1. The document summarizes research on iron ore deposits in the Agbaja Formation in the southern Bida Basin of Nigeria. It describes the geology and stratigraphy of the Bida Basin, including the Lokoja, Patti, and Agbaja Formations that host ironstone deposits.
2. The Agbaja iron ore deposit contains an estimated 586 million tonnes of 41-41.3% iron content. The deposit formed in a channel iron environment within the Late Cretaceous Agbaja Formation of the Bida Basin.
3. The author reviews the tectonic history and development of the Bida Basin, noting it formed as an embayment related to Santonian
This document discusses mantle melting and magmatic processes. It begins by describing the composition and petrology of the mantle, obtained from samples such as ophiolites, dredged rocks, and mantle xenoliths. Mantle melting can occur through heat-induced melting, adiabatic decompression melting, or flux melting through the addition of volatiles. Magmatic processes include partial melting, magma accumulation and separation, mixing, emplacement, and differentiation during solidification. Magmas are classified based on their composition into mafic, intermediate, and felsic types. Trace elements are enriched or depleted during partial melting depending on their bulk distribution coefficients. Models of magma evolution include batch and fractional melting.
Biogeochemical anomalies occur where vegetation contains abnormally high concentrations of metals. Different plant species take up different amounts of inorganic materials from the soil based on factors like their root depth and water source. Plants with deep roots directly over an ore deposit can show biogeochemical anomalies from taking up mobile elements in soil solutions. Biogeochemical surveys first determine the optimal plant species, plant part, and elements to sample through an orientation survey. They then involve systematically collecting and analyzing plant samples according to a grid or vegetation distribution to identify anomalies.
This document discusses the importance of studying textures of ore deposits to understand their genesis. It describes various textures including: 1) magmatic ores with cumulus, intergranular, and exsolution textures; 2) hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns with replacement and open space filling textures identified by criteria like pseudomorphs and matching fracture walls; and 3) near-surface deposits with colloform textures like botryoidal aggregates and Liesegang rings formed from colloidal solutions. Understanding these textures provides insight into the formation processes, conditions, and evolution of different ore deposit types.
The document provides information about the sedimentary basins in Nigeria, focusing on the Benue Trough. It describes the Benue Trough as a major geological formation underlying a large part of Nigeria. It formed as part of the Central African Rift System during the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. The trough contains up to 6000m of Cretaceous sediments and is divided into the Lower, Middle, and Upper Benue basins. While exploration has focused on the adjacent Niger Delta Basin, the Benue Trough shows potential for oil and gas discoveries.
Paired metamorphic belts occur where zones of high-pressure low-temperature metamorphism are parallel to zones of low-pressure high-temperature metamorphism. They were first recognized in Japan and form due to subduction of oceanic crust beneath continental crust. Paired metamorphic belts support the theory of plate tectonics, as the contrasting pressure-temperature conditions in the two parallel belts can be explained by ocean-continent convergence. Examples of paired metamorphic belts are found throughout the basement rocks of the former Gondwanaland supercontinent.
This document summarizes an academic presentation on applications of geophysical survey methods, including:
- Gravity surveys can be used to explore for hydrocarbons, study regional geology, locate mineral deposits, and monitor volcanoes. They help determine density variations underground.
- Magnetic surveys detect variations in the Earth's magnetic field to map archaeological artifacts, locate buried infrastructure like pipes and tanks, explore for ores and fossil fuels, and study tectonics and geology.
- Electrical resistivity surveys measure subsurface resistivity variations to detect archaeological features, map groundwater, and identify contaminant plumes or unstable ground conditions.
- Seismic surveys use acoustic impulses to image underground rock layers for applications like
This document discusses mantle melting and magmatic processes. It begins by describing the composition and petrology of the mantle, obtained from samples such as ophiolites, dredged rocks, and mantle xenoliths. Mantle melting can occur through heat-induced melting, adiabatic decompression melting, or flux melting through the addition of volatiles. Magmatic processes include partial melting, magma accumulation and separation, mixing, emplacement, and differentiation during solidification. Magmas are classified based on their composition into mafic, intermediate, and felsic types. Trace elements are enriched or depleted during partial melting depending on their bulk distribution coefficients. Models of magma evolution include batch and fractional melting.
Biogeochemical anomalies occur where vegetation contains abnormally high concentrations of metals. Different plant species take up different amounts of inorganic materials from the soil based on factors like their root depth and water source. Plants with deep roots directly over an ore deposit can show biogeochemical anomalies from taking up mobile elements in soil solutions. Biogeochemical surveys first determine the optimal plant species, plant part, and elements to sample through an orientation survey. They then involve systematically collecting and analyzing plant samples according to a grid or vegetation distribution to identify anomalies.
This document discusses the importance of studying textures of ore deposits to understand their genesis. It describes various textures including: 1) magmatic ores with cumulus, intergranular, and exsolution textures; 2) hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns with replacement and open space filling textures identified by criteria like pseudomorphs and matching fracture walls; and 3) near-surface deposits with colloform textures like botryoidal aggregates and Liesegang rings formed from colloidal solutions. Understanding these textures provides insight into the formation processes, conditions, and evolution of different ore deposit types.
The document provides information about the sedimentary basins in Nigeria, focusing on the Benue Trough. It describes the Benue Trough as a major geological formation underlying a large part of Nigeria. It formed as part of the Central African Rift System during the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana. The trough contains up to 6000m of Cretaceous sediments and is divided into the Lower, Middle, and Upper Benue basins. While exploration has focused on the adjacent Niger Delta Basin, the Benue Trough shows potential for oil and gas discoveries.
Paired metamorphic belts occur where zones of high-pressure low-temperature metamorphism are parallel to zones of low-pressure high-temperature metamorphism. They were first recognized in Japan and form due to subduction of oceanic crust beneath continental crust. Paired metamorphic belts support the theory of plate tectonics, as the contrasting pressure-temperature conditions in the two parallel belts can be explained by ocean-continent convergence. Examples of paired metamorphic belts are found throughout the basement rocks of the former Gondwanaland supercontinent.
This document summarizes an academic presentation on applications of geophysical survey methods, including:
- Gravity surveys can be used to explore for hydrocarbons, study regional geology, locate mineral deposits, and monitor volcanoes. They help determine density variations underground.
- Magnetic surveys detect variations in the Earth's magnetic field to map archaeological artifacts, locate buried infrastructure like pipes and tanks, explore for ores and fossil fuels, and study tectonics and geology.
- Electrical resistivity surveys measure subsurface resistivity variations to detect archaeological features, map groundwater, and identify contaminant plumes or unstable ground conditions.
- Seismic surveys use acoustic impulses to image underground rock layers for applications like
GEOLOGICAL THERMOMETERS
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
Proper understanding of origin of mineral deposits and their classification requires the knowledge of formation-temperatures of these deposits. Certain minerals, present over there, give information’s with regard to temperatures of their formations and of the enclosing deposits and they are known as geological thermometers. These geological thermometers may be classed chiefly into the following groups based on their preciseness:
1. The thermometers that record fairly accurately the specific temperature condition of formation of deposits.
2. The thermometers that provide an upper or a lower temperature, above or below which the deposits do not form
3. The thermometers that provide a range of temperature within which the deposits form; and
4. The thermometers that serve as rough indications of temperatures of formation of mineral deposits.
The presence of two or more of less precise geological thermometers in a deposit narrows the range of temperature of formation for the deposits
Introduction to Geochemistry of Igneous RocksShah Naseer
Igneous rocks are formed through the colling and solidification of magma or lava.
The magma can be derived form partial melts of existing rocks neither a planets mantle or curst .
This document summarizes sedimentary ore deposits, specifically banded iron formations (BIF). It discusses the processes that form different types of BIF, including Algoma and Superior types, as well as their geologic time distribution. The document also explains the role of microbial communities in the deposition of iron minerals and formation of BIF layers through anoxic iron redox cycling, including phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation and nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation mediated by bacteria. Overall, the document provides an overview of the genesis and microbial influences on the formation of important economic BIF deposits in sedimentary environments.
1. The document discusses ore textures and paragenetic sequences, beginning with definitions and requirements for studying ore textures.
2. It describes various ore textures including single grain textures, magmatic ore textures, open space filling textures, and replacement textures.
3. The document concludes with a discussion on developing paragenetic sequences by analyzing features like cross-cutting relationships and exsolution textures.
Role of Trace Elements In Petrogenesis Gokul Anand
Trace elements occur in very low concentrations in rocks and provide important information about magmatic processes. They can be classified as compatible or incompatible based on whether they fit easily into mantle mineral crystal structures. Geochemical analysis of trace elements using techniques like XRF and ICP-MS allows determination of magma source and depth, identification of fractionating phases, and testing of models of magmatic differentiation. Trace elements are especially useful for rare earth elements, which indicate the type of basalt and can identify fractionating phases from REE patterns.
Reflecting method of seismic prospectingPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of seismic prospecting methods. It discusses the different types of seismic waves, including P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. The seismic reflecting method is described as using controlled seismic sources to generate waves that reflect off underground formations and are detected by sensors at the surface. Reflection seismology can be used to map subsurface geology at various depths for applications like hydrocarbon exploration, engineering surveys, and studying crustal structures. In summary, the document outlines seismic prospecting techniques, focusing on the seismic reflecting method of using controlled sources and detecting reflected waves.
Exploration Geophysics III semester.pdfSHAHEENAKBAR3
The document discusses the electrical resistivity method for geophysical investigations. It begins by defining electrical resistivity and describing how it is measured. Resistivity depends on factors like moisture content and can be used to distinguish different earth materials. Common electrical methods involve introducing a current and measuring potential gradients to determine resistivity. This allows interpreting subsurface stratigraphy and structures. Applications include mapping geology, locating aquifers, and engineering investigations. In summary, the electrical resistivity method measures resistivity distributions in the ground to interpret subsurface compositions and locate features like water-bearing zones.
This document discusses mineral and energy resources. It begins by describing how early humans began using minerals like flint and metals over 20,000 years ago. It then covers the formation of different types of mineral deposits including hydrothermal deposits formed from hot aqueous solutions, magmatic deposits within igneous rocks, and sedimentary deposits from precipitation or weathering. Specific examples of important mineral deposits are provided for different minerals. The document concludes by discussing classifications of useful mineral substances and various energy resources.
Sedimentology application in petroleum industryAndi Anriansyah
This document provides an overview of sedimentology and its applications in the petroleum industry. It discusses key concepts in sedimentology including sedimentary rocks, depositional environments, sediment transport processes, and sedimentary structures. These concepts are important for understanding reservoir heterogeneity, predicting texture, and informing exploration and production strategies. The document cautions against oversimplifying depositional environments and stresses the importance of analyzing sediment transport and depositional processes to avoid misinterpretation.
Gravity and magnetic methods are an essential part of oil exploration. They do not replace seismic. Rather, they add to it. Despite being comparatively low-resolution, they have some very big advantages.
These geophysical methods passively measure natural variations in the earth’s gravity and magnetic fields over a map area and then try to relate these variations to geologic features in the subsurface. Lacking a controlled source, such surveys are usually environmentally unobjectionable.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The document discusses the Phanerozoic stratigraphy of sedimentary basins in India. It describes several types of basins that developed through the Phanerozoic due to tectonic evolution, including intra-cratonic rift basins, rift-passive margin basins, foreland and foredeep basins, subduction-related/accretionary basins, and collisional basins. Specific examples of each type are provided, such as the Gondwana basins, Kutch-Saurashtra basins, and Cambay basin for intra-cratonic rift basins. The development of sedimentary basins along India's east coast opening due to sea floor
Introduction of foraminifera in oil explorationPurvaPandey3
This document discusses the application of foraminifera in oil exploration. It begins with an introduction to foraminifera and their importance in oil exploration due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. It then covers the conditions required for oil formation, concepts in using foraminifera for oil exploration like biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment interpretation, and micropaleontological techniques. Foraminifera are useful for biostratigraphic correlation, interpreting depositional environments, and reconstructing the geologic history of sedimentary basins to aid in oil exploration.
This document provides an overview of stable sulfur isotopes. It begins with definitions of isotopes and discusses the four stable isotopes of sulfur - 32S, 33S, 34S, and 36S. It then explains how sulfur isotope ratios are measured using mass spectrometry and discusses some typical isotope variations seen in nature. Applications of sulfur isotopes include tracing sulfur sources in hydrology and studying mantle processes. In conclusion, the document reinforces that sulfur has four stable isotopes and occurs in a variety of geological materials and environments.
The Cambay Basin is an intracratonic rift graben located in northwest India that began forming following the Deccan Traps volcanic event in the late Cretaceous. The basin is filled with up to 8km of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Major source rocks include the thick Cambay Shale deposited in the early Eocene during a transgression. Hydrocarbon reservoirs are found in the Olpad Formation, Hazad delta sands, and Miocene formations. Multiple petroleum plays exist, including those in the Paleocene-early Eocene, middle Eocene, and late Eocene-Oligocene sequences. The Cambay Shale is a prolific source of oil and gas in the
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
The document outlines India's National Mineral Policy. It discusses the history and aims of the policy, including promoting private sector investment in mineral exploration and sustainable development. It covers various aspects of mineral regulation, exploitation, infrastructure development, research, and fiscal measures aimed at balancing state interests and industry growth. The overall goal is to manage mineral resources strategically as a driver of economic development.
Geological criteria for ore prospectingPramoda Raj
This document outlines various geological criteria that can be used for ore prospecting, including stratigraphic, lithological, structural, magmatogenic, metamorphogenic, geomorphological, paleogeographical, paleoclimatic, and historical criteria. Specific examples are provided for each criteria, such as coal and iron ore deposits being associated with specific stratigraphic layers, or chromite and diamond deposits found near ultrabasic rocks. The document emphasizes that geological criteria provide indirect methods for locating ore deposits and should be used to guide prospecting efforts.
The Stratigraphic Code establishes rules for naming and defining stratigraphic units. There are two versions of the code from the North American and International commissions. Stratigraphic units are categorized based on physical characteristics and time, and include lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic, and others. Proper naming of a new unit requires publication and establishing type sections and boundaries.
This document provides a detailed overview of the stratigraphy, lithology, structure, tectonics, and mineral resources of Meghalaya, India. It discusses the geological formations in the region from the Precambrian basement rocks up through more recent Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments. Key formations include the Shillong Group metasedimentary rocks and Khasi Greenstone volcanic rocks from the Proterozoic, as well as the overlying Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Groups of sedimentary rocks ranging from the Cretaceous to Tertiary periods. The structure of the Shillong Plateau is influenced by numerous faults and was uplifted starting in the Tert
Republic of Nigeria: Investment Opportunities in Nigeria’s Minerals And Metal...Mining On Top
Republic of Nigeria: Investment Opportunities in Nigeria’s Minerals And Metals Sector
Hosted by Hon Musa Mohammed Sada, Minister of Mines and Steel Development
This document provides an overview of Nigeria, including its location in West Africa between Benin and Niger, population of over 150 million, and history of becoming an independent nation in 1960. It discusses Nigeria's political divisions into 36 states and 774 local government areas organized into six geographical zones. The document also summarizes Nigeria's major ethnic groups, languages, religions, climate affected by tropical winds and rainfall, vegetation zones, drainage system including the Niger River, education system, mineral resources such as oil and gas, tourism attractions, major cities including Lagos and Abuja, and the state of Bauchi including its capital city and my school located there.
GEOLOGICAL THERMOMETERS
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
Proper understanding of origin of mineral deposits and their classification requires the knowledge of formation-temperatures of these deposits. Certain minerals, present over there, give information’s with regard to temperatures of their formations and of the enclosing deposits and they are known as geological thermometers. These geological thermometers may be classed chiefly into the following groups based on their preciseness:
1. The thermometers that record fairly accurately the specific temperature condition of formation of deposits.
2. The thermometers that provide an upper or a lower temperature, above or below which the deposits do not form
3. The thermometers that provide a range of temperature within which the deposits form; and
4. The thermometers that serve as rough indications of temperatures of formation of mineral deposits.
The presence of two or more of less precise geological thermometers in a deposit narrows the range of temperature of formation for the deposits
Introduction to Geochemistry of Igneous RocksShah Naseer
Igneous rocks are formed through the colling and solidification of magma or lava.
The magma can be derived form partial melts of existing rocks neither a planets mantle or curst .
This document summarizes sedimentary ore deposits, specifically banded iron formations (BIF). It discusses the processes that form different types of BIF, including Algoma and Superior types, as well as their geologic time distribution. The document also explains the role of microbial communities in the deposition of iron minerals and formation of BIF layers through anoxic iron redox cycling, including phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation and nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation mediated by bacteria. Overall, the document provides an overview of the genesis and microbial influences on the formation of important economic BIF deposits in sedimentary environments.
1. The document discusses ore textures and paragenetic sequences, beginning with definitions and requirements for studying ore textures.
2. It describes various ore textures including single grain textures, magmatic ore textures, open space filling textures, and replacement textures.
3. The document concludes with a discussion on developing paragenetic sequences by analyzing features like cross-cutting relationships and exsolution textures.
Role of Trace Elements In Petrogenesis Gokul Anand
Trace elements occur in very low concentrations in rocks and provide important information about magmatic processes. They can be classified as compatible or incompatible based on whether they fit easily into mantle mineral crystal structures. Geochemical analysis of trace elements using techniques like XRF and ICP-MS allows determination of magma source and depth, identification of fractionating phases, and testing of models of magmatic differentiation. Trace elements are especially useful for rare earth elements, which indicate the type of basalt and can identify fractionating phases from REE patterns.
Reflecting method of seismic prospectingPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of seismic prospecting methods. It discusses the different types of seismic waves, including P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. The seismic reflecting method is described as using controlled seismic sources to generate waves that reflect off underground formations and are detected by sensors at the surface. Reflection seismology can be used to map subsurface geology at various depths for applications like hydrocarbon exploration, engineering surveys, and studying crustal structures. In summary, the document outlines seismic prospecting techniques, focusing on the seismic reflecting method of using controlled sources and detecting reflected waves.
Exploration Geophysics III semester.pdfSHAHEENAKBAR3
The document discusses the electrical resistivity method for geophysical investigations. It begins by defining electrical resistivity and describing how it is measured. Resistivity depends on factors like moisture content and can be used to distinguish different earth materials. Common electrical methods involve introducing a current and measuring potential gradients to determine resistivity. This allows interpreting subsurface stratigraphy and structures. Applications include mapping geology, locating aquifers, and engineering investigations. In summary, the electrical resistivity method measures resistivity distributions in the ground to interpret subsurface compositions and locate features like water-bearing zones.
This document discusses mineral and energy resources. It begins by describing how early humans began using minerals like flint and metals over 20,000 years ago. It then covers the formation of different types of mineral deposits including hydrothermal deposits formed from hot aqueous solutions, magmatic deposits within igneous rocks, and sedimentary deposits from precipitation or weathering. Specific examples of important mineral deposits are provided for different minerals. The document concludes by discussing classifications of useful mineral substances and various energy resources.
Sedimentology application in petroleum industryAndi Anriansyah
This document provides an overview of sedimentology and its applications in the petroleum industry. It discusses key concepts in sedimentology including sedimentary rocks, depositional environments, sediment transport processes, and sedimentary structures. These concepts are important for understanding reservoir heterogeneity, predicting texture, and informing exploration and production strategies. The document cautions against oversimplifying depositional environments and stresses the importance of analyzing sediment transport and depositional processes to avoid misinterpretation.
Gravity and magnetic methods are an essential part of oil exploration. They do not replace seismic. Rather, they add to it. Despite being comparatively low-resolution, they have some very big advantages.
These geophysical methods passively measure natural variations in the earth’s gravity and magnetic fields over a map area and then try to relate these variations to geologic features in the subsurface. Lacking a controlled source, such surveys are usually environmentally unobjectionable.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The document discusses the Phanerozoic stratigraphy of sedimentary basins in India. It describes several types of basins that developed through the Phanerozoic due to tectonic evolution, including intra-cratonic rift basins, rift-passive margin basins, foreland and foredeep basins, subduction-related/accretionary basins, and collisional basins. Specific examples of each type are provided, such as the Gondwana basins, Kutch-Saurashtra basins, and Cambay basin for intra-cratonic rift basins. The development of sedimentary basins along India's east coast opening due to sea floor
Introduction of foraminifera in oil explorationPurvaPandey3
This document discusses the application of foraminifera in oil exploration. It begins with an introduction to foraminifera and their importance in oil exploration due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. It then covers the conditions required for oil formation, concepts in using foraminifera for oil exploration like biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment interpretation, and micropaleontological techniques. Foraminifera are useful for biostratigraphic correlation, interpreting depositional environments, and reconstructing the geologic history of sedimentary basins to aid in oil exploration.
This document provides an overview of stable sulfur isotopes. It begins with definitions of isotopes and discusses the four stable isotopes of sulfur - 32S, 33S, 34S, and 36S. It then explains how sulfur isotope ratios are measured using mass spectrometry and discusses some typical isotope variations seen in nature. Applications of sulfur isotopes include tracing sulfur sources in hydrology and studying mantle processes. In conclusion, the document reinforces that sulfur has four stable isotopes and occurs in a variety of geological materials and environments.
The Cambay Basin is an intracratonic rift graben located in northwest India that began forming following the Deccan Traps volcanic event in the late Cretaceous. The basin is filled with up to 8km of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Major source rocks include the thick Cambay Shale deposited in the early Eocene during a transgression. Hydrocarbon reservoirs are found in the Olpad Formation, Hazad delta sands, and Miocene formations. Multiple petroleum plays exist, including those in the Paleocene-early Eocene, middle Eocene, and late Eocene-Oligocene sequences. The Cambay Shale is a prolific source of oil and gas in the
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
The document outlines India's National Mineral Policy. It discusses the history and aims of the policy, including promoting private sector investment in mineral exploration and sustainable development. It covers various aspects of mineral regulation, exploitation, infrastructure development, research, and fiscal measures aimed at balancing state interests and industry growth. The overall goal is to manage mineral resources strategically as a driver of economic development.
Geological criteria for ore prospectingPramoda Raj
This document outlines various geological criteria that can be used for ore prospecting, including stratigraphic, lithological, structural, magmatogenic, metamorphogenic, geomorphological, paleogeographical, paleoclimatic, and historical criteria. Specific examples are provided for each criteria, such as coal and iron ore deposits being associated with specific stratigraphic layers, or chromite and diamond deposits found near ultrabasic rocks. The document emphasizes that geological criteria provide indirect methods for locating ore deposits and should be used to guide prospecting efforts.
The Stratigraphic Code establishes rules for naming and defining stratigraphic units. There are two versions of the code from the North American and International commissions. Stratigraphic units are categorized based on physical characteristics and time, and include lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic, and others. Proper naming of a new unit requires publication and establishing type sections and boundaries.
This document provides a detailed overview of the stratigraphy, lithology, structure, tectonics, and mineral resources of Meghalaya, India. It discusses the geological formations in the region from the Precambrian basement rocks up through more recent Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments. Key formations include the Shillong Group metasedimentary rocks and Khasi Greenstone volcanic rocks from the Proterozoic, as well as the overlying Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Groups of sedimentary rocks ranging from the Cretaceous to Tertiary periods. The structure of the Shillong Plateau is influenced by numerous faults and was uplifted starting in the Tert
Republic of Nigeria: Investment Opportunities in Nigeria’s Minerals And Metal...Mining On Top
Republic of Nigeria: Investment Opportunities in Nigeria’s Minerals And Metals Sector
Hosted by Hon Musa Mohammed Sada, Minister of Mines and Steel Development
This document provides an overview of Nigeria, including its location in West Africa between Benin and Niger, population of over 150 million, and history of becoming an independent nation in 1960. It discusses Nigeria's political divisions into 36 states and 774 local government areas organized into six geographical zones. The document also summarizes Nigeria's major ethnic groups, languages, religions, climate affected by tropical winds and rainfall, vegetation zones, drainage system including the Niger River, education system, mineral resources such as oil and gas, tourism attractions, major cities including Lagos and Abuja, and the state of Bauchi including its capital city and my school located there.
The document discusses opportunities for private sector participation in solid minerals mining in Ekiti State, Nigeria. It outlines several mineral resources found in the state including granite, kaolin, columbite, and iron ore. It also summarizes the current state of small-scale and artisanal mining. Finally, it proposes a framework involving organizing small-scale miners, facilitating private investment, and identifying priority minerals to focus development efforts on granite, gemstones, and clay.
Republic of South Sudan: Mining Investment Opportunities in South SudanMining On Top
Mining Investment Opportunities in South Sudan
Hosted by Dr Andu Ezbon Adde, Under Secretary Mining
Mining On Top: Africa - London Summit
24-26 June 2014 | London
Geology and Mineral Investment Opportunities in South SudanMining On Top
Geology and Mineral Investment Opportunities in South Sudan
Hosted by Dr Andu Ezbon Adde, Under Secretary Mining,
South Sudan
Mining On Top: Africa - London Summit
25-26 Jun 2013 | London
This document defines and describes various camera movements used in filmmaking, including fluid movement, head room, nose room, lead room, anticipatory movement, pans, tracking shots, tilts, dolly shots, crane shots, steadicam shots, and reverse zooms. Each type of movement is defined in one to three sentences explaining how it is achieved and its purpose.
The document describes various types of camera movement used in filmmaking including pans, tilts, spins, zooms, tracking, rack focus, and crane/aerial shots. Pans involve horizontal movement, tilts involve vertical movement, spins involve rotating the camera, zooms change the lens to alter perspective, tracking combines dolly, pedestal and trucking movements, rack focus changes focus between subjects, and crane/aerial shots are mounted high and move in various directions. Each type of movement is used to achieve different cinematic purposes such as establishing shots, introducing characters, showing disorientation, drawing focus, revealing details through point of view, or showing birds-eye views.
This document discusses the difficulties faced by independent music venues compared to corporately owned venues, using Suki10c in Birmingham as a case study. It finds that as an independent venue, Suki10c and its owner David Whittall face significant challenges around start-up costs, debt, licensing fees, and noise abatement orders from the local council. These financial and regulatory pressures are harder for independent venues to withstand than corporate chains, threatening their survival and cultural contribution to the local music scene.
Henderson Scott is an international recruitment firm that specializes in technical markets such as IT infrastructure, cloud computing, enterprise software, business intelligence, cyber security, and project and change management. They have over 15 years of experience and long-term partnerships with influential companies. They deliver high-quality permanent and contract recruitment solutions globally using innovative methods and a deep understanding of their target industries.
The document is a series of slides for a presentation with photos and captions. It appears to be about an individual's career goals in the music industry, including working with music companies, venues, broadcasters, and famous artists, as well as nurturing new talents, mingling with creative minds, hosting talent shows, and discovering the next big thing in the industry.
On Wednesday April 29th we went to the college in Marshalltown to present in front of three judges. My project was with Melanie and we did what we called "Splatter Box". We took old shoe boxes provided by Mrs. Hammers and wrapped rubber bands around them, not before sliding blank pieces of paper into them. When we went to the preschool two weeks ago to do the project, the girls loved it and wanted to keep doing it but the boys did enough. Two days ago was the college visit and we presented them, to our surprise we got 9th overall out of 25 (I believe). Attached is our presentation.
xrMonitor - первый полностью автоматизированный сервис мониторинга высоконагруженных баз данных Oracle.
Он сам произведет диагностику БД в реальном времени, сам определит уровень критичности, и сам укажет администратору на проблемы в базах данных, максимально повышая эффективность мониторинга.
Администраторам останеся лишь делать исправления. Мониторинг за них сделает xrMonitor.
Java is an object-oriented language that requires creating a class to run a program. To execute Java code, developers must install the Java Development Kit (JDK) and an integrated development environment like Eclipse. With those tools configured, users can generate a new Java project in Eclipse by clicking File, New, Java Project, typing a name, and clicking Finish to set up the initial project structure for developing Java applications.
Ronda Swenson has over 20 years of experience working in criminal law, family law, dependency cases, and with the juvenile justice and foster care systems. She has worked as a social worker, investigator, paralegal, and legal services contractor. Her experience includes conducting investigations, interviews, writing reports, assisting attorneys, and advocating for youth. She has a paralegal certificate and advanced degrees in education and criminal justice.
Jacob P. Voyles is a United States Marine with 5 years of experience who has expertise leading security teams and managing operations. He has supervised training and equipment for over 960 Marines. Voyles also has experience leading security teams to prevent tampering with nuclear weapons and conducting patrols and operations involving nuclear weapons. He has various qualifications, certifications, and a secret security clearance.
The LED signage manufacturing industry is to a large degree lacking standardizations and regulations. From an industry perspective, standards and regulations provide a platform for consistent and uniform language, particularly in regards to definitions, test methods, product design, specifications, and manufacturing.
The outcome of such deficit is that different companies use different terms and specifications when selling their product. This results in even expert sign shop owners sometimes getting confused.
This short document promotes the creation of Haiku Deck presentations on SlideShare by stating "Inspired?" and providing a button to "GET STARTED" making your own Haiku Deck presentation. It encourages the reader to try making presentations on the Haiku Deck platform hosted on SlideShare.
You'll my only man, you'll be the most handsome not because I am the prettiest but because I will Love You like you are the only diamond that I can see in this world of stones...
The document summarizes discussions from the 15th Annual ELFA/IMN Investors Conference about developing strategies in an uncertain economic environment. There was a theme of uncertainty due to geopolitical issues like terrorism, the US election, and China's economic transition. Panelists discussed increasing costs of funds, a sluggish ABS market, and the need to develop strategies to deal with uncertainty and rising interest rates. However, others expressed optimism in the industry's resilience and ability to grow steadily despite challenges. New entrants in areas like marketplace lending and alternative financing were noted as ways the industry is adapting to changes.
Term Paper on Mid-Niger (Bida) Basin by Odudukurudu ThompsonThompsonOdudukurudu
The document provides information on the geology and stratigraphy of the Southern Bida Basin in Nigeria. It discusses the stratigraphic units in the basin which include the Lokoja Formation, Bida Sandstone Formation, Sakpe Ironstone Formation, and Patti Formation. The evolution of the Bida Basin is debated, with theories including it forming as a simple sag structure, a rift basin, or a strike-slip pull-apart basin. The stratigraphy indicates non-marine deposition ranging from Campanian to Maastrichtian ages without volcanics or Tertiary rocks.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Evidences of metasomatic processes during the emplacement of pan african gran...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study of granites in the Ilesha schist belt in southwestern Nigeria. Geochemical and petrographic analysis was conducted on samples from a granite batholith north of the Ilesha schist belt. The results show evidence of potash metasomatism during emplacement, as indicated by the presence of microcline, myrmekite formations, and muscovite grains. Variations in major oxide concentrations with SiO2 suggest a change in mineral phase during differentiation of the magma. The granites plot in the calc-alkaline field, supporting their origin through continental collision during the Pan-African orogeny. Potash metasomatism may have occurred through
Base Metal Mineralization in the Precambrian Rocks of Okemesi-Ijero Area, So...Scientific Review SR
The evaluation of base metals in the bedrocks of Okemesi / Ijero area, southwestern Nigeria has
been carried out to assess their potentials, level of accumulation and enrichment. The methodology included
systematic geological and geochemical mapping of the rocks using grid-controlled sampling method at a
sampling density of one sample per 500m. Ten rock samples were collected at different locations of the study
area. The results obtained showed that the major oxides such as SiO
2, Al2O3, TiO
2,
Fe
2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO,
Na2O, K2
O and P2O5 were detected in variable proportions. While SiO2 varied between 70.59% and 98.70%,
Al2O3 ranged between 15.73% and 0.61%. There is abundance of barium (Ba), silver (Ag) and gold (Au) with
concentration values of 1.6-9.8, 1.24-7.1 and 0.05-10.00 ppm respectively. Base metals such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Bi
and Cr enrichment factors and their geo-accumulation index indicates moderately significance to very high
enrichment of Cu (10 – 70%) , Pb (20 – 40%) and Bi (10 – 40%). The geo-accumulation indices suggest
geogenic concentration of the base metals in the host rocks rather than anthropogenic inputs. The PCA elements
loaded Au, As, Ag, Pt and Os on the same factor and they are pathfinder elements of Gold. Correlation
coefficients indicate strong positive correlations between the elements. This implies that they are strongly related
and therefore of the same source, also suggesting geogenic sources.
This document provides an overview of talc mineralization in Nigeria. It discusses the geology of Nigeria and the formation of talc deposits. Talc deposits are found within Nigeria's schist belts in varied geologic and petrographic forms. Case studies of talc occurrences in locations like Wonu, Iseyin, Ilesha, and Isanlu are provided with details on the mineralization and rock associations at each site. The document concludes that talc deposits in Nigeria show marked variability in mineralization and petrographic properties.
Comparative Test For the Upgrading of Lead in Sabon Layi Lead-Zinc Ore (Alkal...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
his research work deals with the upgrading of lead in Sabon Layi lead-zinc ore using gravity and froth flotation beneficiation methods. Analysis of the chemical composition reveals that this crude ore contains 38.76%lead and other related minerals such as 29% silica, 22.80% Sulphur, 2.76%Zinc, 4.17%CaO and others in traces; these related minerals are impurities that hinder the lead grade found in this ore from appreciating. Fractional sieve and the grain size result revealed that the liberation size of the ore is at -710+500µm. At this sieve size, the lead –zinc ore was subjected to four different beneficiation methods using five kilograms (5kg) each as charge on Wilfley shaking Table, Humphrey spiral concentrator, Air floating Machine and one kilogram (1kg) for froth flotation. Resulting products –Concentrate and tailing from Processing were analyzed. The grade and weight of the resulting mineral were used in calculating percentage recovery of each applied process; which was used to ascertain the best method.
Myanmar known until recently as Burma, is slowly but steadily starting to attract foreign investment, driven mainly by international resource firms eager to tap into the mineral-rich South East Asia's country. After more than half a century of military ruling, Burma has started benefitting from the recent suspension of sanctions by Canada, the United States and the European Union. Myanmar's gold production is increasing and could prove a key factor for the country's economic growth, but many gold miners are suffering from lung diseases due to inadequate equipment and antiquated practices. In mineral-rich areas of Kachin State, taxes from Burmese and Chinese gold mining provides an important income stream to the Kachin Independence Organization. However, these mining companies use mercury in an environmentally hazardous extraction process, which can lead to long-lasting damage for the area's forests and river ways.
Evidence of Clay Mineralization on Tropical Sediments from Afikpo Graben, SE ...Premier Publishers
Sedimentation in the Afikpo graben (SE Nigeria) thus commenced with the Campano-Maastrichtian marine and paralic shales of the Enugu and Nkporo Formations, overlain by the Mamu Formation. The fluviodeltaic and subtidal sandstones of the Ajali Formation lie on the Mamu Formation. The overlying deltaic Nsukka and marine shales of the Imo and Ameke Formations were deposited during the Paleocene. These two formations (Mamu and Nsukka) consist of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty shales and siltstones interpreted as deltaic deposits. The primary minerals are Feldspar, Quartz, Pyroxenes, Haematite. The secondary minerals are further classified into two major groups of 1:1 clay minerals and 2:1 clay minerals. The 1:1 clay minerals are kaolinite and halloysite, while the examples of 2:1 mineral are montmorillonite, vermiculite and illite. Clay fractions of shale samples obtained from the Cretaceous Mamu and Nsukka Formations in the Afikpo graben, South eastern Nigeria through the process of sedimentation technique were air – dried and analyzed using the empyrean diffractometer manufactured by Panalytical to determine the presence of clay mineralization in the area. The result shows that the bulk mineral composition of the shales comprises of quartz, clay minerals, carbonates and iron rich minerals, while the dominant clay mineral is kaolinite (70 – 80%) with minor amounts of illite (4 – 7 %) and smectite (10 – 20) as typical composition of tropical sediment.
The Olympic Dam deposit in South Australia contains huge reserves of copper, uranium, gold, and silver. It is hosted by the Burgoyne batholith within the Olympic Dam Breccia Complex, which formed from repeated brecciation and hematite alteration over 1588 million years. BHP Billiton currently mines the deposit, producing around 200,000 tons of copper and 3,500 tons of uranium oxide annually from 9 million tons of ore. The deposit remains an important economic resource due to its large size and potential for further expansion.
COLLECTION FOR MYANMAR GEOLOGY STUDENTS AND LEARNERS-1MYO AUNG Myanmar
COLLECTION FOR MYANMAR GEOLOGY STUDENTS AND LEARNERS-1
Geology of the High Sulfidation Copper Deposits, Monywa Mine, Myanmar
Andrew H. G. Mitchell Win Myint Kyi Lynn Myint Thein Htay Maw Oo Thein Zaw
Resource GeologyVolume 61, Issue 1
First published: 22 December 2010
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2010.00145.x
Active tectonics and earthquake potential of the Myanmar region
Yu Wang Kerry Sieh Soe Thura Tun Kuang‐Yin Lai Than Myint
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid EarthVolume 119, Issue 4
First published: 15 March 2014
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/2013JB010762
Petrographic evaluation of rocks around Arikya and its environs, North Centra...Premier Publishers
The study area covers Arikiya and parts of Wayopini in Lafia Local Government Area of Nassarawa State, situated in central Nigeria. This falls within the Basement Complex of central Nigeria that forms part of the Upper Proterozoic mobile belt extending from Algeria across the Sahara into Nigeria, Benin and the Cameroon. The area consists of gneisses, granite gneisses, migmatites and Porphyroblastic gneiss. Dolerite dyke and Pegmatite form intrusions into the host rocks. The major rock forming minerals are plagioclase, orthoclase, quartz and biotite. The major structures includes joints, foliations, quartz vein, fold and fault, Predominant structural trends include the NE-SW and NW-SE with minor E-W and N-S structural trends which are in agreement with the general trend of structures in the Basement Complex. Mineral resource potential of the study area include feldspar and mica from the gneiss and pegmatites as well as alluvial garnets, columbites, tantalite, and cassiterite (derived from the pegmatites) as evidenced from mining activities along river channels in the entire area.
GRANULOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND HEAVY MINERAL STUDIES OF BIMA SANDSTONEAgbaje Mayowa
This document discusses a study on the granulometric analysis and heavy mineral studies of the Bima Sandstone formation in the Upper Benue Trough of Nigeria. The Bima Sandstone is the oldest sedimentary deposit in the region, consisting mainly of arkose to quartz arenite. Previous studies on the composition and depositional structures of the Bima Sandstone are reviewed. The location of the study area is described as being 10km east of Hinna community in Gombe state, Nigeria within the Upper Benue Trough. An overview of the geology of the study area is provided, including details on the stratigraphy and lithology of the Bima Sandstone formation.
The document summarizes a study of the Groote Eylandt manganese orebody in Australia. The objectives of the study were to construct an accurate resource/reserve model using over 5,500 drill holes to satisfy reporting standards. Previous models were outdated and inaccurate. Key challenges included the orebody's variability and complex geological history. The new model incorporated stratigraphic units, addressed issues like downhole smearing in drilling data, used measured yield vs assumed values, and established a validated database, providing a robust foundation for ongoing mining.
massive type interlayer with gabbroic rocks in the Eastern Desert; Main occurrences of Ti-Fe oxide deposits in Egypt; Abu Ghalaga Ore Deposit; Abu Ghalaga ilmenite ore deposit categories ; Abu Ghalaga Mineral composition; Mining Techniques; Origins; Korabkanci titano-magnetite ore; black sand placer deposits type; Rosetta (or Rashid East); Northern Sinai Coast
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes minerals found in Bangladesh and the Bay of Bengal, including their classification, distribution, and formation processes. It discusses important mineral deposits in Bangladesh such as natural gas, coal, and various industrial minerals. In the Bay of Bengal, there are potential deposits of polymetallic nodules, cobalt crusts, and marine minerals that could be explored through deep sea mining. Methods to classify and characterize minerals are also outlined. Challenges to oil and gas exploration in the Bay of Bengal include a lack of infrastructure, technology, research and skilled labor as well as environmental impacts.
The cu mo±au mineralizations associated to the high-k calc-alkaline granitoi...Alexander Decker
This document describes copper-molybdenum-gold mineralizations associated with granitoids in the Tifnoute Valley region of Morocco. The mineralizations appear related to granites dated at 561 and 558 million years old. Alteration halos containing pyrite surround the granites. Two types of mineralization are described: 1) A molybdenite mineralization spatially linked to the Imourkhssan granite, and 2) A copper-gold vein mineralization linked to fractures in the Askaoun granodiorite. Characteristics of the mineralizations, including associated alteration zones and metal assemblages, are discussed in the context of representing an arc-type porphyry
The geological , mineralogical and petrological studies of holenarsipura sch...Pramoda Raj
This document summarizes a geological field study of the Holenarasipura schist belt in southern India. The study examines the belt's geological history, describes key rock types observed such as amphibolite, chlorite schist, garnet, asbestos, staurolite, kyanite, and talc-calcite rocks. Samples were collected and observations made of ultramafic and mafic regions. The study characterizes the belt's structural geology and varying grades of metamorphism from low to high. The project was conducted by an undergraduate student under the guidance of a lecturer to study the area's mineralogy, petrology and geology.
Lithofacies Analysis and Petroleum Potentials of Parts of Ikom-Mamfe Embaymen...Premier Publishers
An integrated study involving detailed lithofacies analysis and source rock evaluation were carried out to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and assess the petroleum potentials of the Ikom–Mamfe embayment, southeastern Nigeria. Sedimentological field mapping involving detailed description of lithologic characteristics and facies characterisation was carried out. Geochemical studies were carried out to determine the quantity of organic matter total organic carbon (TOC), soluble organic matter (SOM), the organic matter quality (organic matter type) and level of maturity. Results show that the dominant vertical succession of the various lithofacies indicate a general finning upward succession with basal massive pebbly sandstone, medium to coarse grained sandstones with intercalation of shale and mudstones. Seven lithofacies A to G, were identified. These include: conglomerates, massive pebbly sandstone, trough cross-bedded sandstone, planar cross-bedded sandstone, shale/mudstone facies. These facies were compared with established standard facies association for determining paleoenvironment of deposition. The facies analysis carried out pointed to fluvial (alluvial – braided) depositional system as the environment of deposition. TOC values range from 0.05 – 4.13 wt% indicating poor to excellent and SOM range from 200 – 6000 ppm indicating also poor to excellent. The amount of pyrolizable carbon derived as S1 and S2 peaks suggested that the source rocks possess organic matter capable of generating hydrocarbons. Hydrogen and oxygen indices (HI and OI) ranged from 0.24 to 656 and 0.53 to 61.90 mg/gTOC respectively. Analyses of the evaluated source rock shows that the hydrocarbon potential of the study area is lean and typically of a reworked terrestrial deposit of fluvial depositional system.
Similar to Iron Ore Deposits in Agbaja Area by Olatinpo O.A. (20)
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Iron Ore Deposits in Agbaja Area by Olatinpo O.A.
1. 1 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
A PART OF RESEARCH CARRIED OUT BY
OLATINPO, OLUSEGUN AYOBAMI
14/68ET003
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, ILORIN
ON SOME SELECTED MINERAL DEPOSITS IN NIGERIAN
SEDIMENTARY BASIN
IRON ORE DEPOSIT IN AGBAJA FORMATION,
SOUTHERN BIDA BASIN, NIGERIA
ADVANCED SEDIMENTOLOGY COURSE (GEM 690)
2. 2 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
OUTLINE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 REVIEW OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE AREA
2.0.1 STRATIGRAPHY OF THE BASIN
2.0.2 TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE BASIN
2.0.3 PALEOENVIRONMENT OF THE AREA
3.0 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF AGBAJA IRON ORE
4.0 LEVEL OF EXPLORATION OF THE RESOURCES
5.0 REFERENCES
3. 3 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In today’s competitive world, identifying and exploit your areas of comparative advantage is the
key to survival. The solid minerals industry holds the greatest potential apart from the
Agricultural sector towards the attainment of the vision 20:2020 which is geared at placing
Nigeria amongst the top 20 economies of the world by the year 2020 because of the rich mineral
deposit in commercial quantity scattered in different parts of the country.
One of such mineral in Nigeria is Iron ore. There are over 3 billion tones of iron ore found in
Kogi, Enugu, Niger, Zamfara, and Kaduna States. The large deposit of oolitic iron ores of Kogi
and Enugu States are yet to be fully explored. Iron ore is used for making steel, transformer, and
motor cars, ferrous sulphate from waster liqueur of the steel picking process or by the direct
reaction, metals for electrical shielding, electro-magnetic devices, electric bells, electric fan cage,
equipment rack, instrument body, engineering works, hydrated salt, iron oxide pigments, various
salts of iron and ferrites and chemicals.
The Agbaja Formation hosts an extensive, shallow, flat-lying channel iron deposit and Mineral
Resources currently estimated at 586 million tonnes at 41.3% Fe (within EL12124) (Agbaja
Mineral Resource). The majority of the Mineral Resources are classified as Indicated (466
million tonnes at 41.4% Fe), the balance are classified as Inferred (120 million tonnes at 41.1%
Fe). The Agbaja Mineral Resource is one of the highest grade beneficiable iron ore resources in
West Africa, yet the current resource covers only 20% of the Agbaja town area within EL12124
that is considered prospective for channel iron mineralisation.
4. 4 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
Table 1: Estimated Iron Ore in Nigeria
The rate of steel consumption of a Nation is a direct reflection of the economical and
technological advancement of such a Nation and if Nigeria is to increase her steel consumption
from its current level, massive investment in the exploitation and processing of iron ore is
required.
The Agbaja town where appreciable amount of ironstone is exposed lies 15 km northwest of the
city of Lokoja in Kogi State, and 165 km south west (highway) from Nigeria’s capital city of
Abuja. Lokoja has reticulated electrical power, cellular telephone networks, primary and
secondary schools, hospitals and other amenities. Abuja, being the political capital of Nigeria is a
well-established and serviced city; it has a large international airport with daily flights to Europe,
the middle-east and other African nations and is connected to Abuja by a well maintained duel
carriageway tarmac road (driving time ~2 hours). Importantly, Agbaja is proximal to existing,
under-utilised river and port infrastructure suitable for the transport of bulk commodities (such as
iron ore concentrate).
Nigeria is one of the richest countries of the world as far as mineral resources are concerned, iron
ore inclusive. The estimated workable iron deposits stand in excess of 2.5 billion tonnes most of
which belong to hematite, magnetite, hematite-geothite and siderite-geothite. (Alafara et al.,
2005) Iron is the sixth most abundant element in the universe and the most abundant metal in the
earth’s crust after aluminum. However, Agbaja iron ore has an estimated reserve of over 1 billion
tones (Alafara et al., 2005). The utilization of Agbaja iron ore is hampered by its poor response
5. 5 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
to established industrial beneficiation techniques. This is as a result of fine grained texture of the
Agbaja iron ore (Uwadiale and Whewel, 1988).
Figure 1: Extraction of Iron Ore
The channel iron deposit of the Agbaja mine is located within the sub-horizontal to very shallow
east dipping Late Cretaceous Agbaja Formation, which is made up of an upper unit hosting
ferruginous sandstone and oolite/pisolite material (Laterite unit).
The Agbaja Ironstone studied covers some part of Koton-karfe sheet 227 SE and lies within
latitudes 8° 7′ 00′′ - 8° 10′ 30′′ N and longitudes 6° 48′00′′E - 6° 52′00′′E. It occurs within the
upper cretaceous sedimentary sequences of the Bida basin.
2.0 REVIEW OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE AREA
The Bida Basin, also known as the Mid-Niger or Nupe Basin, is located in west-central Nigeria
(fig. 2). Bida Basin is a linear intracratonic sedimentary basin located in central Nigeria
6. 6 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
extending from Kontagora in Niger State of Nigeria to areas slightly beyond Lokoja in the south
(fig. 3). It trends NW – SE and lies approximately perpendicular to the Benue Trough. It is
separated from the basal continental bed of the Sokoto Basin by a narrow outcrop of the
crystalline basement rocks in the west and it is adjacent to the Anambra Basin in the east (fig. 2).
Often, experts working in the area have divided the basin geographically into northern and
southern Bida basins probably due to rapid facies changes across the basins. The wrench fault
tectonic model of which postulated the Bida Basin as strike slip feature is based on facies
distribution and evidence of syn-depositional basin floor lowering. The northern and southern
Bida (fig. 3) basins comprises of about 3km thick Campanian to Maastrichtian continental to
shallow marine sediments.
Figure 2: Geological Map of Nigeria Showing Bida Basin (Obaje 2009)
7. 7 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
Figure 3: Geology and location of the Bida Basin and Environs
(Obaje et. al., 2011)
8. 8 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
Figure 4: Geological map of the southern Bida Basin (Modified from Ojo and
Akande, 2009)
2.0.1 STRATIGRAPHY OF THE BASIN
The stratigraphic succession of Bida basin, collectively referred to as the Nupe Group
(Adeleye, 1974) comprises a twofold Northern Bida sub - basin and Southern Bida sub - basin or
Lokoja Sub- Basin (fig. 10). The basin fill comprises a northwest trending belt of Upper
Cretaceous sedimentary rocks that were deposited as a result of block faulting, basement
9. 9 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
fragmentation, subsidence, rifting and drifting consequent to the Cretaceous opening of the South
Atlantic Ocean.
2.0.1.1 Southern Bida Basin
2.0.1.1.1 Lokoja Formation
Lithologic units in this formation range from conglomerates, coarse to fine grained sandstones,
siltstone and claystones in the Lokoja area. Sub-angular to sub-rounded cobbles, pebbles and
granule sized quartz grains in the units are frequently distributed in a clay matrix. Both grain
supported and matrix supported conglomerates form recognizable beds at the base of distinct
cycles at outcrops. The sandstone units are frequently cross-stratified, generally poorly sorted
and composed mainly of quartz plus feldspar and are thus texturally and mineralogically
immature. The general characteristics of this sequence especially the fining upward character,
compositional and textural immaturity and unidirectional paleocurrent trends, suggest a fluvial
depositional environment dominated by braided streams with sands deposited as channel bars
consequent to fluctuating flow velocity. The fine grained sandstones, siltstones and clays
represent flood plain overbank deposits. However, Petters (1986) reported on the occurrence of
some diversified arenaceous foraminifers from clayey intervals of the Lokoja Formation
indicating some shallow marine influence. These foraminifera microfossils identified by Petters
(1986) are however more common in the overlying Patti Formation where shallow marine
depositional conditions are known to have been more prevalent.
2.0.1.1.2 Patti Formation
Outcrops of the Patti Formation occur extensively on the Agbaja Plateau and Ahoko and
Abaji on the Lokoja-Abuja expressway. This formation consists of sandstones, siltstones,
claystones and shales interbedded with bioturbated ironstones. Argillaceous units predominate in
the central parts of the basin. The siltstones of the Patti Formation are commonly parallel
stratified with occasional soft deformational sedimentary structures (e. g. slumps), and other
structures as wave ripples, convolute laminations and load structures. Trace fossils (especially
Thallasinoides) are frequently preserved. Interbedded claystones are generally massive and
kaolinitic, whereas the interbedded grey shales are frequently carbonaceous. The subsidiary
sandstone units of the Patti Formation are more texturally and mineralogically mature compared
10. 10 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
with the Lokoja Formation sandstones. The predominance of argillaceous rocks, especially
siltstones, shales and claystones in the Patti Formation requires suspension and settling of finer
sediments in a quiet and low energy environment probably in a restricted body of water (Braide,
1992). The abundance of woody and plant materials comprising mostly land-derived organic
matter, suggests prevailing fresh water conditions. However biostratigraphic and paleo-ecologic
studies by Petters (1986) have revealed the occurrence of arenaceous foraminifers in the shales
of the Patti Formation with an assemblage of Ammobaculites, Milliamina, Trochamina and
Textularia which are essentially cosmopolitan marsh species similar to those reported in the
Lower Maastrichtian marginal marine Mamu Formation (the lateral equivalent) in the adjacent
Anambra Basin (Gebhardt, 1998). Shales of the Mamu Formation on the southern side of the
Anambra Basin are commonly interbedded with carbonates and overlain by bioturbated
siltstones, sandstones and coal units in coarsening upward cycles toward the northern side of the
basin (Akande et. al., 2006). This sequence is overlain by herringbone-cross-bedded mature
sandstones of the Ajali Formation (Middle Maastrichtian) in the northern fringes of the basin
hence providing strong evidence for shallow marine, deltaic to intertidal depositional
environments for the Maastrichtian sediment of the Anambra Basin. The Patti formation,
therefore, appears to have been deposited in marginal shallow marine to brackish water condition
identical to the depositional environments of similar lithologic units of the Mamu and Ajali
formations in the Anambra Basin (Ladipo, 1988; Nwajide and Reijers,1996). The more marine
influences in the adjacent Anambra Basin is probably related to the nearness of that basin to the
Cretaceous Atlantic ocean prior to the growth of the Niger Delta.
2.0.1.1.3 Agbaja Formation
This formation forms a persistent cap for the Campanian-Maastrichtian sediments in the
southern Bida basin as a lateral equivalent of the Batati formation on the northern side of the
basin. The Agbaja formation is best exposed on the Agbaja Plateau where it overlies
successively the Lokoja and Patti formations. The Agbaja formation consists of sandstone beds
in this region. The sandstones and claystones are interpreted as abandoned channel sand
overbank deposits influenced by marine reworking to form the massive concretionary and oolitic
ironstones that had been mapped in some details (Ladipo et al., 1994). Minor marine influences
11. 11 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
were also reported to have inundated the initial continental environment of the upper parts of the
Lokoja sandstone and the Patti formation (Braide, 1992; Olaniyan and Olabaniyi, 1996). The
marine inundations appear to have continued throughout the period of deposition of the Agbaja
ironstones in the southern Bida basin (Ladipo et al., 1994).
2.0.2 TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE BASIN
The inland basins of Nigeria constitute one set of a series of Cretaceous and later rift
basins in Central and West Africa whose origin is related to the opening of the South Atlantic
(Figure. 11). The upper Cretaceous Bida basin of central Nigeria is sandwiched between the
Precambrian schist belts of the Northern Nigeria massif and the West African craton. Of interest
is the southern part of the basin, which developed in a continental setting, because the facies
architecture of the sedimentary fill suggest a close relation between sedimentation dynamic and
basin margin tectonics (Sokari, 1990). This relationship is significant to an understanding of the
basin`s origin, which has been controversial. A simple sag and rift origin has been suggested, and
consequently dominated the negative thinking on the hydrocarbon prospects of the basin, which
were considered poor. Although distinguishing pull-apart basins from rift basins, based solely on
sedimentological grounds, may be difficult, the temporal migration of the depocenter, as well as
the basin architecture of repeatedly upward-coarsening, show a strong tectonic and structural
overprint that suggests a tectonic framework for the southern Bida basin similar in origin to a
pull-apart basin which was based solely on the sedimentological evidence proved to be a difficult
mechanism (Sokari, 1990).
The Bida basin is a gently down-warped trough whose genesis may be closely connected
with the Santonian orogenic movements of south eastern Nigeria. The basin is a NW-SE trending
embayment, perpendicular to the main axis of the Benue Trough and Niger Delta Basin. It is
frequently regarded as the north-western extension of the Anambra Basin, both of which were
major depocentres during the third major Transgressive cycle of southern Nigeria in Late
Cretaceous. Interpretations of LandSat images, borehole logs, as well as geophysical data across
the entire Bida Basin suggest that the basin is bounded by a system of linear faults trending NW-
SE. Gravity studies also confirm central positive anomalies flanked by negative anomalies as
shown for the adjacent Benue Trough and typical of rift structure (Ojo, 1984; Ojo and Ajakaiye,
1989). The Benue Trough is a failed arm of a triple junction (aulacogen) that existed beneath the
12. 12 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
present position of the Niger Delta during the Cretaceous. The trough is filled with over 5000m
of predominantly Aptian to Maastrichtian sediments in the lower, middle and upper Benue
geographical regions. The Lower Benue Trough which includes the Anambra Basin is
considered as the southern extension of the Bida Basin. Initial gravity studies in the Bida Basin
put the maximum thickness of the sedimentary successions at about 3.5 km (Ojo, 1984) in the
central axis. Although the hydrocarbon potential of the basin has not been fully tested; the basin
remains undrilled. Both ground and aeromagnetic studies by several workers have outlined the
basin's configuration (Adeniyi, 1985; Udensi and Osazuwa, 2004). A recent spectral 99 analysis
of the residual total magnetic field values over several sections of the basin reveals an average
depth to the basement rock to be approximately 3.4km with sedimentary thickness of up to
4.7km in the central and southern parts of the basin (Udensi and Osazuwa, 2004). In general,
sediment thickness decreases smoothly from the central portion to the flanks of the basin.
Figure 5: Regional tectonic map of western and central African rifted basins showing the
relationship of the Muglad, Doba and East Niger Basins to Nigerian inland basins. Location of
13. 13 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
regional shear zones (marked with half-arrow) and major zones extension (complete arrow) are
shown. (Adapted from Schull, 1988).
2.0.3 PALEOENVIRONMENT OF AGBAJA FORMATION
The Campanian-Maastrichtian Agbaja Ironstone Formation of the Bida basin, Nigeria, forms a
major part of the about 2 billion tons of iron ore reserves of the Middle Niger Embayment. The
ironstone deposits were previously reported to be similar to the Minette-type ironstones because
of their depositional patterns, composition and inferred origin. Four rock-types are recognized
within the Agbaja Ironstone Formation: ooidal pack-ironstone, pisoidal pack-ironstone, mud-
ironstone and bog iron ore. In the ironstones, kaolinite of both the groundmass and the
ooids/pisoids is of lateritic origin (figure 6), whereas the associated quartz, mica and heavy
minerals are of detrital origin.
Figure 6: Ironstone Bed at Agbaja Area
Ironstone
Bed
14. 14 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
Ooids and pisoids were formed by mechanical accretion of platy kaolinite crystals by rolling on
the sea floor in a near-shore environment, and were subsequently transported and deposited
together with a fine-grained kaolinitic groundmass. Pyrite (mainly framboidal) and siderite (both
exclusively occurring as pseudomorphs of goethite and/or hematite) are diagenetic whereas
goethite is post-diagenetic in origin, resulting from the ferruginization of the kaolinitic precursor.
Crandallite-gorxeicite-goyazite, bolivarite and boehmite are also post-diagenetic in origin.
Hematite was formed from the dehydration of goethite, whereas gibbsite (restricted to the upper
part of the deposit) is of recent and in situ lateritic origin. The presence of newly formed
authigenic pyrite and siderite (now replaced by hematite and goethite) are indicators of a
reducing environment during diagenesis.
The absence of diagenetic chamositic clay minerals, evidently caused by a low Mg
concentration, suggests that fully marine conditions were not established during sedimentation.
This is supported by the lack of fossils, brecciated shell materials and bioturbation features in the
deposit. Reworking and redeposition of the primary constituents are inferred from broken
pisoids, nuclei of pisoidal/ooidal fragments in pisoids and high iron concentrations present in the
pisoids and ooids compared to that of the groundmass. These observations indicate that the
Agbaja ironstone deposits of the Lokoja study area exhibit some environmental and
mineralogical characteristics that are markedly different from other known deposits of Minette-
type, where primary chamositic clay minerals generally form the protore for the ironstones. The
recognition of kaolinite as the precursor constituent and the occurrence of similar deposits of the
same age (Late Cretaceous) in Nigeria, Sudan and Egypt have implications for the
paleoenvironmental interpretations of Phanerozoic ironstone deposits.
3.0 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF AGBAJA IRON ORE
Kimberly (1994) defined ironstone as any sedimentary rock with total iron content greater than
15%. High grade iron is obtained from ironstone deposits around the world. Iron ores are usually
found in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4), haematite (Fe2O3), goethite (FeO(OH), limonite
(FeO(OH).n(H2O) and siderite.( FeCo3 ). Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron
which is one of the main raw materials of steel. Ninety-eight percent (98%) of the iron ore mined
globally is used to make steel (Wikipedia, 2010). The deficiency in iron content shown by many
ores is due to the presence of impurities. These impurities include silica, phosphorous, sulphur
15. 15 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
and titanium. Sulphur and phosphorous are deleterious impurities in iron and steel industry
(Onyemaobi, 1998). Silica is objectionable because it displaces iron and so much lime is required
to flux it. Titanium is undesirable because it drives much of the iron in a furnace to the slag.
Magnetite iron ore deposits generally grade around 25-40% Fe, however the Agbaja Mineral
Resource is a unique sedimentary hosted magnetite deposit with a resource grade averaging
41.3% Fe, which with selective mining of higher grade material will provide a feed head grade of
45.7%, ranking it in the top quartile of magnetite projects world-wide with respect to resource
grade.
Magnetite deposits are typically found in banded ironstone formations (BIFs), however Agbaja is
unique in that it is a channel iron deposit (CID), with only two known similar deposits of this
kind in the world. Typical BIF magnetite deposits require large amounts of energy intensive
grinding to liberate the iron from its associated natural matrix, however the Agbaja CID material
is relatively soft and friable and only requires moderate grinding, simple magnetic separation,
and only a coarse grind particle size to liberate the iron. Consequently mining and processing
costs for the Agbaja project are relative low compared to other magnetite projects. Agbaja
estimated total operating costs rank in the bottom quartile when compared to operating costs of
all other magnetite projects.
4.0 LEVEL OF EXPLORATION OF THE RESOURCES
Kogi Iron Limited (Kogi, Kogi Iron or the Company) is an Australian company with the
objective of becoming an African iron ore producer through the development of its 100% owned
Agbaja iron ore project located in Kogi State, Republic of Nigeria, West Africa (Agbaja or
Agbaja Project). The Company holds 17 iron ore exploration licences in Kogi State, with the
main focus being EL12124, which covers more than half of the Agbaja Plateau and within which
is the Agbaja iron ore deposit. This Preliminary Feasibility Study (PFS) assesses the technical
and economic viability for the development of an iron ore mining and processing operation at
Agbaja to produce 5.0 million tonnes of upgraded iron ore concentrate per annum.
The project includes the development of an iron ore mining and processing operation capable of
producing five million tonnes (Mt) of upgraded iron ore concentrate per annum. The mine life is
estimated to be 21 years. Environmental and social impact assessment for the project was
16. 16 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
completed in January 2014. The production of iron ore concentrate from is anticipated to start by
the end of 2016 or early 2017.
The iron ore mine is located on the Agbaja plateau, approximately 15km northwest of Lokoja
city in Kogi State, and approximately 165km southwest of Abuja, the capital city of Nigeria.
Two mining areas (Stage 1 and Stage 2) have been identified, pits have been designed, and
material movement schedules completed. A proposed processing plant site location has also been
identified; it is in the north east portion of the area covered by the Agbaja Mineral Resource and
was selected based on its central location between the two areas identified for mining operations.
The Stage 1 mining area is approximately 7.2 km2 and is west of the plant site and contains
approximately 158 Mt of Indicated Mineral Resources. Targeting the magnetic fraction of the
Indicated Mineral Resource, the average grade of material identified for mining is estimated at
46.1% Fe, with a corresponding strip ratio of approximately 0.55 to 1. As currently designed this
area will provide processing plant feed for an initial 15 years at the planned concentrate
production rate of 5 Mtpa.
The Stage 2 mining area is approximately 2.2 km2 and is to the east of the plant site. This area
is estimated to contain approximately 66 Mt of the Indicated Mineral Resources. The average
grade of material is estimated at 44.8% Fe, with a strip ratio of approximately 0.56 to 1. This
area will provide processing plant feed for an additional 6 years, bringing the combined plant
feed from the two areas to 21 years (at concentrate production rate of 5 Mtpa).
With a life-of-mine average strip ration of 0.55 to 1 (on Indicated Mineral Resources), mining
costs for the 21 years of operations will be low, a distinct advantage of the project.
Kogi has opted for a mining contractor to conduct all site development, overburden and waste
removal, open-pit mining including site rehabilitation, haulage and ore feed to a primary crusher.
Mining operations will be conducted on a 24/7, 365 days per year basis and it is envisaged that
production drilling and blasting will not be required, as all material is regarded as soft and
friable, and amenable to “free-dig”.
17. 17 OLUSEGUN A. OLATINPO (2015)
5.0 REFERENCES
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AKANDE, S. O., OJO, O. J., ADEKEYE, O. A. AND LADIPO, K. O., 2006. A Geological
Field Guide to the Southern Bida Basin. Nigerian Association of Petroleum
Explorationists (NAPE), 24th Annual Conference and Exhibition, Abuja, 21pp.
ALAFARA, A.B., ADEKOLA F.A.O., AND FOLASHADE A. O., 2005. Quantitative
leaching of a nigerian ore in hydrochloric acid. Journal of Applied science and
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BRAIDE, S. P., 1992. Syntectonic fluvial sedimentation in the central Bida Basin. Journal of
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LADIPO, K. O., AKANDE S. O. AND MUCKE, A., 1994. Genesis of ironstones from the
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OLANIYAN, O. AND OLOBANIYI, S. B., 1996. Facies analysis of the Bida Sandstone
Formation around Kajita, Nupe Basin, Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 23,
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