This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
ABSTRACT- Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-words- Zebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
Acute Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Patterns of Lead and Zinc in Juveniles of ...iosrjce
Acute toxicity of lead and zinc salts (Pb(NO3)2 and ZnCl2) and their bioaccumulation patterns in
juveniles of Clarias gariepinus was investigated. ZnCl2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 15.301mg/l was found to be
more toxic than Pb(NO3)2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 51.516mg/l. ZnCl2 was bio-accumulated at a faster rate
in the gills and flesh of the fish than Pb(NO3)2 . The amount of ZnCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 bio-accumulated reduced
as the experiment proceeded. Higher levels of ZnCl2 were recorded in the gills than in the flesh of the juvenile
fishes. Essential heavy metals can be more toxic to aquatic organisms than non essential heavy metals when the
former is present in high enough concentrations. Water chemistry, speciation and bio-availability of heavy
metals in surrounding media are major factors that determine rate of accumulation in aquatic organisms.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
Health risk assessment of consuming heavy metal contaminated benthic seafood,...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated health risks associated with the consumption of a seafood (bivalve - Anadara (Senilia) senilis) contaminated with some heavy metals in southern Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for metal analysis. Mean metal concentrations (µgg-1) was in the order of Zn(12.96±1.0)> Pb(4.69±0.6)> Cr(2.91±0.7)> Ni(2.47±0.2)> Cu(2.03±0.3)> Cd(1.68±0.2). Mean concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn were below their respective FAO/WHO recommended limits while those of Ni, Cd and Pb exceeded. The Estimated daily intake-EDI values of all metals were less than their respective reference oral doses-RFD implying minimal health risk. The target hazard quotient (non-carcinogenic) and hazard index-HI had values <1suggesting minimal health risk of non-carcinogenic origin but HI value showed potency of increase. The value of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk-ILCR ranged from 10-5-10-2 with Ni and Cd within the acceptable range of 10-4-10-6 while Cr and Pb exceeded the limit. The target cancer risk-TR had values of 10-3 indicating moderate to high risk according to the New York State Department of Health classification. The study concluded the presence of moderate to high carcinogenic risk due to Cr and Pb for consumers of heavy metal contaminated seafood (bivalves) in southern Nigeria. Minimal consumption and further action are advised with regular monitoring to detect changes.
Wan Marlin Rohalin, Nadzifah Yaakub and Najwa Mohd Fazdil. “Level of Zinc and Lead in Freshwater Fishes in Balok River, Pahang, Malaysia” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.1 (2019): 44-48.
ABSTRACT- Aquatic organisms have been considered to concentrate metals several times greater than environmental levels. Fishes have been used for many decades to evaluate the pollution status of water and thus considered as excellent biological indicator of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Heavy metals are natural tress components of the aquatic environment, but their levels have increased due to domestic, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. These heavy metals when accumulated in the fish tissues, they damage and weaken the mechanisms concerned leading to physiological, pathological and biochemical changes. The lead is non essential element while cobalt is an essential element for living organisms but its presence in fresh water in higher concentration are toxic to organism’s brain, liver, ovary, kidney and gills of the fish. The present study was aimed to investigate the changes due to two heavy metals (lead & cobalt) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase (CAT), Reduced glutathione (GSH), and Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the brain of Danio rerio during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure period. For this study adult fishes were exposed to four different concentrations viz., 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l of cobalt and 5, 9, 13, and 17 mg/l of lead. Key-words- Zebrafish, Lead, Cobalt, Catalase, LPO, Glutathione, Heavy metals
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
Acute Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Patterns of Lead and Zinc in Juveniles of ...iosrjce
Acute toxicity of lead and zinc salts (Pb(NO3)2 and ZnCl2) and their bioaccumulation patterns in
juveniles of Clarias gariepinus was investigated. ZnCl2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 15.301mg/l was found to be
more toxic than Pb(NO3)2 with a 96hr LC50 value of 51.516mg/l. ZnCl2 was bio-accumulated at a faster rate
in the gills and flesh of the fish than Pb(NO3)2 . The amount of ZnCl2 and Pb(NO3)2 bio-accumulated reduced
as the experiment proceeded. Higher levels of ZnCl2 were recorded in the gills than in the flesh of the juvenile
fishes. Essential heavy metals can be more toxic to aquatic organisms than non essential heavy metals when the
former is present in high enough concentrations. Water chemistry, speciation and bio-availability of heavy
metals in surrounding media are major factors that determine rate of accumulation in aquatic organisms.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
Health risk assessment of consuming heavy metal contaminated benthic seafood,...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated health risks associated with the consumption of a seafood (bivalve - Anadara (Senilia) senilis) contaminated with some heavy metals in southern Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for metal analysis. Mean metal concentrations (µgg-1) was in the order of Zn(12.96±1.0)> Pb(4.69±0.6)> Cr(2.91±0.7)> Ni(2.47±0.2)> Cu(2.03±0.3)> Cd(1.68±0.2). Mean concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn were below their respective FAO/WHO recommended limits while those of Ni, Cd and Pb exceeded. The Estimated daily intake-EDI values of all metals were less than their respective reference oral doses-RFD implying minimal health risk. The target hazard quotient (non-carcinogenic) and hazard index-HI had values <1suggesting minimal health risk of non-carcinogenic origin but HI value showed potency of increase. The value of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk-ILCR ranged from 10-5-10-2 with Ni and Cd within the acceptable range of 10-4-10-6 while Cr and Pb exceeded the limit. The target cancer risk-TR had values of 10-3 indicating moderate to high risk according to the New York State Department of Health classification. The study concluded the presence of moderate to high carcinogenic risk due to Cr and Pb for consumers of heavy metal contaminated seafood (bivalves) in southern Nigeria. Minimal consumption and further action are advised with regular monitoring to detect changes.
Wan Marlin Rohalin, Nadzifah Yaakub and Najwa Mohd Fazdil. “Level of Zinc and Lead in Freshwater Fishes in Balok River, Pahang, Malaysia” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.1 (2019): 44-48.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.10
bio-indicators. The present study is focused on the effective use of L. rohita, an economically significant carp as a
bio-indicator of zinc pollution through its several physiological, histopathological biomarkers. Primarily, acute toxicity
test is performed in which the carp fingerlings are exposed to different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 ppm) of
zinc sulphate. 96 hour LC50 value is determined to be 100 ppm. It is taken as lethal concentration and the fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 96 hours during which wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced like general
hyperactivity, surfacing activity, hyper-opercular activity, and erratic swimming pattern. It is followed by loss of balance
and convolutions. One fifth of the lethal concentration is taken (i.e., 10 ppm) as sub-lethal concentration and fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 15 days during which growth, behaviour, oxygen consumption, histopathology, hematology
and genotoxicity are studied. Negative growth performance is observed with insignificant length increment up to 0.24 %
and significant weight reduction up to -2.38 %. Wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced which includes,
erratic swimming, hyperactivity, surfacing activity and depression in appetite. Besides, general body discolouration and
haemorrhage are observed as well. Rate of oxygen consumption showed a time dependant decrease which ranged up to
-49.10%. Gills of the fishes are shown to have conspicuous histopathological alterations like lamellar necrosis, lamellar
fusion, lamellar erosion, epithelial lifting and epithelial swelling. Key-words- Bioindicator, L. rohita, Zinc sulphate, Growth, Behaviour, Oxygen Consumption, Histopathology
Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of...ijtsrd
Heavy metal pollution is a very serious issue in the present world and is caused by release of toxic substances from industrial and domestic sources into the sea water leading to harm marine organisms. Marine fishes are commonly consumed for its nutritional benefits and thus lead to transfer toxic metals into the food chain. Harpodon nehereus is a common and local fish from west coast of Maharashtra with high consumption rate among local population. Fish organs particularly liver being major site of detoxification shows structural alterations on exposure to pollution stress from their surrounding environment. Histopathological examination provides an indication of organ impairment to evaluate the health status of selected fish and the degree of pollution in marine environment. The present research effort was done to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and to study histopathological alterations in liver tissues of largely consumed fish Harpodon nehereus collected from Sassoon dock, west Coast of Maharashtra, India. The research was carried out during the post-monsoon season of the year. High accumulation of lead 11.8 ± 8.34 mg kg , copper 20.46 ± 11.06 mg kg and Zinc 286.26 ± 114.5 mg kg were observed in liver tissues. Further histopathological study of present investigation reveals heavy damages in liver tissues of Harpodon nehereus representing that the selected fish is under high threat of pollution stress. Archana Oza | Leena Muralidharan "Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of Harpodon Nehereus from Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20250.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/20250/assessment-on-accumulation-of-heavy-metals-and-its-effect-on-liver-tissues-of-harpodon-nehereus-from-mumbai-coast-of-maharashtra-india/archana-oza
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cy...Sana_haroon
This presentation is made on the research paper "Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cyprinus carpio"
which is written by Paul et., al 2019
The Use Of Pistia stratiotes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: A ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Pistia stratiotes in the removal of some
heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company. Water
sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The Bioconcentration
(BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental study showed
that Pistia stratiotes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from
Romi stream.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.10
bio-indicators. The present study is focused on the effective use of L. rohita, an economically significant carp as a
bio-indicator of zinc pollution through its several physiological, histopathological biomarkers. Primarily, acute toxicity
test is performed in which the carp fingerlings are exposed to different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 ppm) of
zinc sulphate. 96 hour LC50 value is determined to be 100 ppm. It is taken as lethal concentration and the fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 96 hours during which wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced like general
hyperactivity, surfacing activity, hyper-opercular activity, and erratic swimming pattern. It is followed by loss of balance
and convolutions. One fifth of the lethal concentration is taken (i.e., 10 ppm) as sub-lethal concentration and fishes are
exposed to it for a period of 15 days during which growth, behaviour, oxygen consumption, histopathology, hematology
and genotoxicity are studied. Negative growth performance is observed with insignificant length increment up to 0.24 %
and significant weight reduction up to -2.38 %. Wide range of behavioural abnormalities are evidenced which includes,
erratic swimming, hyperactivity, surfacing activity and depression in appetite. Besides, general body discolouration and
haemorrhage are observed as well. Rate of oxygen consumption showed a time dependant decrease which ranged up to
-49.10%. Gills of the fishes are shown to have conspicuous histopathological alterations like lamellar necrosis, lamellar
fusion, lamellar erosion, epithelial lifting and epithelial swelling. Key-words- Bioindicator, L. rohita, Zinc sulphate, Growth, Behaviour, Oxygen Consumption, Histopathology
Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of...ijtsrd
Heavy metal pollution is a very serious issue in the present world and is caused by release of toxic substances from industrial and domestic sources into the sea water leading to harm marine organisms. Marine fishes are commonly consumed for its nutritional benefits and thus lead to transfer toxic metals into the food chain. Harpodon nehereus is a common and local fish from west coast of Maharashtra with high consumption rate among local population. Fish organs particularly liver being major site of detoxification shows structural alterations on exposure to pollution stress from their surrounding environment. Histopathological examination provides an indication of organ impairment to evaluate the health status of selected fish and the degree of pollution in marine environment. The present research effort was done to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and to study histopathological alterations in liver tissues of largely consumed fish Harpodon nehereus collected from Sassoon dock, west Coast of Maharashtra, India. The research was carried out during the post-monsoon season of the year. High accumulation of lead 11.8 ± 8.34 mg kg , copper 20.46 ± 11.06 mg kg and Zinc 286.26 ± 114.5 mg kg were observed in liver tissues. Further histopathological study of present investigation reveals heavy damages in liver tissues of Harpodon nehereus representing that the selected fish is under high threat of pollution stress. Archana Oza | Leena Muralidharan "Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of Harpodon Nehereus from Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20250.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/20250/assessment-on-accumulation-of-heavy-metals-and-its-effect-on-liver-tissues-of-harpodon-nehereus-from-mumbai-coast-of-maharashtra-india/archana-oza
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cy...Sana_haroon
This presentation is made on the research paper "Evaluation of water quality and toxicityafter exposure of lead nitrate in Cyprinus carpio"
which is written by Paul et., al 2019
The Use Of Pistia stratiotes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: A ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Pistia stratiotes in the removal of some
heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company. Water
sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The Bioconcentration
(BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental study showed
that Pistia stratiotes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from
Romi stream.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Twenty (20) sample regimes were collected for each sample matrix. The samples were pretreated and digested for the determination of selected heavy metals of interest (As, Cd. Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb. The results reveals that mean concentrations of elements in the water samples decreases in the sequence as follows Hg > Ni > Cr> Pb > As > Cd. This clearly confirmed that Hg has the highest concentration followed by Ni, with Cd being the least. The mean concentrations of elements in the cat fish organs flesh, Gills, Kidney and liver of Barkin-Ladi pond water samples are given in table 4 above. The results confirmed the differences of accumulation of element in different catfish organs. The element concentrations in the cat fish samples decreased in the sequence for the flesh as Ni > Cr >Pb > Hg > As > Cd, for the gills Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb > As > Cd, for kidney Ni > Pb > Hg > Cr > As > Cd, for liver Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb > Hg > As. A two-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of elements in the organs of the same fish species, while there is significant difference in the mean concentration between the organs of the different fish species investigated. The correlation analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between the concentrations of element in water sample of the study area. The result above reveals that there is a significant correlation between Cd and Pb, and also there is a significant relationship between Cr and Ni elements. While no significant correlation was observed between the other pairs. These implied that the pairs either have the same source or chemical species. Generally, the ponds were shown to be polluted with heavy metals thus the risk of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in the aquatic lives, thus endangering human health directly when consumed or through the food chain.
New Spectrophotometric Determination of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumaratein Bulk ...IOSRJAC
Two new, selective and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (method A and B) have been developed for the estimation of Tenofovir disoproxil fumaratein bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations. Method ‘A’ is based on the reaction with wool fast blue, in the presence of buffer at PH 1.5 to form a colored species with a λmax 590nm. Method B is based on the reaction with tropaeoline -00 dye under acidic condition with a λ max 410nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 50 to 250µg/ml for both the methods. The methods were extended to pharmaceutical formulations and there was no interference form any common pharmaceutical excepients and diluents. The result of analysis has been validated statistically and by recovery studies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Heavy Metals Contamination Levels In Suya Meat Marketed In Selected Towns In ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Assessment Of Heavy Metal In Sediment Of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State.docxResearchWap
This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta state Nigeria . Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, Mg, Co, Mn and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It shows the concentration of iron, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, nickel, lead and copper in mg/kg in sediments sampled.Some specific physico-chemical characteristics, such as TDS, pH, Temperature and conductivity which are known to influence the interactions and dynamics of metals within the sediment. The mean value of the metals listed above in all the six locations gave 126.09mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.538mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.141mg/kg, 1.789mg/kg, 1.258mg/kg, 9.49mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.112mg/kg and 0.0827mg/kg respectively.. The result of the analysis It shown that the concentrations of heavy metal like Zn, Pb, Cr, Ca, Cu, Co, Mg, Mn, Cd and Ni in the sediment are low, but require monitoring to prevent an increase. Hence the concentration of Fe is higher when compared with the WHO and FEPA standard for sediment which may constitute risk to the environment. The concentration of heavy metals varies for the different locations. Based on the result of the analysis, recommendations were offered to reduce the concentration of heavy metal of the river.
Water Pollution and Its Adverse Effect on Biodiversity in Ship Breaking Area...Adib Bin Rashid
Shipbreaking has obtained great importance in the micro and macro economy of poverty-stricken Bangladesh for being a profitable industry in spite of having a number of environmental and human health hazards.
This study focuses on the Ship Breaking and Recycling Industry of Bangladesh to evaluate the pollution in water
and measure the adverse effect on biodiversity. Here the water quality parameters like pH, Salinity, Alkalinity,
Hardness, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Pb,
Cr, Cd, Fe concentrations of the sea water of shipbreaking yards of Bhatiary, pond water and tube well water has
analyzed. Turbidity during tide-1 was observed 2624 NTU where the standard value is 5 NTU. Similarly, BOD was
measured about 11.30 mg/l which was above the permissible limit in the seawater during tide-2. Value of Pb was
about 0.07018 mg/l in seawater during tide-1 which is above the permitted limit. The elevated level of different physicochemical parameters and heavy metal is a serious threat for pollution not only for the biodiversity but also
for the environment. Evaluation of water pollution in water bodies by the establishment of ship breaking industry
was assessed by comparing these data with WHO and BSTI standard and evaluation of the adverse effect on biodiversity was established by observing the range of the parameters measured from the water bodies.
— The formation, species composition and functional role of red algae were studied in the Black Sea's coastal zone. In sublittoral plant communities, red algae are dominant both by their number of species in the phytocenosis and by their active thallus-the one that ensures their high metabolism. Algae with a large specific surface area of thallus can accumulate heavy metals in higher concentrations. In the paper, we discuss possibilities of using red algae as biomarkers of marine pollution, and as bio filters in the processes of water natural.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Bioaccumulation of Cadmium Heavy Metal And its Effect on the Level of Chlorop...researchinventy
Cadmium is known to inhibit the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and can disrupt the photosynthesis process. This research aimed at investigating the ability of the accumulation of cadmium heavy metals (Cd) by Thalassia hemprichii in the waters of the Ambon Island and its effect on the levels of chlorophyll and carotenoid in the leaves. Cd heavy metal analysis was carried out on samples of sea water, sediments, as well as the roots and leaves of T. hemprichii using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The ability of accumulation and translocation of Cd heavy metals T. hemprichii was determined by calculating the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF). The analysis of chlorophyll and carotenoid content used UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results of the research showed that the BCF value of T. hemprichii reached 141.04, while the TF value was 7.63. The BCF and TF value which was more than one indicated that T. hemprichii had the potential to be metal accumulators. The effect of the levels of Cd heavy metals in the leaves and the level of chlorophyll showed a negative correlation, but not significant. The level of Cd heavy metals in the leaves also could increase the levels of carotenoids of the leaves of T. hemprichii. These results indicate that T. hemprichii had the potential as phytoremediator in the waters of Ambon island that have been contaminated with heavy metals Cd.
Similar to Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29989 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 280
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Collection of samples
The Paint effluent used in this study was obtained at point source of a Paint Factory in Lagos. The samples were collected in
sterile containers and taken for physiochemical and microbiological analysis.
2.2. Set up and Pollution of Aquaria
Six (6) aquaria in duplicates each contain 10 fingerlings. The fishes were then exposed to paint effluent at sub-lethal
concentrations of 0.00 (control), 1.25mls/l, 2.50mls/l, 3.75mls/l, 5.0mls/l and 6.25mls/l for 96hours. Careful observations
were then made to note the number of mortalities and effect of the paint on the test organism.
Analytical Methods
2.3. Water Analysis for Heavy Metal
Water samples in the bottles were shaken sufficiently for thorough mixing, and then 50mls aliquots were filtered on Watman
No. 41 filter papers and quantitatively transferred into 50mls volumetric flask before aspiring directly into the Inductively
Coupled Plasms for analysis of heavy metals as describe by APHA [11].
2.4. Analysis on fish
2.4.1. Heavy Metals Analysis
The concentrations of the selected heavy metals (Pb and Zn) in fish flesh were determined using X-Ray Fluorescenceanalyzer.
2.4.2. Nutritive Value Analysis of Fish
Nutritive value of the sample flesh was determined using Kjedahl Steam Distillation and Soxhlet methods respectively.
2.5. Physiochemical Parameters
The physiochemical parameters suchastemperature,total dissolvedsolidsandtotal solidsweredeterminedusingthemethods
of Aderinola et al. [12].
2.6. Biochemical and Morphological Identification of Bacteria Isolates
Bacteria were isolated using nutrient agar as well as selective media; and the individual colonies were identified by
morphological and biochemical techniques using methods described by Osho and Fawole [13].
2.7. Statistical Analysis
The data were analyzed for significantdifferences(P<0.05)byAnalysisofVariance(ANOVA)usingcomputerStatistical Package
for Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows (v.25.0). Determined differences were partitioned by the Least Significant Difference
(LSD) at P=0.05
3. Results and discussion
The temperature range of the aquaria contaminated with paint effluent is presentedin figure1.Thefigureshowsnosignificant
difference in the temperature of the control and other treatmentsexcepttreatment2whichhada lowertemperatureatthe end
of the experimental period. This suggest that the paint effluents had no effect on the temperature of the fish aquaria however,
the lower temperature observed in the treatment 2 may need to be investigated more since there are no observationthatmay
suggest possible explanation for the drop in the temperature.
Fig1: Temperature of water in catfish aquaria
Key: TR1; 1.25mls/L, TR2; 2.50mls/L, TR3; 3.75mls/L, TR4; 5.0mls/L TR5; 6.25mls/L
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29989 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 281
Fig 2: Total dissolved solids in catfish water aquaria
Fig 3: Total solids in catfish water aquaria
Key: TR1; 1.25mls/L, TR2; 2.50mls/L, TR3; 3.75mls/L, TR4; 5.0mls/L TR5; 6.25mls/L
Figures 2 and 3 presents the total dissolved solids and total solids in the aquaria water samplesrespectively.Thetotal solidsin
the aquaria water increased with increase in the paint effluent contamination rising from 0.125mg/L in the control to
0.265mg/L in the treatment 5 (6.25ml/L of effluent)atthebeginningoftheexperiment.Meanwhile,thetotal solidsgotreduced
drastically in all the treated samples after four days trial except treatment 1. This may be due to assimilation of some of the
solid particles by the fish [14]. Also, it may be due to settling of these solids at the bottom of the aquaria
Table1: Heavy metal present in paint effluent sample
Parameters Composition
Zinc 0.34±0.01
Nickel N.D
Chromium N.D
Cadmium N.D
Lead 1.20±0.01
Key: ND- Not detected
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29989 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 282
Table2: Proximate composition of catfish
Treatment Moisture content Crude protein Fat contents Ash content
Control 7.78c±0.12 32.71a±0.75 27.62a±0.38 11.73b±0.20
TR1 4.92a±0.21 47.86c±0.87 28.33a±0.23 13.77c±0.40
TR2 6.54b±0.48 38.88b±0.00 29.52a±0.13 10.50a±0.40
TR3 10.02d±0.07 48.5c±0.00 31.54ab±0.02 11.30ab±0.06
TR4 8.68c±0.45 31.71a±0.78 29.01a±0.05 10.46a±0.27
TR5 7.66c±0.29 37.17b±0.78 30.67ab±0.32 11.03ab±0.11
Values are presented as Mean±S.E (n=3). Means with the same superscript letter(s) along the same column are significantly
different (P>0.05).
Key: TR1; 1.25mls/L, TR2; 2.50mls/L, TR3; 3.75mls/L, TR4; 5.0mls/L TR5; 6.25mls/L
Table3: Heavy metal accumulation in harvested catfish
Treatments Zinc Lead
Control 0.21 0.01
TR1 0.22 0.06
TR2 0.24 0.09
TR3 0.15 0.12
TR4 0.14 0.16
TR5 0.22 0.15
Key: TR1; 1.25mls/L, TR2; 2.50mls/L, TR3; 3.75mls/L, TR4; 5.0mls/L TR5; 6.25mls/L
Table4: Bacterial load of catfish tissue (x 102 cfu/g)
Treatment Skin Liver Gill Intestine
Control 10.00a±2.00 33.67a±3.67 35.33a±7.57 100.67b±1.53
TR1 58.67c±13.32 75.67ab±4.30 80.67b±21.20 142.00c±5.05
TR2 70.67b±10.07 87.67bc±8.02 81.33b±6.11 180.00e±4.00
TR3 103.67c±4.73 126.33c±5.51 91.33d±3.22 104.67b±2.01
TR4 100.33c±20.50 90.00bc±15.10 89.00d±20.52 85.67a±6.03
TR5 73.00b±20.66 77.33ab±8.08 85.67c±16.01 168.00d±5.92
Values are presented as Mean±S.E (n=3). Means with the same superscript letter (s) along the same column are not
significantly different (P>0.05).
Key: TR1; 1.25mls/L, TR2; 2.50mls/L, TR3; 3.75mls/L, TR4; 5.0mls/L TR5; 6.25mls/L
Table5: Frequency of occurrences of bacterial isolates in catfish grown in paint effluent contaminated aquaria
Isolates Before After Total
Staphylococcus aureus 2 1 3
Salmonella sp _ 2 2
Bacillus substilis 3 4 7
Enterobacter aerogenes 2 _ 2
Bacillus cereus 2 3 5
Micrococcus leteus 1 2 3
Klebsiella sp 1 1 2
Aeromonas hydrophila 2 1 3
Listeria monocytogenes _ 2 2
Shigella sp 1 1 2
The results of the heavy metal present in the painteffluentis
shown in table 1 where it was revealed that Ni, Cr, and Cd
were not detected in the effluent whereas, Pb and Zn were
found to be 1.20 ppm and 0.34 ppm respectively. The non
detection of the other heavy metals in the effluent samples
may be due to pretreatment bythecompanybefore releasing
their waste water into the environment, since the
government require industries to treat their wastes to
reduce toxicity to barest minimum before ejectingsameinto
the environment [15]. The presence of lead in the effluent in
high proportion suggests that the effluentmaybedangerous
to aquatic lives if released like that in to water bodies. Lead
poisoning is one of the major problems associated with
industrial effluent discharge with debilitating effects on
animals. The heavy metals become toxic when they do not
get metabolized by the body and end up accumulating in the
soft tissues [16]. Ingestion is the most common route of
exposure to heavy metals. Fish has been reported to
accumulate metals from water by diffusion via skin and gills
as well as oral consumption. Bioaccumulation of heavy
metals in Clarias gariepinus probably might have resulted
from inability of the fish to metabolize the heavy metals or
the metabolism of the heavy metals in the fish tissues, were
slow [17].
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29989 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 283
The results of the proximate composition and mineral
content of the catfish used in this study are presented in
table 2 and 3 respectively. There were no significant
differences in the crude protein, fat and ash content of the
fish. However, there was a gradual increase in lead
concentration in the tissue of the cat fish withincreaseinthe
concentration of the paint effluent. The increase may be due
to the availability of the metal in the water where the fish
lives as a result of contamination by the effluent. Also,
bioaccumulation of heavy metals especially lead in aquatic
animals have been documented in the last decade. The high
level of lead in the catfish tissue may be linked with
bioaccumulation of same. Similar result was also
documented by Igwegbe et al. [18].
The bacterial load on different parts of the cat fish is shown
in table 4. The table revealed that all the catfish grown in
paint effluent contaminated aquaria had higher bacterial
count compared with the control. The bacterial load of the
intestines were higher than those found in other parts ofthe
body whereas the skin had the least count. The higher count
in the intestine may be due to digestion activity going on in
the intestine as well as the abundance of food available for
microbial growth [19]. However, the high microbial count
ranging from 75.67 to 126./33 x 102 cfu/g observed in the
liver compared with 33.67 x 102 cfu/g obtained in the
control group suggests that the paint effluent may suppress
the catfish immunity and allow infection of major internal
organs. This may lead to death of the fish and general loss of
aquatic diversity [20]. A total of 10 bacterial isolates were
obtained based on their morphological and biochemical
properties. The bacteria were: Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus
subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus. Enterobacter aerogenes,
Salmonella Sp, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella spp, Aeromonas
hydrophila, and Listeria monocytogenes. Tables 3 shows the
frequency of occurrences of probable isolatesfromcatfish,it
was observed that Bacillus subtilis was the most frequentfor
catfish. Some of these bacteria are known pathogens of man
and their presence in the fish suggests that the consumption
of the fish pose serious health risk to the consumers [21].
4. Conclusion
This study revealed the quality of fish in terms of heavy
metal and microbial contamination, when exposed to an
industrial paint effluent. The levels of the heavy metals
detected in fish are not remarkable to cause acute health
consequences, but chronic adverse health effects due to
prolonged bioaccumulation andlongterm exposurethrough
fish consumption can be inevitable. The public should be
enlightened on the possibility of being susceptible to health
problems when feeding on fish contaminated with heavy
metals and harmful microorganisms
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