- The document summarizes key points from a presentation on advanced pH measurement and control. It discusses challenges in pH control and new technologies for high temperature glass electrodes, wireless transmitters, and online diagnostics.
- Titration curves are essential for pH system design but can be deceptive due to nonlinearity. Factors like temperature, solvent concentration, and CO2 levels can also impact measured pH.
- Accurate pH measurement requires selecting the proper glass and reference electrodes for the process and using techniques like middle signal selection and online diagnostics to detect errors.
Wireless Measurement and Control - AIChE New OrleansJim Cahill
Wireless Measurement and Control - Opportunities for Diagnostics Process Metrics Inferential Measurements and Eliminating Oscillations
Presented by Greg McMillan on March 15, 2011.
Split Range Control - Greg McMillan DeminarJim Cahill
Presented March 9, 2011 by Greg McMillan as on-line demo/seminar. Video recording available at: http://www.screencast.com/users/JimCahill/folders/Public
Wireless Measurement and Control - AIChE New OrleansJim Cahill
Wireless Measurement and Control - Opportunities for Diagnostics Process Metrics Inferential Measurements and Eliminating Oscillations
Presented by Greg McMillan on March 15, 2011.
Split Range Control - Greg McMillan DeminarJim Cahill
Presented March 9, 2011 by Greg McMillan as on-line demo/seminar. Video recording available at: http://www.screencast.com/users/JimCahill/folders/Public
Foundation Fieldbus - Control in the FieldJim Cahill
Presented by Emerson's Travis Hesketh at the 2011 General Assembly in Mumbai, India on March 9-10.
Download the file to get the full effect of the slide builds.
A Unified PID Control Methodology to Meet Plant ObjectivesJim Cahill
Presented at the AIChE 2013 Spring Meeting and 9th Global Congress on Process Safety meeting by Greg McMillan, CDI Process & Industrial and Hector Torres, Eastman Chemical
Opportunity Assessment and Advanced ControlJim Cahill
Gregory K. McMillan ( http://www.modelingandcontrol.com ) presents the process of assessing opportunities to apply advanced process control (APC), their potential benefits, and exposes some common myths.
Meet the demanding needs of high-purity water measurements and high-acid cation exchange applications with the Thermo Scientific™ Orion™ 2111XP Sodium Analyzer. This system offers unmatched reliability in analyzing critical sample streams throughout the power/steam generation and industrial water industry. It is an all-in-one system from one of the most trusted names in sodium monitoring.
The reliable identification of low combustion oxygen in a red heater or boiler has always been critical to the effectiveness of the Burner Management System for proper control and safety.
Low emission burners and aggressive ring control points to achieve increased efficiency and emission reductions have driven the industry to tighter control measures. But tighter control measures also hold a greater potential for combustion damage. Reducing the risk of a combustion event has become a priority and has led to the implementation of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS). This additional layer of safety is added to the Basic Process Control System.
The Claus process is the industry standard and so the most
significant gas desulfurizing process, recovering elemental sulfur
from gaseous hydrogen sulfide.
The process is commonly referred to as a sulfur recovery unit
(SRU) and is very widely used to produce sulfur from the
hydrogen sulfide found in raw natural gas and from the by-product
sour gases containing hydrogen sulfide derived from refining
petroleum crude oil and other industrial facilities.
There are many hundreds of Claus sulfur recovery units in
operation worldwide.
In fact, the vast majority of the 68,000,000 metric tons of sulfur
produced worldwide in one year is by-product sulfur from
petroleum refining and natural gas processing plants.
Vasthi Engineers are most popular Manufacturing industries in india. we are Supplying Dew Point Meters, Gas Analyzers and Gas Detectors for customer world wide.
For more details visit->http://www.vasthi.com/gas-analyzers/
The Hallikainen Model 1354 Vapour Pressure Analyser is a completely automated process stream analyser.
Its fast response and minimal maintenance requirements put the 1354 at the forefront of your vapour pressure measurement needs.
The HY-OPTIMA™ 2700 explosion proof in-line hydrogen process sensors use a solid-state, non-consumable sensor that is configured to operate in process gas streams. The H2scan thin film technology provides a direct hydrogen measurement that is not cross sensitive to other gases.
AlGaN/GaN Chemical Sensors in High Temperature and Pressure ApplicationsJeremy Gillbanks
A PhD proposal to fabricate AlGaN/GaN transistor-based chemical sensors in high temperature and pressure applications at the University of Western Australia.
Foundation Fieldbus - Control in the FieldJim Cahill
Presented by Emerson's Travis Hesketh at the 2011 General Assembly in Mumbai, India on March 9-10.
Download the file to get the full effect of the slide builds.
A Unified PID Control Methodology to Meet Plant ObjectivesJim Cahill
Presented at the AIChE 2013 Spring Meeting and 9th Global Congress on Process Safety meeting by Greg McMillan, CDI Process & Industrial and Hector Torres, Eastman Chemical
Opportunity Assessment and Advanced ControlJim Cahill
Gregory K. McMillan ( http://www.modelingandcontrol.com ) presents the process of assessing opportunities to apply advanced process control (APC), their potential benefits, and exposes some common myths.
Meet the demanding needs of high-purity water measurements and high-acid cation exchange applications with the Thermo Scientific™ Orion™ 2111XP Sodium Analyzer. This system offers unmatched reliability in analyzing critical sample streams throughout the power/steam generation and industrial water industry. It is an all-in-one system from one of the most trusted names in sodium monitoring.
The reliable identification of low combustion oxygen in a red heater or boiler has always been critical to the effectiveness of the Burner Management System for proper control and safety.
Low emission burners and aggressive ring control points to achieve increased efficiency and emission reductions have driven the industry to tighter control measures. But tighter control measures also hold a greater potential for combustion damage. Reducing the risk of a combustion event has become a priority and has led to the implementation of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS). This additional layer of safety is added to the Basic Process Control System.
The Claus process is the industry standard and so the most
significant gas desulfurizing process, recovering elemental sulfur
from gaseous hydrogen sulfide.
The process is commonly referred to as a sulfur recovery unit
(SRU) and is very widely used to produce sulfur from the
hydrogen sulfide found in raw natural gas and from the by-product
sour gases containing hydrogen sulfide derived from refining
petroleum crude oil and other industrial facilities.
There are many hundreds of Claus sulfur recovery units in
operation worldwide.
In fact, the vast majority of the 68,000,000 metric tons of sulfur
produced worldwide in one year is by-product sulfur from
petroleum refining and natural gas processing plants.
Vasthi Engineers are most popular Manufacturing industries in india. we are Supplying Dew Point Meters, Gas Analyzers and Gas Detectors for customer world wide.
For more details visit->http://www.vasthi.com/gas-analyzers/
The Hallikainen Model 1354 Vapour Pressure Analyser is a completely automated process stream analyser.
Its fast response and minimal maintenance requirements put the 1354 at the forefront of your vapour pressure measurement needs.
The HY-OPTIMA™ 2700 explosion proof in-line hydrogen process sensors use a solid-state, non-consumable sensor that is configured to operate in process gas streams. The H2scan thin film technology provides a direct hydrogen measurement that is not cross sensitive to other gases.
AlGaN/GaN Chemical Sensors in High Temperature and Pressure ApplicationsJeremy Gillbanks
A PhD proposal to fabricate AlGaN/GaN transistor-based chemical sensors in high temperature and pressure applications at the University of Western Australia.
This unit consists of a three part 1500 slide PowerPoint roadmap from sciencepowerpoint.com/ complete with a 14 page bundled homework package, modified version, 9 pages of unit notes, built-in hands-on activities with instructions and visuals, 25 video links, built-in quizzes, review games, answer keys, rubrics, worksheets that follow slideshow for classwork, complete student version of the unit, and much more.
Areas of Focus: -Locations of Water on the Planet, Importance of Water, Groundwater, Groundwater Pollution, The Water Molecule, Properties of Water, Polarity, Cohesion, Adhesion, Capillary Action, High Specific Heat, Water has a Neutral pH, lower density of ice, lake turnover, water cycle, three stares of matter, Water is the Universal Solvent, Mixtures, and much more.
I also sell all 20 Middle-Level Science Units as a curriculum package. This includes all 20 units (50,000 slides), in Life, Earth, and Physical Science for students in grades 5-10, This also includes 275 pages of bundled homework / assessment that chronologically follows each unit, 175 pages of modified assessments, 325 pages of answer keys, 260 pages of unit notes, 37 PowerPoint review games (5000+ slides), 315 videos, hundreds of pages of handouts, First Day PowerPoint, Guidebook, and Four Year Curriculum Guide and classroom license.
Thank you for time and if you have any questions please feel free to contact me at www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com. Best wishes.
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
Sincerely,
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
http://sciencepowerpoint.com/
Slides giving an overview on pH and its measurement.
Contains information about pH meters, its calibration, maintenance , types of ph electrode and modern definition of pH
3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017Drift
Thinking about your sales team's goals for 2017? Drift's VP of Sales shares 3 things you can do to improve conversion rates and drive more revenue.
Read the full story on the Drift blog here: http://blog.drift.com/sales-team-tips
Analytical Measurements: Troubleshooting, Maintenance and the FutureISA Boston Section
Focuses on measurement of pH, ORP (Redox), and Conductivity and aspects related to inline measurement of these critical analytical parameters. Discussion topics include scientific theory, measurement challenges, proper troubleshooting, installation, key applications, and the future of analytical measurements
Low conductivity water pH measurement with traditional glass electrode and calibrated by high conductivity buffer is erroneous. There is standard which talk about it.
Magical Mystery Tour of High Purity pH Measurements Yokogawa1
The measurement of high purity pH samples in power applications presents significant challenges to understand, apply and maintain analysis instrumentation. The source of the additional “magic” is the fact that high purity samples by their very nature have a very low conductivity, which presents its own set of issues and challenges in comparison to routine pH measurements. The presentation will explore the theory of pH and how it can be successfully applied in high purity applications, discuss both standard and solution temperature compensation, review installation requirements, and illustrate good calibration and maintenance procedures to facilitate satisfactory measurements.
In this webinar we will:
Review the theory behind the measurement of pH
Discuss the issues surrounding high purity pH measurements
Illustrate the difference between standard and solution temperature compensation
Assess installation requirements for successful measurements
Clarify good calibration and maintenance procedures
report on Online sensor for wastewater and water treatment AshishBhadani4
The measurement of all parameter of water and waste water is directly through the which type of sensors that sensor is mostly given measurement at that time.
pH measurements are often considered to be easy, fast and simple. However, when the sources of potential errors are understood in more detail, results can often be improved which can lead to increased accuracy, repeatability and reliability.
In this webinar presented by Dr. Urs Hartfelder, METTLER TOLEDO Product Manager, discussed how to increase the accuracy, repeatability, and reliability of your pH results by knowing the sources of commonly made pH measurement errors.
No single liquid chromatography (LC) detector delivers ideal results. Often with LC detectors one analyte responds more strongly than another, or may not respond at all. What is most desired is the ability to accurately measure a wide range of analytes with consistent response simultaneously.
Charged Aerosol detection (CAD) is a mass sensitive technique for determining levels of any non-volatile and many semi-volatile analytes after separation by liquid chromatography. This technique provides consistent analyte response independent of chemical characteristics and gives greater sensitivity over a wider dynamic range. An analytes response does not depend on optical properties, like with UV-vis absorbance, or the ability to ionize, as with mass spectrometry (MS). The presence of chromophoric groups, radiolabels, ionizable moieties, or chemical derivatization is needed for detection.
Presentation Outline for Expanding Your High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Capabilities with Universal Detection-Shedding Light on Non-Chromophore Compounds:
• Introduction to Charged Aerosol Detection
• How Charged Aerosol Technology Works
• Comparison with Evaporative Light Scattering Detectors
(ELSD)
• Examples of Applications
• Inverse Gradient Solution for Uniform Response
Determination of Oxygen in Anhydrous Ammonia
SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the determination of trace amounts of oxygen in Liquefied anhydrous ammonia.
The trace oxygen analyzer provides for trace oxygen analysis in decade steps ranging from 0 - 10 to 0 - 10,000 ppm v/v (full scale).
Multi parameter micro processor based highly accurate meters. These type of meters are ideal when,multiple
parameter in the given solution need to be checked and recorded.
The ZR800 Oxygen Analysers offer unsurpassed accuracy,
reliability and flexibility under the most demanding on-line
operating conditions. All ZR800 Oxygen Analysers utilise
precision Zirconia Oxide sensors for accurate detection of oxygen.
Similar to Isa saint-louis-advanced-p h-short-course-day-1 (20)
New Kids on the I/O Block - Transferring Process Control Knowledge to Millenn...Jim Cahill
Presented at 2014 Emerson Exchange conference by Danaca Jordan and Jim Cahill.
As retirement rates accelerate in Western nations, efficiently transferring knowledge and lessons learned to new instrumentation and automation professionals grows in importance. Given generational differences in learning styles and limited spare time to develop training, what are some effective ways to accomplish this? A Boomer and a Millennial collaborate to share practical methods to take back with you.
Social Media and Collaboration in Automation and ManufacturingJim Cahill
Presented at the ARC Industry Forum in Orlando, Florida. The presentation highlights the important of surfacing expertise to make it findable and expanding your social network connections.
Social Media for Process Automation - Why?Jim Cahill
Some reasons process automation suppliers may want to consider the use of social media in their business efforts. Presented by Jim Cahill at the 2011 Valve Manufacturers Association Market Outlook Workshop (http://jimc.me/p5uOFC)
PID Control of Runaway Processes - Greg McMillan DeminarJim Cahill
On-line demo / seminar presented by ModelingAndControl.com's Greg McMillan on August 25, 2010.
Recorded version of presentation will be available post live session at: http://www.screencast.com/users/JimCahill/folders/Deminars
PID Control of True Integrating Processes - Greg McMillan DeminarJim Cahill
Presented August 11, 2010 by Greg McMillan as on-line demo/seminar. Video recording available at: http://www.screencast.com/users/JimCahill/folders/Public
PID Tuning for Near Integrating Processes - Greg McMillan DeminarJim Cahill
Greg McMillan shares how to reduce tuning time for near integrating processes.
Recorded video version available for viewing at: http://www.screencast.com/t/NmUxZTBiNTg
Greg teaches you about Auto Tuning and Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Processes that are self regulating. Recorded video available for viewing at: http://www.screencast.com/t/NDY1NTQx
On-line Process Control Lab Access and Use DeminarJim Cahill
Recorded demo/seminar of Greg McMillan presenting On-line Process Control Lab with Access and Use Instructions on May 27, 2010.
Screencast of presentation available at: http://www.screencast.com/t/Y2Q4NjM0Y
PID Control of Slow Valves and Secondary Loops Greg McMillan Deminar SeriesJim Cahill
Greg McMillan shares ways to address slow valves and different time constants between primary and secondary loops.
Recorded deminar (demo/seminar) available for viewing at: http://www.screencast.com/t/YWYxZGUw
PID Control of Valve Sticktion and Backlash - Greg McMillan Deminar SeriesJim Cahill
Greg McMillan shows the limit of PID control options to help with sticky valves and valves with excessive deadband in this live deminar (demo/seminar).
Recorded video at: http://www.screencast.com/t/OTJjYjE1Nz
A presentation given to the ISA Executive Board on February 25, 2010. It describes opportunities for social media for businesses and institutions, the Emerson social media story, other companies successes, and pitfalls.
PID Control Of Sampled Measurements - Greg McMillan Deminar SeriesJim Cahill
This presentation, PID Control of Sampled Measurements, is from the first in Greg McMillan's live seminar / demo (a.k.a. deminar) series.
You can watch a recorded version of this presentation at: http://www.screencast.com/t/ODhlOWY4M
For future events and background, visit: http://www.emersonprocessxperts.com/archives/2010/04/free_series_of.html
Process Profiling: Investigation And Prediction Of Process Upsets With Advanc...Jim Cahill
2009 HART Plant of the Year Award winner Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Uses HART Technology to Detect Abnormal Situations and Failures before they Affect the Process
http://hartcomm.org/protocol/realworld/realworld_success_mitsubishi09.html
Advances In Digital Automation Within RefiningJim Cahill
Emerson's Tim Olsen presents to Argentinean refiners on the changes in automation technologies and how they are being applied to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
At Emerson Exchange 2009, Martin Berutti presents on the business benefits, requirements, and steps for building a Virtual DeltaV system with a virtual plant and I/O.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
5. Extraordinary Sensitivity and Rangeability pH Hydrogen Ion Concentration Hydroxyl Ion Concentration 0 1.0 0.00000000000001 1 ` 0.1 0.0000000000001 2 0.01 0.000000000001 3 0.001 0.00000000001 4 0.0001 0.0000000001 5 0.00001 0.000000001 6 0.000001 0.00000001 7 0.0000001 0.0000001 8 0.00000001 0.000001 9 0.000000001 0.00001 10 0.0000000001 0.0001 11 0.00000000001 0.001 12 0.000000000001 0.01 13 0.0000000000001 0.1 14 0.00000000000001 1.0 a H = 10 pH pH = - log (a H ) a H = c H c H c OH = 10 pKw Where: a H = hydrogen ion activity (gm-moles per liter) c H = hydrogen ion concentration (gm-moles per liter) c OH = hydroxyl ion concentration (gm-moles per liter) = activity coefficient (1 for dilute solutions) pH = negative base 10 power of hydrogen ion activity pK w = negative base 10 power of the water dissociation constant (14.0 at 25 o C) Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ion Concentrations in a Water Solution at 25 o C
6. Nonlinearity - Graphical Deception Reagent Influent Ratio Reagent Influent Ratio Despite appearances there are no straight lines in a titration curve (zoom in reveals another curve if there are enough data points - a big “IF” in neutral region) For a strong acid and base the pK a are off-scale and the slope continually changes by a factor of ten for each pH unit deviation from neutrality (7 pH at 25 o C) As the pH approaches the neutral point the response accelerates (looks like a runaway). Operators often ask what can be done to slow down the pH response around 7 pH. Yet titration curves are essential for every aspect of pH system design but you must get numerical values and avoid mistakes such as insufficient data points in the area around the set point 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 pH 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 pH
7. Nonlinearity - Graphical Deception Strong Acid and Weak Base pk a = 10 Slope moderated near each pK a pK a and curve changes with temperature! Weak Acid and Strong Base pk a = 4 Multiple Weak Acids and Weak Bases pk a = 3 pk a = 5 pk a = 9 Weak Acid and Weak Base pk a = 4 pk a = 10
8. Double Junction Combination pH Electrode W W E m R 10 R 9 R 8 R 7 R 6 R 5 R 4 R 3 R 2 R 1 E r E 5 E 4 E 3 E 2 E 1 outer gel layer inner gel layer second junction primary junction solution ground Process Fluid silver-silver chloride internal electrode silver-silver chloride internal electrode potassium chloride (KCl) electrolyte in salt bridge between junctions 7 pH buffer I i High acid or base concentrations can affect glass gel layer and reference junction potential Increase in noise or decrease in span or efficiency is indicative of glass electrode problem Shift or drift in pH measurement is normally associated with reference electrode problem Process ions try to migrate into porous reference junction while electrolyte ions try to migrate out Nernst Equation assumes inside and outside gel layers identical Measurement becomes slow from a loss of active sites or a thin coating of outer gel W W W W W W W W
9. Life Depends Upon Process Conditions 25 C 50 C 75 C 100 C Process Temperature Months >100% increase in life from new glass designs for high temperatures High acid or base concentrations (operation at the extremes of the titration curve) decrease life for a given temperature. A deterioration in measurement accuracy and response time often accompanies a reduction in life. Consequently pH feedforward control is unreliable and the feedforward effect and timing is way off for such cases.
10. New High Temperature Glass Stays Fast Glass electrodes get slow as they age. High temperatures cause premature aging
15. Horizontal Piping Arrangements 5 to 9 fps to minimize coatings 0.1 to 1 fps to minimize abrasion 20 to 80 degrees The bubble inside the glass bulb can be lodged in tip of a probe that is horizontal or pointed up or caught at the internal electrode of a probe that is vertically down pressure drop for each branch must be equal to to keep the velocities equal Series arrangement preferred to minimize differences in solids, velocity, concentration, and temperature at each electrode! 10 OD 10 OD 20 pipe diameters 20 pipe diameters static mixer or pump flush drain flush drain throttle valve to adjust velocity throttle valve to adjust velocity AE AE AE AE AE AE
16. Vertical Piping Arrangements 5 to 9 fps coating abrasion 10 OD 10 OD 0.1 to 1 fps hole or slot Orientation of slot in shroud throttle valve to adjust velocity throttle valve to adjust velocity Series arrangement preferred to minimize differences in solids, velocity, concentration, and temperature at each electrode! AE AE AE AE AE AE
17. What is High Today may be Low Tomorrow A B A B A B pH time Most calibration adjustments chase the short term errors shown below that arise from concentration gradients from imperfect mixing, ion migration into reference junction, temperature shifts, different glass surface conditions, and fluid streaming potentials. With just two electrodes, there are more questions than answers.
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22. Temperature Comp Parameters Solution pH Temperature Correction Isopotential Point Changeable for Special pH Electrodes pH / ORP Selection Preamplifier Location Type of Reference Used Ranging AMS pH Range and Compensation Configuration
23. Impedance Diagnostics On/Off Reference Impedance Warning and Fault Levels Reference Zero Offset Calibration Error Limit Glass Electrode Impedance Warning and Fault Levels Glass Impedance Temp Comp (Prevents spurious errors due to Impedance decrease with Temperature) AMS pH Diagnostics Configuration
24. Live Measurements and Status Calibration Constants from Last Calibrations Buffer Calibration Type & Buffer Standard Used Sensor Stabilization Criteria Zero Offset Beyond this Limit will create a Calibration Error If you want to know more about Buffer Calibration, hit this button… AMS pH Calibration Setup
25. Tips on doing Buffer Calibration Temperature Range and Values of Selectable Buffers in the Xmtr Explanation Buffer Calibration Parameters AMS pH Buffer Calibration Tips
33. Wireless pH Transmitters Have Latest Advances Better resolution and diagnostics than smart wired transmitters
34. Wireless pH Transmitters Eliminate Ground Spikes Wired pH ground noise spike Temperature compensated wireless pH controlling at 6.9 pH set point Incredibly tight pH control via 0.001 pH wireless resolution setting still reduced the number of communications by 60%
42. Control Valve Rangeability and Resolution pH Reagent Flow Influent Flow 6 8 Influent pH B A Control Band Set point B E r = 100% F imax F rmax F rmax = A F imax B E r = A S s = 0.5 E r Where: A = distance to center of reagent error band on abscissa from influent pH B = width of allowable reagent error band on abscissa for control band E r = allowable reagent error (%) F rmax = maximum reagent valve capacity (kg per minute) F imax = maximum influent flow (kg per minute) S s = allowable stick-slip (resolution limit) (%)
43. Diaphragm Actuator with Solenoid Valves Port A Port B Supply ZZZZZZZ Control Signal Digital Valve Controller Must be functionally tested before commissioning! SV Terminal Box
44. Size of Step Determines What you See Maintenance test of 25% or 50% steps will not detect dead band - all valves look good for 10% or larger steps
46. Limit Cycle in Flow Loop from Valve Stick-Slip Controller Output (%) Saw Tooth Oscillation Process Variable (kpph) Square Wave Oscillation
47. Real Rangeability Minimum fractional flow coefficient for a linear trim and stick-slip: Minimum fractional flow coefficient for an equal percentage trim and stick-slip: Minimum controllable fractional flow for installed characteristic and stick-slip: C xmin minimum flow coefficient expressed as a fraction of maximum (dimensionless) P r valve pressure drop ratio (dimensionless) Q xmin minimum flow expressed as a fraction of the maximum (dimensionless) R v rangeability of control valve (dimensionless) R range of the equal percentage characteristic (e.g. 50) X vmin maximum valve stroke (%) S v stick-slip near closed position (%)
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49. Reagent Savings is Huge for Flat Part of Curve pH Reagent to Feed Flow Ratio Reagent Savings Original set point Optimum set point 4 10 Oscillations could be due to non-ideal mixing, control valve stick-slip. or pressure fluctuations
50. Effect of Sensor Drift on Reagent Calculations pH Reagent to Feed Flow Ratio 4 10 6 8 Feedforward Reagent Error Feedforward pH Error Sensor Drift pH Set Point Influent pH The error in a pH feedforward calculation increases for a given sensor error as the slope of the curve decreases. This result Combined with an increased likelihood of Errors at low and high pH means feedforward Could do more harm than good when going from the curve’s extremes to the neutral region. Flow feedforward (ratio control of reagent to influent flow) works well for vessel pH control if there are reliable flow measurements with sufficient rangeability Feedforward control always requires pH feedback correction unless the set point is on the flat part of the curve, use Coriolis mass flow meters and have constant influent and reagent concentrations
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52. Dynamic First Principal Modeling Integration of component mass balances in vessel volume Calculation of component normalities Interval halving search for pH that satisfies the charge balance all component mass flows* ( F i ) Calculation of mixture’s density mixture’s liquid density ( m ) signed ionic charges ( Z i ) component mass fractions ( X i ) molecular weights component normalities ( N i ) acid and base negative logarithmic base 10 acid dissociation constants ( pK ai ) water pK w pH component fractional molar densities ( w i ) For inline systems, mass flow ratios are used instead of integrators to compute mass and mole fractions m (w i i ) Component liquid densities ( i ) *Note that all component mass flows in all streams (not just acids and bases) must be included in the component mass balances The titration curves are obtained by incrementing the reagent mass flow
53. Calculation of Normality z * d * x N = ------------- (2-1e) M N c = ------- (2-1f) z Where: c = molar concentration of diluted acid or base (gm-moles per liter) d = density of solution (gm per liter) M = molecular weight of pure acid or base (gm per gm-mole) n = number of gm-moles of pure acid or base x = weight fraction of pure acid or base in solution z = number of replaceable hydrogen or hydroxyl ions per molecule of acid or base N = grams-ions of replaceable hydrogen or hydroxyl groups per liter
54. Charge Balance Normalities from Dissociation 1 N 1 s N (2-4a) 1 + P 1 (1 + 0.5 P 2 ) N 2 s N (2-4b) (1+ P 2 (1+P 1 )) (1+0.33*P 3 *(2+P 2 )) N 3 s N (2-4c) (1+P 3 (1+P 2 (1+P 1 ))) P 1 = 10 (s*(pH - pK 1 )) (2-4d) P 2 = 10 (s*(pH - pK 2 )) (2-4e) P 3 = 10 (s*(pH – pK 3 )) (2-4f)
55. Charge Balance Equations For strong acids and bases, the acids and bases are completely dissociated everywhere on the pH scale, which gives the following charge balance: N bi N ai 10 pH 10 (pH – pKw) = 0 (2-4g) i i For weak acids and bases with a single dissociation, the concentration of ions depend upon pH and are computed via equation 2-4a, which gives the following charge balance: 1 1 N bi ] N ai ] + 10 pH – 10 (pH pKw) (2-4h) i (1 + P bi ) i (1 + P ai )
56. Charge Balance Nomenclature Where: N = concentration of an acid or base (normality) N 1 = concentration of ions from a single dissociation (normality) N 2 = concentration of ions from a double dissociation (normality) N 3 = concentration of ions from a triple dissociation (normality) N ai = concentration of an acid i (normality) N bi = concentration of a base i (normality) pK 1 = negative base 10 logarithmic first acid dissociation constant pK 2 = negative base 10 logarithmic second acid dissociation constant pK 3 = negative base 10 logarithmic third acid dissociation constant pK w = negative base 10 logarithmic water dissociation constant P 1 = parameter for an acid or base with one dissociation P 2 = parameter for an acid or base with two dissociations P 3 = parameter for an acid or base with three dissociations P ai = parameter for dissociation of an acid i with a single dissociation P bi = parameter for dissociation of a base i with a single dissociation s = ion sign (s 1 for acids and s 1 for bases)
57. Virtual Plant Knowledge Synergy Dynamic Process Model Online Data Analytics Model Predictive Control Loop Monitoring And Tuning DCS batch and loop configuration, displays, and historian Virtual Plant Laptop or Desktop Personal Computer Or DCS Application Station or Controller Embedded Advanced Control Tools Embedded Modeling Tools Process Knowledge
58. Virtual Plant Setup Advanced Control Modules Process Module for Bioreactor or Neutralizer Virtual Plant Laptop or Desktop or Control System Station Configuration and Graphics
59. Modeled pH Control System Signal characterizers linearize loop via reagent demand control AY 1-4 AC 1-1 AY 1-3 splitter AT 1-3 AT 1-2 AT 1-1 AY 1-1 AY 1-2 middle signal selector signal characterizer signal characterizer pH set point Eductors FT 1-1 FT 1-2 NaOH Acid LT 1-5 Tank Static Mixer Feed To other Tank Downstream system LC 1-5 From other Tank To other Tank
61. Field Generation of Titration Curve Static Mixer Feed AT 1-1 FT 1-1 FT 1-2 Reagent 10 to 20 pipe diameters Filter Delay Div Curve Reagent to Feed Ratio Measured pH X,Y pair Div Transportation Time Delay Feed Flow Ramp in ROut mode Filter Y Axis (filtered pH) Synchronized X Axis (Reagent/Feed Ratio) Coriolis Mass Flow Meter Coriolis Mass Flow Meter Mass Hold Up = Density Volume FC 1-1 AC 1-1
62. Axial Agitation Recommended for pH Control The agitation in a vessel should be a vertical axial pattern without rotation and be intense enough to break the surface but not cause froth baffles Vertical well mixed tank liquid height should be 0.5 to 1.5x tank diameter
63. Radial Agitation Detrimental for pH Control Stagnant Zone Stagnant Zone The stagnant zones introduce a large and variable dead time. The use of an external recirculation stream and an eductor ring can reduce stagnation
64. Horizontal Tanks and Sumps are Bad News Feed Reagent AT 1-3 Short Circuiting Stagnant Zone Plug Flow Multiple recirculation streams can help but this type of geometry is best used for attenuation of oscillations upstream or downstream of a pH control system. The insertion of an inline pH control system in the recirculation line could make this a viable system by putting a fast system in series with a large volume M
65. Vessel Time Constant and Dead Time For a vertical well mixed vessel: V dp (5-3a) F i F r F c F a F a N q N s D i 3 (5-3b) 0.4 N q (5-3c) (D i D t ) 0.55 dp L U ) (5-3d) V p dp (5-3e) F i F r For a vessel with proper geometry, baffles, and axial patterns, the equipment dead time from mixing is approximately the turnover time For a vessel with proper geometry, baffles, and axial patterns, the continuous equipment time constant is the residence time minus the dead time
66. Equipment Dynamics Nomenclature Where: D i impeller diameter (meter) D t tank inside diameter (meter) F i influent mass flow (kg per minute) F r reagent mass flow (kg per minute) F c recirculation mass flow (kg per minute) F a agitation mass flow (kg per minute) L distance between inlet and outlet nozzles (meter) N q agitator discharge coefficient (0.4 to 1.4) N s agitator speed (revolutions per minute) average fluid density (kg per cubic meter) dp process dead time from mixing (minutes) p process time constant from mixing (minutes) U average bulk velocity (meters per minute) V vessel liquid volume (cubic meters)
67. Reagent Injection Delay For reagent dilution or after closing of a control valve to a dip tube or injection tube: V dp F r Where: F r reagent mass flow (kg per minute) average fluid density (kg per cubic meter) dp process dead time from mixing (minutes) V injection volume (cubic meters) The delivery delay from an empty or back filled reagent pipe, injection tube, and dip tube is the largest source of dead time in a pH loop Use isolation valves close coupled to the injection point coordinated with the action of the control valve to reduce reagent holdup between process and reagent control valve
68. Static Mixer - Good Radial but Poor Axial Mixing Oscillations and noise will pass through a static mixer un-attenuated and the poor dead time to time constant ratio leads to more oscillations The extremely small residence time of a static mixer greatly reduces the magnitude of the dead time and the volume of off-spec material “ The Future is Inline” due to a much lower cost, smaller footprint, and faster response if you can address oscillation and noise issues
69. Attenuation of Oscillations by a Volume For a single vessel volume: T o A o A i (5-3j) p Where: A i amplitude of input oscillation into volume (reagent to influent ratio) A o amplitude of output oscillation from volume (reagent to influent ratio) T o period of oscillation (minutes) p process time constant from mixing (minutes) Back mixed volumes attenuate oscillations in concentration that must be translated to pH via a titration curve to see the effect on the pH trend The average pH measurement upstream and downstream will differ due To the nonlinearity. The upstream pH fluctuations must be translated to concentration fluctuations (changes in reagent to influent ratio) and then attenuated per Equation 5-3j and translated back to pH via titration curve
70. Translation of Oscillations via Titration Curve pH Reagent Flow Influent Flow 6 8 The effect of fluctuations in influent concentration or mixing uniformity on measurement error and the effect of pressure fluctuations and control valve resolution on the ratio of reagent to influent is less on flat portions of the titration curve but high acid or base concentrations at the curve extremes may attack glass and wetted materials of construction and increase reference junction potentials
71. Everyday Mistakes in pH System Design Mistake 7 (gravity flow) AT 1-1 AT 1-3 AT 1-2 Mistake 4 (horizontal tank) reagent feed tank Mistakes 5 and 6 (backfilled dip tube & injection short circuit) Mistake 11 (electrode in pump suction) Mistake 8 (valve too far away) Mistake 9 (ball valve with no positioner) Mistake 10 (electrode submerged in vessel) Mistake 12 (electrode too far downstream) Mistake 3 (single stage for set point at 7 pH) Influent (1 pH) Mistake 1: Missing, inaccurate, or erroneous titration curve Mistake 2: Absence of a plan to handle failures, startups, or shutdowns M
72. Inline and Tank Control System Performance The Inline system has the fastest recovery time and lowest cost but due to the lack of back mixing, the signal will wildly fluctuate for set points on the steep part of the titration curve. A signal filter (e.g. 12 sec) or reagent demand control attenuate the oscillations but an offset from the set point is seen downstream The tank responses shown above assumes a negligible reagent delivery delay and are thus faster than typical. In most systems the reagent injection delay is so large due to a dip tube, the period of oscillation is 10x slower than what is seen in an inline system
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Editor's Notes
Provide material for this section.
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Provide material for this section. Then use the final Q&A slide to cover questions over the entire presentation, not only specific to the section just covered.
Provide material for this section. Then use the final Q&A slide to cover questions over the entire presentation, not only specific to the section just covered.
Provide material for this section.
Briefly summarize the concepts covered in this seminar. A final Q&A session at end of the seminar presentation will allow you a chance to wrap-up with the internet attendees.
Provide material for this section. Then use the final Q&A slide to cover questions over the entire presentation, not only specific to the section just covered.
Provide material for this section.
Provide material for this section. Then use the final Q&A slide to cover questions over the entire presentation, not only specific to the section just covered.
Briefly summarize the concepts covered in this seminar. A final Q&A session at end of the seminar presentation will allow you a chance to wrap-up with the internet attendees.
Briefly summarize the concepts covered in this seminar. A final Q&A session at end of the seminar presentation will allow you a chance to wrap-up with the internet attendees.
Briefly summarize the concepts covered in this seminar. A final Q&A session at end of the seminar presentation will allow you a chance to wrap-up with the internet attendees.
Briefly summarize the concepts covered in this seminar. A final Q&A session at end of the seminar presentation will allow you a chance to wrap-up with the internet attendees.
Briefly summarize the concepts covered in this seminar. A final Q&A session at end of the seminar presentation will allow you a chance to wrap-up with the internet attendees.
Briefly summarize the concepts covered in this seminar. A final Q&A session at end of the seminar presentation will allow you a chance to wrap-up with the internet attendees.
Briefly summarize the concepts covered in this seminar. A final Q&A session at end of the seminar presentation will allow you a chance to wrap-up with the internet attendees.