg 12 mm - -
Oflaxacine 5 mcg 25 mm - -
Amoxycoline 25 mcg 6 mm +++++
Methicilline 5 mcg 6 mm +++++
Chloroamphinicole 30 mcg 47 mm - - - - -
Spectinomycine 100 mcg 6 mm +++++
Metronidazole 5 mcg 6 mm +++++
Nitronidazole 10 mcg 20 mm - -
Clindomycine 10 mcg 30 mm - - -
Ampicilline 5 mcg 25 mm - - -
Deoxycholine 10 mcg 6 mm +++++
+: Resistance; +++, +++++: growth status; - : Susceptibility to antibiotics.
Identification of the microbe
The microbe isolated was sent to Microbial Type Culture
Collection and Gene Bank, Institute of Microbial
Technology, Chandigarh India. Biochemical and
morphological test were also conducted by them and also
in our labs (table 4.1 to 4.4). Microbe identified is
Pseudomonas lini.
4. Volume 10, Issue 2, September – October 2011; Article-024 ISSN 0976 – 044X
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Page 128
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net
Table 4: biochemical characterization of halo tolerant
heavy metal resistant bacteria
Table 4.1: Colony morphology
Configuration Circular
Margin Entire
Elevation Flat
Surface Smooth
Color Cream
Opacity Opaque
Gram’s reaction Negative
Cell shape Rod
Size 0.8x2
-3
Spore No
Motility No
Table 4.2: Biochemical test
MacConkey Yes
Voges Proskauer Test No
Citrate utilization Yes
Dextrose ( Acid production) Yes
Starch hydrolysis Yes
Oxidase test Yes
Catalase test Yes
Urea hydrolysis No
Indole Negative
Gelatine hydrolysis No
H2S production No
Esculin hydrolysis No
Ornithine decarboxylase No
Lysine decarboxylase No
Table 4.3: Utilization of different carbon and nitrogen
sources
Carbon sources Utilization Nitrogen sources Utilization
Maltose Yes Beef extract Yes
Sucrose Yes Yeast extract Yes
Galactose Yes Peptone Yes
Fructose Yes Glutamine Yes
Starch Yes Aspartic acid Yes
Lactose Yes Leucine Yes
Glycerol Yes Glycine Yes
Table 4.4: Growth at different pHs and temperature:
Temperature (°C) Growth pH Growth
4 No 4.0 No
10 No 5.0 Yes
15 No 6.0 Yes
20 No 7.0 Yes
25 No 8.0 Yes
30 Yes 9.0 Yes
37 Yes 10.0 Yes
40 Yes 11.0 Yes
42 No 12.0 Yes
CONCLUSION
During the present study focus was to isolate microbe
which is heavy metal tolerant, high salinity tolerant, and
also produce amylase enzymes and can with stand heavy
temperature. The microbe isolated is resistant to nickel,
copper, manganese, ferrous, lithium and zinc. Heavy
metals are very important and essential trace elements
according to various studies. And microbes present in the
nature have direct or indirect interactions with the heavy
metals. Developments of heavy metal resistance also
have some health implications because microbes which
are metal resistant and are also antibiotics resistant.
Heavy metal pollution is affecting land, air and water. And
on inhalation or in consumption in excess amount they
are toxic to the living beings. Heavy metal resistant
microorganisms can be used for the bioremediation of
pollution caused by heavy metals.3
Multiple metal
resistant microbes have advantages over the single metal
resistant microbes. Heavy metals and biocides are two
components which itself are not as such antibiotics but
they have antibiotics properties and so help in selection
of the microbes which are antibiotics resistant too. This is
because genes responsible for the metal resistance lie
near to the genes responsible for the antibiotics
resistance.
3
Experiments are underway to develop and
integrated bioremediation system using some of the
resistant microbes.
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