The document describes an automated system that sorts cylindrical and cuboidal parts using a collaborative robot, conveyor belt, and other hardware. The system transports unsorted parts on the conveyor belt, where the robot uses machine vision to identify the shape and sort each part into the proper container. The system was designed and built for an engineering course project, and includes a PLC, pneumatic actuator, sensors, and other components to automate the sorting process.
Today human-machine interaction is moving away from mouse and pen and is becoming pervasive and much more compatible with the physical world. With each passing day the gap between machines and humans is being reduced with the introduction of new technologies to ease the standard of living. In this paper, a rigorous analysis of different techniques of “Human-Machine Interaction” using gestures has been presented using accelerometer. Gestures can originate from any bodily motion or state but commonly originate from the face or hand. Robotics is the branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing we have implemented a system through which the user can give commands to a wireless robot using gestures. Through this method, the user can control or navigate the robot by using gestures of his/her palm, thereby interacting with the robotic system. The command signals are generated from these gestures using accelerometer sensing [1]. These signals are then passed to the robot to navigate it in the specified directions.
This document describes the design of a 3-phase AC induction motor vector control drive using a Freescale hybrid controller. It includes:
1. An overview of the advantages and features of Freescale's 56F80x and 56F8300 hybrid controller families for motor control applications.
2. A description of the basic theory behind AC induction motors, including their mathematical model.
3. Details on the system design concept, hardware implementation, and software design for an AC induction motor vector control application using a Freescale hybrid controller and Processor Expert software.
Robots can be autonomous, semi-autonomous or
remotely controlled [6].
The robot arm is widely used in many industries and dangerous areas. Automatic control of the robotic
manipulator involves study of kinematic. The kinematic problem is defined as the transformation from the
Cartesian space to the joint space and vice versa This system include the kinematic control which is used for
picking and placing the object in its workspace. There are many types of robot arm in the world of engineering.
This research describes design of jointed robot arm control system using kinematic modelling. The main focus of
this system is to control the end-effector of robot arm to achieve the desired position in the workspace using
MATLAB programming, microcontroller and inverse kinematic modelling. The MATLAB window(GUI) is used
the inverse kinematic for the requirement data for the specified angle of the arm and displayed on the computer.
The description of this system is to implement the hardware components for the moving process and to control
servo motors with pulse width driving circuit. PIC and Max-232 been used to drive for the servo motors of the
control system and receiving serial data from the computer. The control program is written in Mikro-C
programming language.
Design and Implementation of a Robotic Vehicle With Real-Time Video Feedback ...Aditya Kumar Tripathy
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the design and implementation of a robotic vehicle that can be controlled remotely via the internet with real-time video feedback. The robotic vehicle uses a microcontroller, motors, motor drivers, a tilt sensor, and DTMF decoding circuitry to allow control via pressing buttons on an internet-connected device like a phone that generates DTMF tones. The vehicle's movement and ability to self-correct if tilted is discussed, along with the advantages of remote control with video and ability to self-right when tilted.
Camera Movement Control using PID Controller in LabVIEWijtsrd
The aim of this system is to show how position of the dc motor can be controlled by using PID algorithm in LabVIEW for camera movement. Arduino microcontroller board is used to control the DC motor. L298N dual H Bridge motor driver is used to drive the DC motor and to execute the pulse width modulation PWM signal. Proportional Integral Derivative PID is the most common control algorithm used in industrial applications and other control system. DC motor will be interfaced with LabVIEW using an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The position of the DC motor will be set by creating a Graphic User Interface GUI in LabVIEW. LabVIEW GUI sends serial command to the microcontroller for driving PWM pins of the DC motor . DC motor will move by the user in LabVIEW for position control. The output is sent back to the PID controller in Uno microcontroller. PID compares the actual position of the DC motor with the desired position. In this system, PID controller is used to reduce the error and rotate the motor to the set point value for the camera movement control. Than Myint Kyi | Kyaw Zin Latt "Camera Movement Control using PID Controller in LabVIEW" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26397.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26397/camera-movement-control-using-pid-controller-in-labview/than-myint-kyi
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically focusing on the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It defines microcontrollers and distinguishes them from microprocessors by noting that microcontrollers contain peripherals like RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on a single chip, while microprocessors require external circuitry. It then describes the architecture and features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller, including its 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 32 general purpose registers, two timers, interrupts and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers/simulators are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its block diagram, pin descriptions, registers, memory mapping, stack, I/O port programming, timers, and interrupts. It explains the basic components and architecture of the 8051, how it maps memory and handles interrupts and timers. It also compares microprocessors to microcontrollers and discusses embedded systems.
Today human-machine interaction is moving away from mouse and pen and is becoming pervasive and much more compatible with the physical world. With each passing day the gap between machines and humans is being reduced with the introduction of new technologies to ease the standard of living. In this paper, a rigorous analysis of different techniques of “Human-Machine Interaction” using gestures has been presented using accelerometer. Gestures can originate from any bodily motion or state but commonly originate from the face or hand. Robotics is the branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing we have implemented a system through which the user can give commands to a wireless robot using gestures. Through this method, the user can control or navigate the robot by using gestures of his/her palm, thereby interacting with the robotic system. The command signals are generated from these gestures using accelerometer sensing [1]. These signals are then passed to the robot to navigate it in the specified directions.
This document describes the design of a 3-phase AC induction motor vector control drive using a Freescale hybrid controller. It includes:
1. An overview of the advantages and features of Freescale's 56F80x and 56F8300 hybrid controller families for motor control applications.
2. A description of the basic theory behind AC induction motors, including their mathematical model.
3. Details on the system design concept, hardware implementation, and software design for an AC induction motor vector control application using a Freescale hybrid controller and Processor Expert software.
Robots can be autonomous, semi-autonomous or
remotely controlled [6].
The robot arm is widely used in many industries and dangerous areas. Automatic control of the robotic
manipulator involves study of kinematic. The kinematic problem is defined as the transformation from the
Cartesian space to the joint space and vice versa This system include the kinematic control which is used for
picking and placing the object in its workspace. There are many types of robot arm in the world of engineering.
This research describes design of jointed robot arm control system using kinematic modelling. The main focus of
this system is to control the end-effector of robot arm to achieve the desired position in the workspace using
MATLAB programming, microcontroller and inverse kinematic modelling. The MATLAB window(GUI) is used
the inverse kinematic for the requirement data for the specified angle of the arm and displayed on the computer.
The description of this system is to implement the hardware components for the moving process and to control
servo motors with pulse width driving circuit. PIC and Max-232 been used to drive for the servo motors of the
control system and receiving serial data from the computer. The control program is written in Mikro-C
programming language.
Design and Implementation of a Robotic Vehicle With Real-Time Video Feedback ...Aditya Kumar Tripathy
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the design and implementation of a robotic vehicle that can be controlled remotely via the internet with real-time video feedback. The robotic vehicle uses a microcontroller, motors, motor drivers, a tilt sensor, and DTMF decoding circuitry to allow control via pressing buttons on an internet-connected device like a phone that generates DTMF tones. The vehicle's movement and ability to self-correct if tilted is discussed, along with the advantages of remote control with video and ability to self-right when tilted.
Camera Movement Control using PID Controller in LabVIEWijtsrd
The aim of this system is to show how position of the dc motor can be controlled by using PID algorithm in LabVIEW for camera movement. Arduino microcontroller board is used to control the DC motor. L298N dual H Bridge motor driver is used to drive the DC motor and to execute the pulse width modulation PWM signal. Proportional Integral Derivative PID is the most common control algorithm used in industrial applications and other control system. DC motor will be interfaced with LabVIEW using an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The position of the DC motor will be set by creating a Graphic User Interface GUI in LabVIEW. LabVIEW GUI sends serial command to the microcontroller for driving PWM pins of the DC motor . DC motor will move by the user in LabVIEW for position control. The output is sent back to the PID controller in Uno microcontroller. PID compares the actual position of the DC motor with the desired position. In this system, PID controller is used to reduce the error and rotate the motor to the set point value for the camera movement control. Than Myint Kyi | Kyaw Zin Latt "Camera Movement Control using PID Controller in LabVIEW" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26397.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26397/camera-movement-control-using-pid-controller-in-labview/than-myint-kyi
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically focusing on the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It defines microcontrollers and distinguishes them from microprocessors by noting that microcontrollers contain peripherals like RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on a single chip, while microprocessors require external circuitry. It then describes the architecture and features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller, including its 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 32 general purpose registers, two timers, interrupts and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers/simulators are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its block diagram, pin descriptions, registers, memory mapping, stack, I/O port programming, timers, and interrupts. It explains the basic components and architecture of the 8051, how it maps memory and handles interrupts and timers. It also compares microprocessors to microcontrollers and discusses embedded systems.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and the 8051 microcontroller. It defines an embedded system as a combination of hardware and software designed to perform a dedicated function. Examples of embedded systems include industrial controls, networking devices, office automation equipment, and medical devices. The document then describes the main components of the 8051 microcontroller, including its CPU, I/O ports, timers/counters, serial port, and memory organization. It provides details on the 8051 architecture and addressing modes. Finally, the document outlines a prototype metro train project that interfaces an 8051 microcontroller with an LCD display, buzzer, DC motors, and other components to simulate a toy train.
The document discusses the history and features of the 8051 microcontroller family. It specifically focuses on the AT89S52 microcontroller, which was introduced by Atmel in the 1980s. Key points include:
- The AT89S52 has 8K bytes of Flash memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, timers, serial port, and interrupts. It is compatible with the 8051 instruction set.
- It operates from 0-33MHz and has various power saving modes. It has features like watchdog timer, dual data pointers, and ISP programming.
- The document discusses the advantages of using a microcontroller over a microprocessor for embedded applications in terms of cost, size
The programming manual provides instructions for setting up and programming the Altivar 71 variable speed drive. It includes descriptions of the graphic display terminal, navigating menus and parameters, factory configuration settings, application functions, and safety recommendations for setup. Programming involves configuring menus such as [SIMPLY START], [MOTOR CONTROL], [INPUTS/OUTPUTS], [COMMAND], and [APPLICATION FUNCT.] to customize the drive for the user's application.
The document provides guidance on operating and installing the MetroCount 5600 Series Roadside Unit for traffic data collection. It has three states - Idle, Active Deferred, and Active Logging. Status LEDs indicate the state and sensor functionality. It communicates via RS-232 and can store up to 990,000 axle events depending on memory capacity. The main battery allows nearly a year of continuous use before replacement. Installation involves selecting sites, installing sensors appropriately for lane counting, and setting up the unit.
The document describes a robot arm controller that uses a Picaxe-40X microcontroller and position feedback potentiometers to control up to six motors of a robot arm. The controller reads the potentiometer values to determine the position of each motor and drives the motors to move the arm through a defined sequence of positions. Additional details are provided on the components, circuit design, and programming of the controller to operate the robot arm.
The document describes the internal architecture of the 89C52 microcontroller. It has the following on-chip facilities: 4k ROM, 128 byte RAM, one USRT, 32 I/O port lines, two 16-bit timers/counters, six interrupt sources, and an on-chip clock oscillator. Other family members have variations like 8k ROM, 256 byte RAM, and an extra timer/counter. The 89C52 architecture includes ports, memory, a CPU, and peripherals that allow it to interface with external devices.
This document describes a project to control the speed of a robot using pulse width modulation (PWM). Rushil Goyal and Siddharth Agarwal developed a robot that can be controlled wirelessly to move forward, backward, left, and right at different speeds set by transmitting a PWM signal over UART. They used an Atmega16 microcontroller, L293D motor drivers, switches, LEDs, and a LCD display. The program code for controlling the robot with PWM is included. The document also provides background information on robots, including classifications, components like manipulators and control systems, and applications of sensors, actuators, and artificial intelligence in robotics.
The document provides information on the 8051 microcontroller, including its architecture and key components. It discusses that the 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 4KB of program memory, 128 bytes of RAM, two timers, five interrupt sources, and 32 I/O lines across four ports. The block diagram shows the 8051 has an 8-bit ALU, registers, program counter, stack pointer, and interfaces to memory and I/O. Key components include the accumulator, B register, R registers, program counter, and stack/stack pointer.
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on
a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes
of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a
six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator,
and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation
down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents
but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt
or hardware reset
Joint control of a robotic arm using particle swarm optimization based H2/H∞ ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a small structure of robust controller to control robotic arm’s joints where exist some uncertainties and unmodelled dynamics. Robotic arm is widely used now in the era of Industry 4.0. Nevertheless, the cost for an industry to migrate from a conventional automatic machine to industrial robot still very high. This become a significant challenge to middle or small size industry. Development of a low cost industrial robotic arm can be one of good solutions for them. However, a low-cost manipulator can bring more uncertainties. There might be exist more unmodelled dynamic in a low-cost system. A good controller to overcome such uncertainties and unmodelled dynamics is robust controller. A low-cost robotic arm might use small or medium size embedded controller such as Arduino. Therefore, the control algorithm should be a small order of controller. The synthesized controller was tested using MATLAB and then implemented on the real hardware to control a robotic manipulator. Both the simulation and the experiment showed that the proposed controller performed satisfactory results. It can control the joint position to the desired position even in the presence of uncertainties such as unmodelled dynamics and variation of loads or manipulator poses.
The document describes the features of an AVR 8-bit microcontroller, including its RISC architecture, memory capabilities, I/O ports, timers, USB and peripheral features. It has 8/16/32KB of flash memory, 512/512/1024 bytes of EEPROM and SRAM, and 22 programmable I/O lines. It includes analog and digital features such as timers, USART, SPI and a USB controller.
The document summarizes a student project to control the speed and position of a DC motor using closed-loop feedback control. An encoder and sensors measured the motor's position, and an Arduino microcontroller implemented PID control to vary the motor's PWM signal based on errors between the measured and desired position/speed. Key components included an H-bridge motor driver, encoder, sensors, and a 3D printed mounting base designed by the students. Diagrams depict the control system circuitry and 3D models.
Gesture based vehicle movements control and alerting system docuVignan Munna
This document provides an overview and details of a gesture-based vehicle control and alert system project. It includes a block diagram showing the main hardware components (microcontroller, LCD display, power supply, MEMS sensor, voice IC, motor driver) and their connections. It also describes the software components used, including the Keil development environment and embedded C code. Circuit descriptions and explanations of each hardware component are provided.
A microcontroller is a single-chip microprocessor system consisting of a CPU, memory, and input/output ports. It can be considered a complete computer on a single chip. The 8051 was an early microcontroller developed by Intel for use in embedded systems. It had 4KB of program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, timers, counters, and I/O ports. The 8051 has separate memory spaces for program and data memory and its CPU, registers, timers and I/O ports allow it to monitor and control external devices.
An overview of a continuous monitoring and control system for 3 phase inductIAEME Publication
This document provides an overview of a continuous monitoring and control system for 3-phase induction motors using programmable logic controller (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology. The system allows for constant speed control of induction motors despite varying loads. It uses a PLC to control a variable frequency drive which regulates motor speed based on feedback sensors. All motor performance data is sent to a personal computer via the PLC for analysis. This provides improved control, flexibility and reliability compared to conventional control systems.
IRJET-E-Blood Bank Application using Cloud ComputingIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and implementation of a PLC-based automatic bottle filling system. The system uses a PLC to control a conveyor belt that transports bottles past a solenoid valve, which is opened to fill each bottle based on a timed cycle. Sensors are used to detect bottles on the conveyor and control the filling process. The system aims to automate bottle filling to increase production rates while reducing human labor. Key components include a PLC, solenoid valve, conveyor belt, and sensors. Ladder logic is used to program the PLC to control component operation and automation of the filling process.
This document describes a project to control the speed and direction of a bi-directional motor using an 8051 microcontroller. An H-bridge circuit is used to allow the motor to rotate clockwise and counter-clockwise. Three logic toggles are used to set the motor speed at 100%, 50%, and 10% duty cycles. A fourth logic toggle inverts the motor direction. The microcontroller interfaces with an LCD to display the motor speed, duty cycle, and direction of rotation. When the program runs, it first displays a welcome message on the LCD before clearing it and showing the motor status.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled Biz Models for Hi-Tech Products to analyze the business model for Baxter’s unique robot. Its robot is much easier to teach than is other robots because of its force feedback sensors and the easy motion of their arms. These sensors also cause Baxter’s robots to stop when they feel resistance and thus are much safer than are other robots and do not require protective screening. Baxter’s robots are also lighter and cheaper. We recommend that Baxter target high mix parts fabrication and assembly and the external development of new end-effectors that can broaden the market for Baxter’s robots.
1) Jacobs Industries contracted the team to manage their expanding supply chain over two years to maximize cash. The team's strategy generated $21,126,259.82 in cash with $157,825,250 in revenue and a profit of $125.93 per unit.
2) The team decided on factory locations and capacities, warehouse locations, markets served, and reorder points. They increased factory capacities in Calopeia and Fardo and opened a new factory in Sorange.
3) To increase profits, the team served warehouses using trucks. They abandoned warehouses in Entworpe and Tyran to take advantage of aggregation and reduce inventory. The team increased Sorange factory capacity over time to meet demand.
Baxter Denney - Altamont Group Sales and Marketing Alignment Presentationtbdenney
This is the presentation from Baxter Denney's presentation on Sales & Marketing Alignment at the Altamont Group's December 2011 "Total Customer Management" conference in San Francisco.
This document provides details of the input/output parameters and internal relays/timers for an automation machine project. It lists the input and output parameters along with their addresses, as well as the internal relays and timers with their names and times. It then describes the operational logic and sequence of steps for the machine. The objective is to develop the ladder logic diagram. Key aspects include using internal relays to simulate push buttons, adding sensors to trigger events, and resetting all processes when the reset button is pressed.
The document discusses various topics related to robots including definitions, types, functions, advantages, and disadvantages. It also summarizes the results of a survey conducted about public perceptions of robots. The document contains sections on the different types of robots including modular, collaborative, and modern robots. It also explores the various functions of robots in applications such as factories, homes, and restaurants. Both the advantages of robots like increased productivity and the disadvantages like potential job losses are mentioned. The survey found that most people's views of robots are positive and see them being widely used in the future if developed responsibly.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and the 8051 microcontroller. It defines an embedded system as a combination of hardware and software designed to perform a dedicated function. Examples of embedded systems include industrial controls, networking devices, office automation equipment, and medical devices. The document then describes the main components of the 8051 microcontroller, including its CPU, I/O ports, timers/counters, serial port, and memory organization. It provides details on the 8051 architecture and addressing modes. Finally, the document outlines a prototype metro train project that interfaces an 8051 microcontroller with an LCD display, buzzer, DC motors, and other components to simulate a toy train.
The document discusses the history and features of the 8051 microcontroller family. It specifically focuses on the AT89S52 microcontroller, which was introduced by Atmel in the 1980s. Key points include:
- The AT89S52 has 8K bytes of Flash memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, timers, serial port, and interrupts. It is compatible with the 8051 instruction set.
- It operates from 0-33MHz and has various power saving modes. It has features like watchdog timer, dual data pointers, and ISP programming.
- The document discusses the advantages of using a microcontroller over a microprocessor for embedded applications in terms of cost, size
The programming manual provides instructions for setting up and programming the Altivar 71 variable speed drive. It includes descriptions of the graphic display terminal, navigating menus and parameters, factory configuration settings, application functions, and safety recommendations for setup. Programming involves configuring menus such as [SIMPLY START], [MOTOR CONTROL], [INPUTS/OUTPUTS], [COMMAND], and [APPLICATION FUNCT.] to customize the drive for the user's application.
The document provides guidance on operating and installing the MetroCount 5600 Series Roadside Unit for traffic data collection. It has three states - Idle, Active Deferred, and Active Logging. Status LEDs indicate the state and sensor functionality. It communicates via RS-232 and can store up to 990,000 axle events depending on memory capacity. The main battery allows nearly a year of continuous use before replacement. Installation involves selecting sites, installing sensors appropriately for lane counting, and setting up the unit.
The document describes a robot arm controller that uses a Picaxe-40X microcontroller and position feedback potentiometers to control up to six motors of a robot arm. The controller reads the potentiometer values to determine the position of each motor and drives the motors to move the arm through a defined sequence of positions. Additional details are provided on the components, circuit design, and programming of the controller to operate the robot arm.
The document describes the internal architecture of the 89C52 microcontroller. It has the following on-chip facilities: 4k ROM, 128 byte RAM, one USRT, 32 I/O port lines, two 16-bit timers/counters, six interrupt sources, and an on-chip clock oscillator. Other family members have variations like 8k ROM, 256 byte RAM, and an extra timer/counter. The 89C52 architecture includes ports, memory, a CPU, and peripherals that allow it to interface with external devices.
This document describes a project to control the speed of a robot using pulse width modulation (PWM). Rushil Goyal and Siddharth Agarwal developed a robot that can be controlled wirelessly to move forward, backward, left, and right at different speeds set by transmitting a PWM signal over UART. They used an Atmega16 microcontroller, L293D motor drivers, switches, LEDs, and a LCD display. The program code for controlling the robot with PWM is included. The document also provides background information on robots, including classifications, components like manipulators and control systems, and applications of sensors, actuators, and artificial intelligence in robotics.
The document provides information on the 8051 microcontroller, including its architecture and key components. It discusses that the 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 4KB of program memory, 128 bytes of RAM, two timers, five interrupt sources, and 32 I/O lines across four ports. The block diagram shows the 8051 has an 8-bit ALU, registers, program counter, stack pointer, and interfaces to memory and I/O. Key components include the accumulator, B register, R registers, program counter, and stack/stack pointer.
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on
a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes
of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a
six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator,
and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation
down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents
but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt
or hardware reset
Joint control of a robotic arm using particle swarm optimization based H2/H∞ ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a small structure of robust controller to control robotic arm’s joints where exist some uncertainties and unmodelled dynamics. Robotic arm is widely used now in the era of Industry 4.0. Nevertheless, the cost for an industry to migrate from a conventional automatic machine to industrial robot still very high. This become a significant challenge to middle or small size industry. Development of a low cost industrial robotic arm can be one of good solutions for them. However, a low-cost manipulator can bring more uncertainties. There might be exist more unmodelled dynamic in a low-cost system. A good controller to overcome such uncertainties and unmodelled dynamics is robust controller. A low-cost robotic arm might use small or medium size embedded controller such as Arduino. Therefore, the control algorithm should be a small order of controller. The synthesized controller was tested using MATLAB and then implemented on the real hardware to control a robotic manipulator. Both the simulation and the experiment showed that the proposed controller performed satisfactory results. It can control the joint position to the desired position even in the presence of uncertainties such as unmodelled dynamics and variation of loads or manipulator poses.
The document describes the features of an AVR 8-bit microcontroller, including its RISC architecture, memory capabilities, I/O ports, timers, USB and peripheral features. It has 8/16/32KB of flash memory, 512/512/1024 bytes of EEPROM and SRAM, and 22 programmable I/O lines. It includes analog and digital features such as timers, USART, SPI and a USB controller.
The document summarizes a student project to control the speed and position of a DC motor using closed-loop feedback control. An encoder and sensors measured the motor's position, and an Arduino microcontroller implemented PID control to vary the motor's PWM signal based on errors between the measured and desired position/speed. Key components included an H-bridge motor driver, encoder, sensors, and a 3D printed mounting base designed by the students. Diagrams depict the control system circuitry and 3D models.
Gesture based vehicle movements control and alerting system docuVignan Munna
This document provides an overview and details of a gesture-based vehicle control and alert system project. It includes a block diagram showing the main hardware components (microcontroller, LCD display, power supply, MEMS sensor, voice IC, motor driver) and their connections. It also describes the software components used, including the Keil development environment and embedded C code. Circuit descriptions and explanations of each hardware component are provided.
A microcontroller is a single-chip microprocessor system consisting of a CPU, memory, and input/output ports. It can be considered a complete computer on a single chip. The 8051 was an early microcontroller developed by Intel for use in embedded systems. It had 4KB of program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, timers, counters, and I/O ports. The 8051 has separate memory spaces for program and data memory and its CPU, registers, timers and I/O ports allow it to monitor and control external devices.
An overview of a continuous monitoring and control system for 3 phase inductIAEME Publication
This document provides an overview of a continuous monitoring and control system for 3-phase induction motors using programmable logic controller (PLC) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology. The system allows for constant speed control of induction motors despite varying loads. It uses a PLC to control a variable frequency drive which regulates motor speed based on feedback sensors. All motor performance data is sent to a personal computer via the PLC for analysis. This provides improved control, flexibility and reliability compared to conventional control systems.
IRJET-E-Blood Bank Application using Cloud ComputingIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and implementation of a PLC-based automatic bottle filling system. The system uses a PLC to control a conveyor belt that transports bottles past a solenoid valve, which is opened to fill each bottle based on a timed cycle. Sensors are used to detect bottles on the conveyor and control the filling process. The system aims to automate bottle filling to increase production rates while reducing human labor. Key components include a PLC, solenoid valve, conveyor belt, and sensors. Ladder logic is used to program the PLC to control component operation and automation of the filling process.
This document describes a project to control the speed and direction of a bi-directional motor using an 8051 microcontroller. An H-bridge circuit is used to allow the motor to rotate clockwise and counter-clockwise. Three logic toggles are used to set the motor speed at 100%, 50%, and 10% duty cycles. A fourth logic toggle inverts the motor direction. The microcontroller interfaces with an LCD to display the motor speed, duty cycle, and direction of rotation. When the program runs, it first displays a welcome message on the LCD before clearing it and showing the motor status.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled Biz Models for Hi-Tech Products to analyze the business model for Baxter’s unique robot. Its robot is much easier to teach than is other robots because of its force feedback sensors and the easy motion of their arms. These sensors also cause Baxter’s robots to stop when they feel resistance and thus are much safer than are other robots and do not require protective screening. Baxter’s robots are also lighter and cheaper. We recommend that Baxter target high mix parts fabrication and assembly and the external development of new end-effectors that can broaden the market for Baxter’s robots.
1) Jacobs Industries contracted the team to manage their expanding supply chain over two years to maximize cash. The team's strategy generated $21,126,259.82 in cash with $157,825,250 in revenue and a profit of $125.93 per unit.
2) The team decided on factory locations and capacities, warehouse locations, markets served, and reorder points. They increased factory capacities in Calopeia and Fardo and opened a new factory in Sorange.
3) To increase profits, the team served warehouses using trucks. They abandoned warehouses in Entworpe and Tyran to take advantage of aggregation and reduce inventory. The team increased Sorange factory capacity over time to meet demand.
Baxter Denney - Altamont Group Sales and Marketing Alignment Presentationtbdenney
This is the presentation from Baxter Denney's presentation on Sales & Marketing Alignment at the Altamont Group's December 2011 "Total Customer Management" conference in San Francisco.
This document provides details of the input/output parameters and internal relays/timers for an automation machine project. It lists the input and output parameters along with their addresses, as well as the internal relays and timers with their names and times. It then describes the operational logic and sequence of steps for the machine. The objective is to develop the ladder logic diagram. Key aspects include using internal relays to simulate push buttons, adding sensors to trigger events, and resetting all processes when the reset button is pressed.
The document discusses various topics related to robots including definitions, types, functions, advantages, and disadvantages. It also summarizes the results of a survey conducted about public perceptions of robots. The document contains sections on the different types of robots including modular, collaborative, and modern robots. It also explores the various functions of robots in applications such as factories, homes, and restaurants. Both the advantages of robots like increased productivity and the disadvantages like potential job losses are mentioned. The survey found that most people's views of robots are positive and see them being widely used in the future if developed responsibly.
Baxter International, GE Power Systems, and Corporate Express implemented enterprise application integration (EAI) systems. EAI allows different applications and systems to exchange data according to business process models. Baxter's EAI project linked a customer service application to its ERP, allowing online ordering. GE's project sent real-time data between systems accurately. Corporate Express doubled its business partner interfaces to over 200, achieving over $2 million in benefits. Challenges to EAI include specialized skills, proprietary architectures, and costs from $200,000 to $400,000. Companies can meet challenges through training employees and using consultants.
The iRob Feeder is a compact, complete solution for individual robotic bin picking. It features full-process automation from 3D scanning to automatic robot program execution. The system reduces costs for processes involving large, bulky parts by enabling batch sizes down to a single piece. It localizes and correctly orients parts for further processing, eliminating preparation and setup time. The iRob Feeder integrates easily into production systems and allows for quick product changes through flexible programming and handling.
Iterative Visual Recognition for Learning Based Randomized Bin-pickingKensuke Harada
This paper proposes a iterative visual recognition system
for learning based randomized bin-picking. Since the configuration on randomly stacked objects while executing the current picking trial is just partially different from the configuration while executing the previous picking trial, we consider detecting the poses of objects just by using a part of visual image taken at the current picking trial where it is different from the visual image taken at the previous picking trial. By using this method, we do not need to try to detect the poses of all objects included in the pile at every picking trial.
Assuming the 3D vision sensor attached at the wrist of a manipulator, we first explain a method to determine the pose of a 3D vision sensor maximizing the visibility of randomly stacked objects. Then, we explain a method for detecting the poses of randomly stacked objects. Effectiveness of our proposed approach is confirmed by experiments using a dual-arm manipulator where a 3D vision sensor and the two-fingered hand attached at the right and the left wrists, respectively.
2014 IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation : A Manipulation Motion Plann...Kensuke Harada
In this paper, we propose a general manipulation
planner for dual-arm industrial manipulators. According to the context, the planner automatically determines whether both arms have to be used simultaneously or not. The approach is based on (i) the extension of an object placement algorithm previously developed, and (ii) the introduction of several types of re-grasping motions dedicated to dual-arm manipulators. Such motions induce a special topological structure in the manipulation space that can be captured into a manipulation graph. The graph is then used to solve the manipulation problem by a simple graph search algorithm. After searching for a solution path, we further consider optimizing the path by minimizing the number of re-grasps. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated on the dual-arm manipulator HiroNX working in a realistic factory environment.
Base Position Planning for Dual-arm Mobile Manipulators Performing a Sequence...Kensuke Harada
In this study, we plan a sequence of the base position for dual-arm mobile manipulators performing multiple pick-and-place tasks. By using our proposed method, the robot can selectively use either the right or the left hand to pick up an object and can minimize the sequence size of the base position needed to performed the given task. We first formulate a quadratic programming (QP) problem to solve the inverse kinematics by considering robot collision. We then formulate a region on the base position where a robot can pick up an object placed anywhere in a box. A sequence of base positions is then obtained by combining the branch and bound (BB) and simulated annealing (SA) methods. We present the numerical calculation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
The document summarizes the design of an autonomous robot called the A200 Husky. It has an off-the-shelf aluminum frame assembled using standard angles, along with 4 electric motors, 2 lead acid batteries, and wheels from mini ATV suppliers. Sheet metal panels bolt onto the frame to allow for quick repair or modification while protecting its interior from environmental conditions. Many components come from other industries like RC cars to make the robot cheaper and easier to produce.
2014 IEEE Int. Symposium on System Integration (SII) : Project on Development...Kensuke Harada
This paper discusses the vision/manipulation technology where a dual-arm manipulator first picks up an object from the pile, then regrasps it from the right hand to the left hand, and finally places it to the fixture. We especially focus on the grasp/manipulation planner for a dual-arm manipulator. Here, our grasp planner is well applied for objects which can be approximated by multiple cylinders. Our pick-and-place planner can quickly find a robot motion with regrasp. We also explain our vision technology to measure the position/orientation of an object. To show the effectiveness of our proposed approach, we show an experimental result of a dual-arm manipulator.
The document describes a modular open source robotic platform called CRC that can be configured in different ways to perform various functions. It discusses how CRC provides hardware that is ready for rough terrain and harsh environments. It also reduces development time and costs compared to building a robot from scratch. CRC uses Android and Java programming which allows for code reuse and finds talent more easily. The platform is open source so components can be modified or produced in-house to save money or time. It then shows several example configurations of CRC including a basic tribot, automotive chassis, legged chassis, quadcopter, boat, and submersible vehicle.
The merger of FMC and SEBI in India is expected to strengthen regulation of the commodity derivatives market and improve its integrity. Key impacts include enhanced oversight, strengthened risk management through higher margin requirements, and improved delivery infrastructure standards for warehouses. Challenges remain around price discovery due to an underdeveloped spot market, and ensuring physical delivery of commodities. The way forward includes integrating spot and derivatives markets, improving price transparency, increasing participation of hedgers, and allowing new entities like FIIs and banks/MFs/insurers to invest.
The document provides an overview of various robot models and their specifications such as payload capacity, reach, speed, and IP ratings. It includes details on the R-30iA controller which uses advanced technology in a proven design. The controller provides enhanced vibration control, integrated vision hardware, and plug-in option flexibility.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) including their hardware configuration, advantages, operation, memory mapping, and examples of ladder logic instructions. PLCs are digital electronic devices that can be programmed to control automated processes and machines. They operate by scanning inputs, executing a stored program to make logic decisions, and updating outputs. Common PLC instructions covered include timers, counters, moves, compares, math functions, and more. Examples are given to demonstrate how these instructions can be combined in ladder diagrams to automate processes like conveyor sorting systems.
Application of image processing in material handling and (1)suyash dani
This document proposes the design of an automated material handling and sorting system using image processing and a programmable logic controller (PLC). It involves using a camera to capture images of objects on a conveyor belt and performing image processing techniques like shape and color recognition to identify objects. The image processing information is passed to a PLC which controls motors, pneumatics and other components to sort the objects by properties like color or shape. Testing showed the system could accurately sort red, green and blue objects by color as well as square, circular and triangular objects by shape. The system aims to increase sorting efficiency and accuracy over manual systems while reducing time and operator fatigue.
Automation is a preferred for faster and precise operations as compare to manual operation. This paper provides a mean of simple yet effective fixed type of automation for sorting the products. Two products identical in shape and size are sorted out automatically on the basis of drilled or undrilled product. LED and photo transistor arrangement is used for hole detection. Vertical zigzag conveyor is employed instead of usual flat belt conveyor in order to utilise gravitational force as a driving force for feeding the products. 8051 Microcontroller is used for controlling the sorting mechanism by using program or coding. The cost of project is nearly negligible as it is made from the waste except electrical components used for the project. Sincere efforts are taken to set an example of a inexpensive, reliable and easy to manufacture automated machine. The Paper focuses on the aspect of sorting mechanism with microcontroller programming and the automation tasks and solutions is obtained.
Automatic intelligent industrial object sorter with conveyor beltindianspandana
This document describes an automatic intelligent industrial object sorter with a conveyor belt system that can distinguish objects by color and count the objects. It contains sections on existing systems, merits and demerits of current approaches, the proposed color-sensing and counting system using a conveyor belt, robot, and microcontroller, advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system, and a conclusion that it can reduce time and human effort in industries.
This document describes an automatic object sorting system that uses image processing and a conveyor belt. The system uses a camera to capture images of objects on the belt and detects the color and shape of each object using MATLAB image processing algorithms. It then sends signals to a microcontroller to control the conveyor belt and sort the objects by moving colored objects to the left or right sides and shaped objects to the left or right based on predetermined criteria. The system is intended to automate sorting in industries to reduce costs and improve efficiency compared to manual sorting.
Automatic convey or System with In–Process Sorting Mechanism using PLC and HM...IJERA Editor
Programmable logic controllers are widely used in many manufacturing process like machinery packaging
material handling automatic assembly. These are special type of microprocessor based controller used for any
application that needs any kind of electrical controller including lighting controller and HVAC control system.
Automatic conveyor system is a computerized control method of controlling and managing the sorting
mechanism at the same time maintaining the efficiency of the industry & quality of the products.HMI for
automatic conveyor system is considered the primary way of controlling each operation. Text displays are
available as well as graphical touch screens. It is used in touch panels and local monitoring of machines. This
paper deals with the efficient use of PLC in automatic conveyor system and also building the accuracy in it.
This document reports on the development of a self-balancing robot. It describes the key modules of the robot's mechanical and electronic systems. The mechanical system uses a wooden structure and two wheels. The electronic system includes a processor module using an Arduino Mega, sensor modules consisting of an IMU and quadrature encoders, actuator modules with DC motors and motor drivers, and a communication module using Zigbee wireless. It then discusses modeling the dynamics of the DC motors and robot, and designing control systems using PID and state space control approaches.
This document describes a system for automatically measuring the bore diameter of ball bearings using an LVDT sensor interfaced with a PLC. The system consists of auto-feeding, measuring, classifying, and data analysis parts. A servo motor pushes the bearing against the LVDT sensor based on PLC programming to obtain measurements at two locations. The measurements are displayed on an HMI and used to classify bearings as acceptable or needing rework/discard based on diameter and taper values. Simulation results show the system can accurately measure standard bearings to within 0.5um in 5 seconds, classifying grades and analyzing quality statistics.
IRJET - Controlling 4 DOF Robotic ARM with 3-Axis Accelerometer and Flex ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that uses an accelerometer and flex sensor to control a 4 degree of freedom robotic arm. The robotic arm is 3D printed and has a motherboard to control stepper motors in each joint. An ADXL345 acceleration sensor provides axis values from two gloves to control movement of the four joints. A flex sensor on one glove controls the gripper. The system aims to allow autonomous control of the robotic arm through human hand motions detected by the sensors. Key components of the robotic arm like the motherboard, stepper motors, and sensors are described in detail.
Design & Fabrication of Electro-Pneumatic Gantry Type Sorting RobotIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an electro-pneumatic gantry type sorting robot. The robot uses sensors like proximity sensors and photoelectric sensors connected to a programmable logic controller (PLC) to sort objects on a conveyor belt based on their properties. A human machine interface (HMI) is used to monitor and control the sorting process. Pneumatic cylinders and solenoid valves controlled by the PLC move a gantry system to pick and place objects into different trays for sorting. Calculations are provided on the required forces and selection of components like the conveyor motor and pneumatic cylinders. The PLC controls the sorting process and sequencing of the robot through ladder logic programming.
Design and development of touch screen controlled stairs climbing roboteSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a method of developing a stairs climbing robot with self balancing chair mounted on the top of the robot. It is one of the major task in the field of Mechatronics require a mechanical arrangement and electronics based control of the actuators using wireless technology. In most of the mechanism it is hard to maintain the slope position of the seat while carrying some goods on it, so taking in action all these condition the robot is to design and develop [1] which will climb on the stairs and adjust themselves as per environmental condition. Keywords:- Accelerometer, CC2500, Touch Screen, Microcontroller, Relays
A Novel Idea on Semi-Automated Operation Theatre Assistance for Doctors Based...theijes
The idea of this article is to develop a robotic assistant for handling surgical instruments in Operation Theatres. Hence it is possible to minimize human intervention in turn the risk of contamination and the probability of human error. The robotic system principally has three functional parts : locomotion controlled by Bluetooth from an android device; rotatory array of medical instruments governed by a stepper motor that functions over a voice input and a robotic arm made of Gripper motor controlled remotely.
Design and Implementation of a Self-Balancing Two-Wheeled Robot Driven by a F...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a self-balancing two-wheeled robot controlled by a feed-forward backpropagation neural network. The robot uses an Arduino, gyroscope, accelerometer, and two DC motors. Two control approaches are tested: a PID controller and a feed-forward neural network trained using backpropagation. Testing found the neural network approach learned to balance with fewer oscillations and was more elegant than the PID controller. The neural network demonstrated the effectiveness of artificial intelligence for complex learning tasks.
The document describes the design and fabrication of an automated press machine controlled by a PLC. A pneumatic system is used for operation. Sensors and a PLC interface with the conventional punching process to achieve automation. The machine uses a stepper motor, 4 pneumatic cylinders and a vacuum unit. A proximity sensor, stepper motor, status light and relay are mounted on a wooden base along with limit switches. Directional control valves and a vacuum generator are mounted below. The pneumatic actuators and vacuum unit are controlled via directional control valves, while the stepper motor uses PLC control. Ladder logic is used for PLC programming.
This paper is focused on developing a platform that
helps researchers to create verify and implement their
machine learning algorithms to a humanoid robot in real
environment. The presented platform is durable, easy to fix,
upgrade, fast to assemble and cheap. Also, using this platform
we present an approach that solves a humanoid balancing
problem, which uses only fully connected neural network as a
basic idea for real time balancing. The method consists of 3
main conditions: 1) using different types of sensors detect the
current position of the body and generate the input
information for the neural network, 2) using fully connected
neural network produce the correct output, 3) using servomotors make movements that will change the current position
to the new one. During field test the humanoid robot can
balance on the moving platform that tilts up to 10 degrees to
any direction. Finally, we have shown that using our platform
we can do research and compare different neural networks in
similar conditions which can be important for the researchers
to do analyses in machine learning and robotics.
IRJET- Multilevel Object Sorting System using PLC ControllerIRJET Journal
This document describes a multilevel object sorting system using a programmable logic controller (PLC). The system uses conveyor belts, sensors, pneumatic cylinders and a PLC to sort objects by height. Laser sensors detect the height of objects on the conveyor belt and send signals to the PLC. The PLC then controls pneumatic cylinders to push objects off the conveyor belt into different sorting bins based on each object's measured height. The goal is to develop an automated low-cost sorting solution for industrial applications.
This paper presents final year project prototype with the use of programmable logic controller in automation industry for packaging process. The main idea of the project is to design and fabricate a small and simple conveyor belt system, and automate the process for packaging small cubic pieces (2 × 1.4 × 1) cm3 of wood into small paper box (3 × 2 × 3) cm3. Inductive sensor and photoelectric sensor were used to provide the information to the controller. Electrical DC motors used as output actuators for the system to move the conveyor belts after get the orders from the control system. Programmable logic controller Mitsubishi FX2n-32MT was used to control and automate the system by ladder logic diagram software. The experimental result of the prototype was able to fully automate the packaging system. This results show that the machine were done to package 21 boxes in one minute. In addition, the results obtained show that the system able to decreases product time, and increase product rate as compared with traditional manual system
This paper presents final year project prototype with the use of programmable logic controller in automation industry for packaging process. The main idea of the project is to design and fabricate a small and simple conveyor belt system, and automate the process for packaging small cubic pieces (2 × 1.4 × 1) cm3 of wood into small paper box (3 × 2 × 3) cm3. Inductive sensor and photoelectric sensor were used to provide the information to the controller. Electrical DC motors used as output actuators for the system to move the conveyor belts after get the orders from the control system. Programmable logic controller Mitsubishi FX2n-32MT was used to control and automate the system by ladder logic diagram software. The experimental result of the prototype was able to fully automate the packaging system. This results show that the machine were done to package 21 boxes in one minute. In addition, the results obtained show that the system able to decreases product time, and increase product rate as compared with traditional manual system.
IRJET- Design & Development of Two-Wheeled Self Balancing RobotIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a two-wheeled self-balancing robot. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) containing an accelerometer and gyroscope is used to measure the robot's tilt angle. A PID controller applies motor speed adjustments to correct any error between the desired setpoint and actual tilt angle, balancing the robot. The PID controller is able to balance the robot with some limitations. Simulation results are compared to the hardware performance. PID tuning is also performed to improve balancing. Key components include an Arduino, motor driver, motors, IMU, and Bluetooth module. The system architecture integrates these components to enable self-balancing.
SYSTEM ON PROGRAMMABLE CHIP FOR PERFOMANCE ESTIMATION OF LOOM MACHINEVLSICS Design
System on programmable chip for the performance estimation of loom machine, which calculates the efficiency and meter count for weaved cloth automatically. Also it calculates the efficiency of loom machine. Previously the same was done using manual process which was not efficient. This article is intended for loom machines which are not modern.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document provides documentation for a state machine code and user interface developed for the slow control system at the TGC McGill Testing Facility. The state machine ensures safety by monitoring and controlling the environment, gas, and high voltage systems. It implements a state transition diagram with normal operation states like dormant, CO2 flush, ready, and run, as well as error states. The user interface includes a central panel and extension panels for high voltage control and sensor monitoring.
A microprocessor controlled automatic door opener including means for detecting the velocity and direction of travel of the door. The micro-controller evaluates detected changes in either the velocity or direction of travel to determine the cause, and either reverses door travel direction or ignores the detection. The settings of the door are stored in the memory of the microprocessor. The microcontroller will regulate the opening and closing speed and the direction of door travel depending upon a preprogrammed sequence. The door control mechanism is able to differentiate between these internal factors and external obstructions.
Due to extensive use of motion control system in industry, there has been growing research on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. DC motors are widely used various areas of industrial applications. The aim of this paper is to implement efficient method for controlling speed of DC motor using a PID controller based. Proposed system is implemented using arduino microcontroller and PID controller. Motor speed is controlled through PID based revolutions per minute of the motor. This encoder data will be send through microcontroller to Personal Computer with PID controller implemented in MATLAB. Results shows that PID controllers used provide efficient controlling of DC motor.
Autonomous Terrain Mapping Using COTS HardwareJames Anderson
Undergraduate paper submission for 2012 International Telemetering Conference
Abstract: The paper describes the development of a robotic platform which can autonomously map terrain using a COTS infrared imaging and ranging system. The robotic system is based on an omni-directional platform, and can navigate typical commercial indoor environments. An on-board processor performs surface reconstruction, and condenses the point clouds generated by the ranging system to mesh models which can be more easily stored and transmitted. The processor then correlates new frames with the existing world model by using sensor odomerty. The robot will autonomously determine the best areas of the environment to map, and gather complete three dimensional color models of arbitrary environments.
Similar to ISE716 Semester Project Final Report final with appendix (20)
The document lists the input/output parameters and internal relays/timers for a traffic light system. It includes the addresses of inputs like start, emergency stop and sensor signals. It also includes the addresses of output lights and internal relays. The objectives and operational logic of the traffic light system are explained, including sequences for different traffic patterns. Safety features like emergency stop are also covered.
This document describes an internship project to automate the pump testing process at Atlantic Hydraulics in Sanford, NC. The project aimed to reduce testing time and improve data collection. It involved selecting sensors and actuators to automate control of parameters like RPM, pressure, and oil temperature. A data acquisition system and LabView software were used to create automated testing routines and log data. The automation is expected to improve quality, speed, and information management for pump remanufacturing and testing.
Jacobs Industries contracted the team to manage their supply chain for two years. Based on forecasts of seasonal demand ranging from 13-50 units/day, the team achieved a revenue of $44 million and ending cash balance of $6 million, with a fill rate of 83.7% and cycle service level of 33%. In the first year, 28.5% of demand was lost but only 4.1% was lost the second year due to improved inventory management.
The major challenge was developing a model to incorporate production planning with inventory management to determine optimal capacity, reorder points, batch sizes, and safety stock. The initial strategy of chasing demand led to lost sales, so capacity was increased to better meet peak demand.
SportStuff.com needs to expand its warehouse capacity to meet increasing demand over the next few years. They are considering leasing additional small or large warehouses in different locations. The report analyzes various options for allocating warehouse space across locations and sizes over multiple years to minimize total costs under different demand growth scenarios and shipping rate changes. It recommends a plan that involves opening and closing warehouses in different cities and adjusting sizes over time. The analysis also notes some assumptions and limitations around costs of opening/closing warehouses that need further consideration.
Lucent Technologies was originally a manufacturing arm of AT&T that focused on supplying equipment to AT&T's U.S. operations. In the 1990s, Lucent formed joint ventures in Asia to sell products in those markets. Due to high demand in Asia, Lucent reconfigured its supply chain in 1996, making Taiwan its Asia manufacturing hub to reduce costs and delivery times. However, by 2000 high Asian demands were disrupting the supply chain through component shortages, requiring Lucent to consider solutions like adding manufacturing hubs or using contract manufacturers.
The document analyzes the inventory policies and costs of Blanchard Importing and Distributing. It finds that the company's current 1969 policy results in higher inventory costs than necessary due to outdated assumptions. The summary proposes a new inventory model using recent demand trends and seasonality to determine optimal bottling quantities and reorder points. This is estimated to reduce inventory costs by over 85% for high demand items and 42% for low demand items compared to the 1969 policy. The new model adapts bottling quantities based on whether a product has low or high demand variability.
ISE716 Semester Project Final Report final with appendix
1. Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering
ISE716, Automated Systems Engineering, instructor: Dr. Yuan-Shin Lee
Final Project Phase II Report, May 4 2015
Automated classification of wares using 6-axis dual-arm
collaborative robot and shape recognition
Authors:
Yashom Bhandarkar
Sidharth Chaturvedi
Suketu Davda
Donato Girolamo
Yogesh Kulkarni
Prafulla Kumar Shahi
pg. 1
3. 1. Introduction
The current project aims to apply the knowledge acquired during the ISE 716 class, Automated System
Engineering, on industrial automation, robotics and programming for automation. The goal of the project
is to design, build (both hardware and software) and demonstrate an automated sorting system able to
transport, sort and relocate parts having different shapes (round and square). As shown in Figure 1, the
system mainly consists of (1) pneumatic actuator that pushes the unsorted parts on the conveyor belt; (2)
conveyor belt that transports the unsorted parts; (3) two-arms robot (Baxter) that, with the help of a
machine vision subsystem, sorts the cylinders from the cuboids. Other minor components of the system,
needed to achieve a full automation, are (4) five proximity sensors used to detect the position of the parts
during the operations; (5) DC motor that drives the conveyor belt; (6) start and stop push-buttons. A
detailed description of the aforementioned components follows in Section 2.
Figure 1 System Design
The core steps of the automated sorting system are described in the following list, organized in
chronological order:
1) The sorting system is started by a start push-button (Start) while an emergency button (E_Stop)
can be used to stop the operations at each time in case of an emergency.
2) A random shape part (cylinder or cuboid) is manually placed in position 1 and detected by the
proximity sensor 1 (ProxAtPneumatic);
3) ProxAtPneumatic trigs the extension mechanism of the pneumatic actuator that, helped by fixed
guide rails, pushes the part on the conveyor belt in position 2 where it is detected by the proximity
sensor 2 (ProxAtStart);
4) ProxAtStart triggers the DC motor to proceed forward and brings the part to position 3 where it
is detected by the proximity sensor 3 (ProxAtEnd). Each time the part is either in position 1 or
position 3, the DC motor stops to allow the placing and picking operations to and from the
conveyor belt;
pg. 3
4. 5) ProxAtEnd trigs the two-arms robot. The robot is equipped with a vision system able to distinguish
the shape of the parts. Details of the robotic and virtual vision system are contained in Section 3;
6) Once the virtual vision system sorts the part’s shape, one of the two arms is activated. The robot
arms are equipped with electrical parallel grippers that pick parts and place them in the proper
container.
2. Hardware Detailed Design
The following section describes the components used in the physical implementation of the robot assisted
product sorting system. The systemic components and their functions are listed below.
PART NAME DESCRIPTION
PLC – Allen Bradley CompactLogixL23E-QBFC1B System Controller
24V/ 7.5A Power-Supply System Power Supply
Double Acting Cylinder Pneumatic Actuator
5/2 Solenoid Valve Air Supply for 2 position pneumatic actuator
NPN type Capacitive Proximity Sensors (x5) Operating Environment Sensors
Conveyor Belt Part transfer mechanism
Geared DC Motor
Controller governed conveyor belt motion
24V high wattage relay
Machine Vision Assisted Industrial Robot(Baxter) Part Sorting Robot
Schneider XBTGT2330 HMI Human Machine Interface
pg. 4
5. 2.1. Parts Used
• PLC- Allen Bradley
Figure 2: Allen Bradley PLC with 24V/7.5A power supply
The Allen Bradley programmable logic controller (PLC) is the system controller used to govern the
automated functioning of the system.
The controller consists 32 I/O points which is able to take in 15 digital inputs and furnish 24 digital outputs
with a square peak voltage of 24V.
The ladder logic governing the system is encoded in RS Logix5000 and runs on the PLC scanning through
the program with 1 µs scan cycle, the logic addresses I/O ports which are part of the system’s inputs and
outputs.
• Pneumatic Actuator – (Double Acting Cylinder)
Figure 3: Pneumatic Actuator
Pneumatic actuator
pg. 5
6. Double-acting cylinders use compressed air to extend or retract the actuator piston.
They have two ports to allow air in, one for out-stroke and one for in-stroke. Stroke length for this design
is not limited, however, increasing the stroke length, the piston rod is more vulnerable to buckling and
bending.
Within the system layout, the double acting cylinder is the actuator used to push a part onto the conveyor
belt, based on the sensory feedback from the proximity sensors.
• 5/2 Solenoid Valve
Figure 4: 5/2 solenoid valve
The 5/2 solenoid valve controls the operation of the double acting cylinder. Two separate outputs need
to be controlled: one for extending the piston and one for retracting the piston.
The valve actuates the double acting cylinder based on the digital inputs from the PLC to either extend
(signal high) or retract (signal low) the piston, which either pushes the part onto the conveyor belt or
returns to its original postion for the next part.
• Proximity Sensors
Figure 5: Second Proximity Sensor
Proximity Sensor
Reflector
pg. 6
7. Five proximity sensors are present in the operating environment of the system providing feedback signals
to the PLC in order to generate the appropriate outputs based on the ladder logic. The sensor is always
used in conjunction with a reflector.
The first sensor governs the action of the double acting piston while the second proximity sensors placed
across the conveyor governs the movement of the conveyor belt. The third sensor is used to control the
timed output of the robot, while the fourth and fifth sensors are used for counting the number of
individual parts sorted by the robot and placed in the final containers.
• DC Motor and Conveyor
Figure 6: DC Motor and Conveyor Belt
The prime mover of the system is a 24 V geared DC motor which moves the conveyor based on the signal
from the PLC via the 24V DC relay.
The DC motor’s output shaft is coupled to a belt driven pulley moving the conveyor belt. The larger pulley
is able to supply an appropriate amount of torque to move the conveyor.
This conveyor has been equipped with proximity sensors placed at its ends. As already mentioned, the
proximity sensors provide the feedback to the system to govern the running of the prime mover.
• Baxter Robot (Machine-Vision Assisted)
Baxter is a 6-axis dual-arm collaborative production robot built by Rethink Robotics and typically used to
perform “pick-and-place” operations in industrial envronments. It is 3 foot tall (without pedestal; 5'10" -
6'3" with pedestal), it weighs 165 lbs without the pedestal and 306 lbs with the pedestal. Both arms of
Baxter are equipped with electric parallel grippers, shown in Figure 8, that provide one degree of freedom
with multiple grasp widths, deliver an actuation time of less than one second and allow Baxter to pick up
from the outside or inside of an object.
pg. 7
9. Figure 8: Electric Parallel Gripper
• Human Machine Interface
Schneider Electric XBTGT2330 is a touchscreen, graphical, 5.7", TFT LCD industrial HMI. It is very versatile
in interfacing it with a variety of controllers via RS232, Ethernet TCP/IP, USB. The main objective for the
HMI in the scope of the project is to initialize the system, display the current parameters of the system
and stop the system.
The HMI is very powerful. It can parse images, text files and can be scripted in basic Java. The HMI
communicates to the PLC via an internally scripted Ethernet Bridge compatible with the CompactLogix
family. Physical communication is achieved by connecting it to the same subnet as the PLC via TCP/IP.
pg. 9
10. Figure 9: HMI, Human Machine Interface.
2.2. System Assembly
Figure 10: SYSTEM ASSEMBLY
pg. 10
11. The picture above shows the complete assembly of the physical system which has been fabricated for this
project. The raw stock used for the conveyor support structure is 80/20 T-slotted aluminum 6105-T5. The
glass plate allows on which the double acting cylinder is mounted using L-slots provides a surface with the
appropriate sliding friction to allow the incoming part to be transported from the initial discrete position
(sensor 2) to its second discrete state (sensor 3). The L-slots are fixed in position using standard sized
screws and hexagonal nuts.
3. Software Detailed Design
The automated sorting system contains three main subsystems each requiring a different software to
operate: (1) the robot executes the operations programmed through the software interface Intera; (2) the
sorting system is based on a virtual vision subsystem embedded in the robotic system; (3) finally the whole
assembly is governed by a PLC, Allen Bradley CompacLogic, programmed in ladder logic via RSLogix5000.
3.1. Robot Software
The robot interface software Intera 3.2.1.164 was used to enable simultaneous tasking on both the arms.
Intera provides an easy to use graphical user interface that allows Baxter to be trained by demonstration,
using context instead of coordinates. Each of the two robot arms functions independently by default and
is able to learn its own unique sub-tasks that can be:
• Adding count
• Adding signals
• Changing paths
• Changing the approach and retract distance
• Changing the speed
• Changing the drop height
• Add object weight
• Baxter can be instructed to Pick (or Place) an object when it arrives at a location
Figure 11 shows the Intera software user interface.
Figure 11: Intera software interface.
pg. 11
12. The main tasks required from the robot in this project are (1) recognize part; (2) move arm to pick position;
(3) pick object; (4) move to drop position; (5) drop object. The virtual vision system is embedded in the
robotic system and described in the next section. The robot was manually trained to complete operations
(2) and (4) while pick and place actions were programmed through Intera, via the interface shown in Figure
12. The signal coming from the proximity sensor at the end of the conveyor belt triggers the robot actions
via the PLC.
Figure 12: Pick and Place operations programming.
3.2. Virtual Vision Subsystem
The virtual vision subsystem is embedded in Baxter. The virtual vision subsystem is fully automated, very
simple to use, and the output is very intuitive. As shown in Figure 13, Baxter is able to recognize the object
if the yellow overlay completely outlines the object. The blue outline identifies Baxter’s understanding of
where the object is. The yellow circle represents Baxter’s view of the center point of the axes of the object.
The red arrow illustrates how Baxter perceives the orientation of the object for gripping.
pg. 12
13. Figure 13: Virtual vision system program.
It is worth to consider the following when training Baxter to look for an object:
• Baxter works best when its workspace is lit with bright, diffused lighting with minimal shadows.
• Shadows in the work area, including those created by the object, degrade Baxter’s ability to see an
object. So does glare, from the object or the work surface.
• In general, the higher the contrast between the object and the work surface, the better.
• A clutter-free work surface works best.
pg. 13
14. 3.3. PLC Program
The PLC was programmed in ladder logic using RSLogix5000. The system is characterized by the following
elements:
- INPUTS
Start push-button Start 0, no start
1, start
Stop Emergency button E_Stop 0, emergency not pressed
1, emergency pressed
Proximity Sensor 1 ProxAtPneumatic 1, no part detected
0, part detected
Proximity Sensor 2 ProxAtStart 1, no part detected
0, part detected
Proximity Sensor 3 ProxAtEnd 1, no part detected
0, part detected
Proximity Sensor At the Bin of
Cylinders
ProxAtBoxLeft 1, no part detected
0, part detected
Proximity Sensor At the Bin of
Cuboids
ProxAtBoxRight 1, no part detected
0, part detected
Stop button from the HMI
interface (same as E_stop)
HMI_Stop 0, emergency not pressed
1, emergency pressed
- OUTPUTS
Running Led Light Running 0, light OFF
1, light ON
Emergency Stop Light Stop 0, light OFF
1, light ON
Pneumatic Actuator PneumaticActuator 0, retracts
1, extends
DC motor forward DCF 0, rest position
1, motor moves forward
Robot System Robot 0, robot not triggered
1, robot triggered
The final containers are full OUT_Bins_Full 0, not full
1, full
- RELEYS
In the ladder logic program, the following outputs are also used as relays: R1, Stop, PneumaticActuator,
OUT_Bins_Full, Robot.
- TIMERS
Timer to fully extend the
pneumatic actuator
Part_entry Preset 5000ms
pg. 14
15. Timer to fully retract the
pneumatic actuator
Conveyor_retract Preset 2500ms
Timer required to stop the
robot
Robot_Stop Preset 1000ms
Timer to place cylinders in left
bin
Timer_left Preset 6000ms
Timer to place cuboids in right
bin
Timer_right Preset 6000ms
- COUNTERS
Counter to count the number of
parts present on the conveyor
belt (counter UP and counter
DOWN)
Parts_on_conveyor Preset 0
Counter to count the number of
parts present in the cuboids bin
(counter UP)
Counter_right Preset 4
Counter to count the number of
parts present in the cylinders
bin (counter UP)
Counter_left Preset 4
- OTHER LOGIC
“Greater Than” is used to
control the DC motor: when
there are no parts on the
conveyor belt
(Parts_on_conveyor = 0) the
motor doesn’t run
GRT Parts_on_conveyor > 0
Appendix A contains the ladder logic diagram that was programmed using the RSLogix 5000 software.
4. Conclusions
The automated sorting system was successfully designed, built and demonstrated at the NCSU ISE
automation Lab. The system successfully transports, sorts and organizes parts having different shape
(cylinders and cubes).
Room is left for improvements. For instance, (1) instead of being able to sort only two different shapes,
the system can be redesigned to sort more different shapes and relocate them. In order to realize this, it
is necessary to build a better interface between the robot controller and the PLC in order to have multiple
inputs going to the robot controller from the PLC. This was not possible in this project with the available
hardware. (2) If another robot would be available, it could be used upstream instead of the pneumatic
actuator to have a more precise, fast and reliable placing mechanism of the parts on the conveyor belt.
(3) Instead of sorting parts having totally different shapes (cubes from cylinders) the system could be used
pg. 15
16. in a more attractive industrial application to locate defective parts in a production line that have the same
overall shape but slightly different geometries/defects.
The sorting system designed during the final project of ISE716, finds wide applications in the most
common industrial environments. A very useful application of such a system can be that of sorting and
excluding defective parts in an automated production line or that of organizing random parts arriving on
belts in a factory warehouse.
pg. 16