Ise 2011 Insight Into Digital System Design

Insight into Digital System Design

Frank Sheehan
Technology Director – Visual Acuity Limited
Integrated Systems Europe 2011
3rd February 2011

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► Objectives
– An understanding of digital video and its distribution with other
digital signals
– Digital infrastructure requirements
– Design principles and best practice


Past and Present
The Analogue past Today and Digital future


Past - AV in Analogue Format
► Video
– VGA [Video Graphics Array]
– Composite
– SDTV [Standard Definition Television]
► Audio
– RCA / Phono
– Large balanced or unbalanced Jack
– XLR appearing later


Present - AV in Digital Format
► Video
– CGI [Computer Graphic Imagery] – Digital Graphics
– Media Playback Server – MPEG, TGA, DCI etc
– HDTV [High Definition Television] - 720p & 1080p
► Audio
– ADAT [Alesis Digital Audio Tape]
[Alesis
– SPDIF [Sony Philips Digital Interconnect Format] - coaxial
& optical
– MP3, MPEG, AVI, AWI, FLAC etc


Digital signals merging IT & AV
► Video
– IPTV [Internet Protocol Television]
Streaming/VoD
Streaming/VoD – MPEG2/4, M-JPEG, H264
M-
Digital signage
– Conferencing & Telepresense
► Audio
– Conferencing/VoIP
Image courtesy of Cisco
– MADI
– Network
CobraNet®, Ethersound,
CobraNet®, Ethersound, Dante™

Digital signals merging IT & AV (Cont)
► Control
– TCP [Transmission Control Protocol]
– Building Automation - BMS [Building Management
Systems]
► Data
– USB – 1.1, 2.0 and now 3.0
– Firewire [IEEE 1394] – A, B, S1600 & S3200
– Fibre Channel


Digital signals merging IT & AV (Cont)
► HID [Human Interface Devices]
– KVM [keyboard Video Mouse]
– Interactive Whiteboards
– Multi-
Multi-touch screens/tables Image courtesy of GestureTek

– Gesture Systems
– Tracking systems
– Bio Metrics
– RFID [Radio Frequency Identification]
– List goes on and on
Image courtesy of Intersense


Digital AV Storage & Delivery
► As well as tape, digital AV can be stored on hard
drives, or memory sticks, Flash memory and
optical storage
► More channels of digital AV can be transmitted via
satellite, cable, and off-air broadcasts
off-
► It can be streamed on the Internet or over fast
digital networks (Incl DSL)
(Incl


Sight and Sound

► Light rays and sound waves which humans see
and hear are Analogue, so why Digital AV?


Digital Basics – Why digital?
► Video format is always Component
– sync, colour difference signals separate
► Video Composite artefacts are eliminated
► Higher video resolutions are more possible
► Advantage in signal distribution and replication
– Distribution of multi channel audio easier
– No noise or analogue artefacts
– Can be compressed and moved around easily


Digital Video Basics
Converting Analogue imagery to Digital Video
► Analogue (light rays) signals are captured by
camera sensors (CCDs)
► Signal level is sampled and quantized
► Luminance is sampled at full bandwidth
► Chrominance is sampled at half bandwidth
► Digital signal can then be compressed (encoded)


Sampling/Quantizing Video Greyscale

This example demonstrates the use of low bit sampling which
results in artificial boundaries between luminance steps


Digital Video Streams
Parallel and Serial Formats


Example of Parallel


Parallel and Serial Formats
► Parallel formats offer faster data speeds over more
wires
► Serial formats are easier to implement and less
costly
– SDI and HD-SDI are serial interfaces
HD-
– USB is another serial data format
– So is FireWire (IEEE-1394)
(IEEE-
► Serial can work over coax, Cat 5/5e, RF, fibre optics

Converting Digital Video to Analogue Video
► Digital-to-Analogue converter (DAC) used
Digital-to-
– Quantized steps of video create changes in signal level
voltage
– Varying voltage levels create changes in luminous
intensity
– Higher bit depth in sampling results in cleaner analogue
video waveform


Converting Digital Video to Analogue Video


The Digital Pipeline
► Signal transmission and distribution


Signal Transmission

► Uncompressed
– 525 NTSC, 625 PAL, 720P HDTV, 1080i &1080p HDTV etc
► Compressed
– MPEG, M-JPEG, MP3 etc
M-
► Point to Point [P2P]
– DVI-D, HDMI, SDI, Display Port, SPDIF, ADAT, MADI etc
DVI-


Uncompressed
► 345,600 pixels in a 720x480 DTV frame 345,600
pixels = 345,600 bytes of data
– 345,600 (x) 3 colours = 1,036,800 bytes
– 1 byte = 8 bits of data
► With 30 Hz frame rate, a data rate of 250 Mb/s
would be needed without compression to show
digital video


Compressed
► Why?
– Bandwidth is typically fixed and expensive
► Lossless compression systems can be used to
pack down signal for distribution
► Different standards are used
– Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG)
– Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)


Compressed – Digital Video Codec
MPEG
► MPEG is most common codec in worldwide use
► Variations: MPEG-1 (low resolution, CD-I)
MPEG- CD-
– MPEG-
MPEG-2 (broadcast, DVD, satellite, cable)
– MPEG-
MPEG-4 (satellite, cable, Blu-Ray, HD DVD)
Blu-
– Others (MPEG-7, etc)
(MPEG-
– H264


Compressed – Digital Video Codec
Motion JPEG Format
► Motion JPEG (M-JPEG)
(M-
– Not a separate standard, but a series of JPEG-encoded
JPEG-
still frames
– Fast sequencing provides full motion
– Greater sampling - Uses two bits/pixel sampling for
quality
Not appropriate for digital video systems that require high
compression ratios


Compressed – Audio
MPEG Audio
► Audio can also be encoded as
MPEG
► MP3 is popular format for Internet
► MPEG-2 audio is professional
MPEG-
standard
► Surround audio formats are now
Apple iPod Touch
common


Point-to-
Point-to-Point [P2P]
► DVI-D
DVI-
► HDMI
► Display Port
► SDI / HD-SDI
HD-
► SPDIF [coaxial & fibre]
► ADAT
► MADI [coaxial & fibre]


P2P – Parallel/Serial
► Parallel technologies
– DVI
– HDMI
– Display Port

► Serial Technologies
– SDI/HD-SDI/3G
SDI/HD-
– SPDIF
– MADI


Signal Transmission
► Advantages ► Disadvantages
– Supports multiple formats – Distance limitations
At the same time – Potentially high
– Secure through bandwidth
encryption – Sensitivity – Can be
– Increased performance fussy!


Signal Distribution
► How do we do this?
– Compressed/Uncompressed
Network
– P2P
Copper extension
Fibre extension
► Conclusion is compressed/uncompressed can be
P2P, likewise P2P can be distributed by the
Network!

Network Signal Distribution
► MPEG streaming - IPTV
► Web based content, DooH [Digital out of Home], for
example the latest HTML5, Adobe Flash
► CobraNet®, Ethersound, Dante™ etc
CobraNet®, Ethersound,
► P2P
– Twisted Pair signal extension
► New kids on the block!
– HDBaseT
– IEEE802.1 BA

HDBaseT Signal Distribution
► Aimed towards the Home network market


IEEE802.1 BA Signal Distribution
► Also known as AVB – Audio Video Bridging
developed by the IEEE802.1 AVB task group now
known as the Avnu Alliance
– Improved QoS by prioritizing AV signals through network
switch gear
– Synchronised
– Current adopters are principally Audio manufacturers
– Limited to 7 Hops across a network


Multicasting
► What is Multicasting?
– Combining two or more MPEG programs in a transport
stream is known as a ‘multicast’
Only limitation is the bit rate (maximum bandwidth)
More programs = more compression = lower quality
HD programs often suffer at expense of SD programs
– Multicasting concept works across any network or
transmission system –MPEG is universal
Only the modulation system changes (VSB, QPSK, QAM, OFDM)
Or…the transport protocol changes (IPTV, ATM)


Multicasting - Cont
► Drawbacks to Multicasting
– Bitrate compression allows more programs
– But higher bitrate compression increases artefacts
– Encoding artefacts are easier to see on larger monitor
and projection screens
Viewing distance is a factor
Static vs. motion content is another factor


P2P Signal Distribution
► Copper Cable
– Standard cabling, Video, Audio, Data i.e. USB or Firewire
Distance limited, dependant upon interconnect but typically 5m
due to bandwidth
Susceptible to electromagnetic interference
– Twisted Pair [TP], either UTP [unscreened] or STP
[screened]. Historically used for computer networks
Greater distance than standard for AV, USB & Firewire, but still
bandwidth restricted
Skew
Susceptible to electromagnetic interference


P2P Signal Distribution
► Fibre Optics – Multi Mode & Single Mode
– Historically expensive to implement, this differentiation
from copper has since changed and now not so
– Unlike copper distance/bandwidth not such an issue
– Not susceptible to electromagnetic interference
– Secure
– However, typically requires specialist installation skills
– Careful handling, such as cleanliness – dust and dirt
– Not as Flexible as copper, i.e. Bend radius


Copper Distribution
Network P2P

RJ45 STRAIGHT

DVI cable

CROSSOVER RG6 or 11
CAT5/5e/6


Copper Distribution
► Twisted Pair extension

This product supports both
copper and fibre


Fibre Distribution
► Simplex
– Single Jacketed Cable
► Duplex or Zip Cord
– Dual individual jacketed Cables
► Distribution
– Small in size
– Requires termination within Patch Panel
► Breakout
– Less labour intensive for termination

Fibre Distribution
► Most common fibre termination
– LC: Lucent or Local Connector
– SC: Subscriber or Standard Connector
– ST: Straight Tip

Simplex & Duplex


Fibre Distribution
► Extenders


Signal Switching
► Unlike P2P, Network based switching and
distribution for IP based traffic such as video
streams has principally become software based
whether on copper or fibre, thus not requiring
expensive hardware or complex hardware based
systems
– However with P2P with AV extension over network,
hardware matrix switching typically used


Signal Switching
► P2P switching is hardware based.

Copper Twisted Pair

Copper HDMI
Fibre Switch


System Design
► Map client’s requirements, what trying to achieve,
to assess expectations, this leads to the “P”
– Purpose: What is the system to achieve?
– People: The end user, technical, non-technical etc?
non-
– Performance: Clients expectations?
– Price: Clients Budget?
► From this system design assumptions can me
made


System Design
► Conceptual system design.
► Digital System design considerations and
requirements.
– Source technology: i.e. Media server, Blu-Ray DVD etc
Blu-
– Destination technology: Projector, Flat Panel, Surround
Sound System, Telepresense or Interactive Immersive
environment etc
– Digital Signal Distribution Choices
– Digital Signal Distribution Technical Design
Considerations

System Design – Signal Distribution Choices

► Choices we have identified
– Network via IP, streaming, either compressed or
uncompressed
– P2P, and most of the various types
– Or a Hybrid i.e. Both, mixture of IP & P2P


System Design – Signal Distribution, Technical
Considerations
► Digital Signal variants being distributed
– Video
– Audio
– Data – USB, Firewire etc
– Control – IP, RS232, DMX etc
► Distances between signal source and destination
► Bandwidth requirements
► Architectural impact


Where does this all lead?

SYSTEM
INFRASTRUCTURE


System Infrastructure – The Backbone
► The design of systems infrastructure, majorly
important. No 1. Why?
– Needs to provide flexibility
Scalable
Reasonably future proof, as technically possible
– Minimal bandwidth limitation
– Cost effective, specifically ROI [Return on Investment]
– Effective architectural impact
– Environmental considerations
– Security?

System Infrastructure
► The “Backbone” technology identified
– Copper
– Fibre
► What about Wireless?
– Environmental friendly
– Principally not labour intensive i.e. No cabling to pull!
– However:
Not secure
Bandwidth limited
Distance limited

Systems Infrastructure (Backbone)
► Copper versus Fibre?
– What we must consider in a comparison of these two
solutions:
Bandwidth performance required?
What are the distances?
Points of failure in the infrastructure and the reliability
Downtime in a case of failure costs? Mission critical importance
Maintenance costs
Installation costs
– Material costs: cables, patch panels etc
– Space costs: Containment and pathways


Copper V Fibre – Distance/Performance
► Single mode fibre can offer over 1,000 times as
much bandwidth over distances over 100 times
further than copper

Voice
Type Distance Bandwidth
Channels
Copper 2,5km 1,5Mb/s 24
Fiber 200km 2,5+Gb/s 32000+
Example based on a voice system


Copper V Fibre – Installation Comparison
► Typically assumed Fibre more difficult however:
– Coaxial based cables much thicker and heavier making difficult to cable
form and manage
– Twisted pair [TP] cabling easily be improperly installed due to physical
characteristics of the cable. Untwist the wires too much at a connection or
remove too much jacket and the cable may fail crosstalk testing.
– Pull TP cabling too hard (technically only ~5kg tension allowed!) or kink it
will create loss in the performance
► Fibre on the other hand:
– Much lighter and easier to form and manage, care required though to
manage bend radius
– Thus, pulling the fibre is easy - in fact it can be pulled at 8 times the
pulling tension of TP- easier still with “Blown” fibre
TP-

Copper V Fibre – Cost Comparison
► Typically assumed Fibre more expensive:
– Fiber provides lower loss and subsequently longer runs at much greater
reliability (This can translates into cost savings overall)
– Fiber prices continue to fall while copper prices (and the more
sophisticated hardware needed to support high bandwidth
transmission) rise
– Comparing TP and Multi-mode fibre - both are about the same price
Multi-
by the time you consider everything (including fibre testers at ~€995
~€
and copper testers at €4,000-6,000 and going up for Cat 6, 7 etc.)
4,000-
– Lower architectural impact costs, particularly when using blown fibre
– Head end hardware is more expensive


Copper V Fibre – General Considerations
► Historically fibre was the costly cousin for signal
distribution. This is now not the case
► Historically fibre was difficult to install for signal
distribution. This is now not the case
► The overall system performance needs to be the
driving factor not always just the cost. Think long
term!
► Don’t use technology for technology sake


Potential Pitfalls or Got’chas
► EDID - Extended Display Identification Data
EDID is 256 bytes of data that a display sends to a source to
identify all its capabilities, principally its native resolution.
Important the system distributes EDID information from the
display to the source. If you can’t because of system design,
employ an EDID capture and emulation device to ensure the
source sees the correct EDID for the display being used. Don’t
incorporate any device in your signal path that does not allow
EDID to pass unless you have accounted for it with an EDID
capture and emulation solution in the system design and
installation


Potential Pitfalls or Got’chas
► HDCP - High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection
High-
Check HDCP compatibility of any DVI devices being integrated
into the system. The HDMI standard calls for HDCP
implementation, DVI does not, so know if you DVI devices are
HDCP capable or not
Once a signal has HDCP, it must always have HDCP. If you are
incorporating HDCP sources, you cannot convert the signals or
use a device that blocks the HDCP information along the way.
Any distribution amplifiers, switchers or other products you
need to incorporate to meet the signal routing requirements
must pass the HDCP if HDCP is to be used


The Future
► Leading PC Companies phasing out analogue.
AMD, Dell, Intel Corporation, Lenovo, Samsung Electronics LCD
Business and LG Display announced intentions to accelerate
adoption of scalable and lower power digital interfaces such as
DisplayPort 1.2 and High-Definition Multimedia Interface®
High-
(HDMI) 1.4a
Intel and AMD expect that analogue display outputs such as
Video Graphics Array (VGA) and the low voltage differential
signalling technology (LVDS) panel interface would no longer be
supported in their product lines by 2015.
Intel plans to end support of LVDS in 2013 and VGA in 2015 in
its PC client processors and chipsets.
DVI-
DVI-I support eliminated in the same time frame

Credits
► Thanks go out to the following for permissions of
image use and information kindly donated by the
following:
– Andrew Smith CTS – Kramer www.kramerelectronics.co.uk
– Paul Bauer – Think Logical www.thinklogical.com
– Rob Muddiman – Magenta www.magenta-research.com
www.magenta-
– Peter Putman CTS, KT2B www.hdtvexpert.com
– Cisco Systems www.cisco.com
– GestureTek www.gesturetek.com
– Intersense www.intersense.com/

Contact details
Frank Sheehan
Director of Technology – Visual Acuity Limited
frank@visual-
frank@visual-acuity.com
Cell: +44(0)7900 904928
DD: +44(0)1273 307947
Skype: franksheehan

www.visual-
www.visual-acuity.com



Thank you for your attention

Any Questions?


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