This document summarizes recent progress in developing proton exchange membranes for fuel cells. Specifically, it discusses developments in alkaline fuel cell membranes using circulating potassium hydroxide electrolytes. It also discusses advances in solid polymer fuel cell membranes, including identifying Nafion as a suitable proton conducting membrane and reducing platinum catalyst loadings. Finally, it outlines the application of solid polymer fuel cell technology to transportation, including demonstrations of fuel cell buses and challenges to developing fuel cell vehicles, such as hydrogen storage and fuel infrastructure.
This document summarizes revisions made to DDS 200-1, which provides guidelines for calculating surface ship endurance fuel requirements. The revised DDS 200-1 incorporates three endurance conditions - surge to theater, economical transit, and operational presence. It also includes several calculation modifications such as using a sea state and fouling factor based on computational modeling rather than a fixed factor. The changes are intended to better align the endurance fuel calculations with fleet operational practices and optimize ship designs for fuel efficiency.
Ultra Low Emission Transit Buses - 4.27.2010 - Richard Thompsoncahouser
The document discusses several technologies for ultra-low emission transit buses, including hydrogen fuel cell buses, battery electric buses, and hybrid options. It provides an overview of demonstration projects underway in Texas to evaluate these technologies in real-world transit bus operation and infrastructure development. Key partners include Capital Metro, the University of Texas Center for Electromechanics, and Proterra. The goals are to advance zero-emissions bus technologies and hydrogen fueling infrastructure to support broader commercial acceptance and adoption.
This document discusses how a new vehicle design concept called a "hypercar" could accelerate the transition to transportation powered by solar hydrogen. Hypercars would be much more efficient than current vehicles, requiring only 10-25 kW of power from proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This smaller power requirement would allow PEMFCs to be adopted earlier at a lower cost. High production volumes of hypercars using PEMFCs could then drive down PEMFC costs enough to displace thermal power stations and encourage the emergence of hydrogen as a major renewable energy output.
CALSTART Hybrid Truck Momentum And OpportunitiesCALSTART
Overview of the hybrid truck market's growth and upcoming technologies to transition to a cleaner transportation future. Presented at NTEA Hybrid Truck and Alt Fuels Summit
Atlanta, GA 2008 by CALSTART Senior VP Bill Van Amburg.
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European Union is the world`s leader in offshore wind power.
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Electricity network are the bone structure of the electricity sector.
PS. That's not the full presentation, futher material can be access by email if necessary ny other information, due Slideshare do not upload the file notes.
The document discusses hybrid electric trucks (HETs). It provides details on the key components of HETs including lithium-ion batteries, electric motors, generators, and power converters. It describes the two main types of powertrain systems for HETs - series and parallel. The series system has no direct mechanical connection between the engine and transmission, allowing the engine to run at peak efficiency. The parallel system allows both the electric motor and engine to power the vehicle directly or together. Charging can occur through standard outlets, charging stations, regenerative braking, and with a range extender during low battery voltage. Driving an HET differs in not requiring a clutch compared to mechanical vehicles.
A brief analysis of volume and steel grades consumption by offshore structures world market in both segments, oil&gas drilling platforms and European windpower offshore support structures. Main customers at the market, supply chain, target products for development by steel producers.
IPP for CUC CNMI/USA Modern Independent Energy Plant in the CNMI, an Overseas...Victor Popolitov
Company’s main activities: initiation, investment, development, formation and operation of modern, autonomous independent power generating complexes on the Pacific islands and later in the Russian Federation. The model will be built on the concept of distributed energy (DE), where DE = RES + LNG + H2.
DE, RES, LNG, LNG TEU ISO, LNG FSRU, Mini LNG (tankers, ports and vessels) Victor Popolitov - Founder, President, victor-p@4is-cnmi.com,http://www.4is-cnmi.com
This document summarizes revisions made to DDS 200-1, which provides guidelines for calculating surface ship endurance fuel requirements. The revised DDS 200-1 incorporates three endurance conditions - surge to theater, economical transit, and operational presence. It also includes several calculation modifications such as using a sea state and fouling factor based on computational modeling rather than a fixed factor. The changes are intended to better align the endurance fuel calculations with fleet operational practices and optimize ship designs for fuel efficiency.
Ultra Low Emission Transit Buses - 4.27.2010 - Richard Thompsoncahouser
The document discusses several technologies for ultra-low emission transit buses, including hydrogen fuel cell buses, battery electric buses, and hybrid options. It provides an overview of demonstration projects underway in Texas to evaluate these technologies in real-world transit bus operation and infrastructure development. Key partners include Capital Metro, the University of Texas Center for Electromechanics, and Proterra. The goals are to advance zero-emissions bus technologies and hydrogen fueling infrastructure to support broader commercial acceptance and adoption.
This document discusses how a new vehicle design concept called a "hypercar" could accelerate the transition to transportation powered by solar hydrogen. Hypercars would be much more efficient than current vehicles, requiring only 10-25 kW of power from proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This smaller power requirement would allow PEMFCs to be adopted earlier at a lower cost. High production volumes of hypercars using PEMFCs could then drive down PEMFC costs enough to displace thermal power stations and encourage the emergence of hydrogen as a major renewable energy output.
CALSTART Hybrid Truck Momentum And OpportunitiesCALSTART
Overview of the hybrid truck market's growth and upcoming technologies to transition to a cleaner transportation future. Presented at NTEA Hybrid Truck and Alt Fuels Summit
Atlanta, GA 2008 by CALSTART Senior VP Bill Van Amburg.
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European Union is the world`s leader in offshore wind power.
Contributes to Europe`s goal of being competitive in the energy sector.
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PS. That's not the full presentation, futher material can be access by email if necessary ny other information, due Slideshare do not upload the file notes.
The document discusses hybrid electric trucks (HETs). It provides details on the key components of HETs including lithium-ion batteries, electric motors, generators, and power converters. It describes the two main types of powertrain systems for HETs - series and parallel. The series system has no direct mechanical connection between the engine and transmission, allowing the engine to run at peak efficiency. The parallel system allows both the electric motor and engine to power the vehicle directly or together. Charging can occur through standard outlets, charging stations, regenerative braking, and with a range extender during low battery voltage. Driving an HET differs in not requiring a clutch compared to mechanical vehicles.
A brief analysis of volume and steel grades consumption by offshore structures world market in both segments, oil&gas drilling platforms and European windpower offshore support structures. Main customers at the market, supply chain, target products for development by steel producers.
IPP for CUC CNMI/USA Modern Independent Energy Plant in the CNMI, an Overseas...Victor Popolitov
Company’s main activities: initiation, investment, development, formation and operation of modern, autonomous independent power generating complexes on the Pacific islands and later in the Russian Federation. The model will be built on the concept of distributed energy (DE), where DE = RES + LNG + H2.
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Components of pem_fuel_cells_an_overviewtshankar20134
The document provides an overview of the key components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEMFCs consist of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with a proton-conducting membrane sandwiched between two electrode layers. Perfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes like Nafion are most widely used as they have high proton conductivity while preventing fuel/oxidant mixing. Efforts are ongoing to develop alternative membranes and electrocatalysts to reduce costs and improve durability in order to facilitate PEMFC commercialization for applications like transportation.
The document provides an overview of the key components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEMFCs are considered promising for commercialization due to their high energy efficiency and low emissions. However, cost and durability remain challenges. The properties of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) directly impact these factors. The success of PEMFCs depends largely on the membrane and electrocatalyst materials. The document discusses these two components, as well as gas diffusion layers, and how concerted research efforts aim to address the challenges through improvements to MEA components.
The document provides an overview of the key components of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEMFCs are considered promising for commercialization due to their high energy efficiency and low emissions. However, cost and durability remain challenges. The performance and cost of PEMFCs depend largely on two key materials - the proton-conducting membrane and the electrocatalysts. The document discusses these components in detail, focusing on the properties required of membrane materials, such as high proton conductivity and chemical/thermal stability. It also reviews efforts to develop high-performance, cost-effective electrocatalysts with reduced platinum content.
A Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Automobiles Future ProspectsIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and their future prospects. It discusses how hydrogen fuel cells work by separating hydrogen ions from electrons and using them to generate electricity through a reaction with oxygen. The document also examines various methods for storing hydrogen on board vehicles, such as compressed gas tanks and liquid hydrogen, and the challenges associated with energy density and storage capacity. It concludes that with further improvements in hydrogen storage technologies, fuel cell vehicles could overcome limitations of battery electric vehicles and for hydrogen to become a widely used transportation fuel.
The document provides an overview of the key components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). It discusses the four main components: [1] proton conducting membranes, [2] electrocatalysts for the anode and cathode, [3] porous gas diffusion electrodes, and [4] the assembly of the membrane and electrodes into the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Perfluorinated membranes such as Nafion are most widely used as they have high proton conductivity and stability, though cost and durability remain challenges.
Maiyalagan, Components of pem fuel cells an overviewkutty79
Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel into
electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among the key enabling technologies for the transition
to a hydrogen-based economy. Among the various types of fuel cells, polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be at the forefront for commercialization for
portable and transportation applications because of their high energy conversion efficiency and low
pollutant emission. Cost and durability of PEMFCs are the two major challenges that need to be
addressed to facilitate their commercialization. The properties of the membrane electrode assembly
(MEA) have a direct impact on both cost and durability of a PEMFC.
An overview is presented on the key components of the PEMFC MEA. The success of the MEA
and thereby PEMFC technology is believed to depend largely on two key materials: the membrane
and the electro-catalyst. These two key materials are directly linked to the major challenges faced in
PEMFC, namely, the performance, and cost. Concerted efforts are conducted globally for the past
couple of decades to address these challenges. This chapter aims to provide the reader an overview
of the major research findings to date on the key components of a PEMFC MEA.
Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteris
Xiao-Guang Yang, Teng Liu, and Chao-Yang Wang. “Thermally modulated lithium
iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles”. In: Nature Energy 6.2
(Jan. 2021), pp. 176–185. doi: 10.1038/s41560-020-00757-7. url:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00757-7.
M. ATTIA (CEA/DRF/IRAMIS//NIMBE/LSDRM)
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To securely address energy shortage and various environmental issues attributed to fossil fuel, the adoption of renewable energy is growing across the globe. However, wind and solar which form the bulk of the emerging renewable energy for micro-grid applications are intermittent and need energy storage device for backup. Due to its environmentally friendly nature, the use of hydrogen as storage mechanism is now being explored for micro-grid applications. However, due to the various technical criteria attributed to various fuel cell (FC) technologies used for hydrogen production, selecting the most suitable alternative remains a challenge. This study uses evaluation based on distance from average solution, a multicriteria decision making tool to rank FC technologies that can be used to produce of hydrogen energy storage in micro-grid applications. The analysis was based on 4 FC technologies and 6 technical criteria. The results of the study show that the most preferred FC technology for micro-grid application is the polymeric electrolyte membrane while the least preferred is molten carbonate FC. It is expected that future analysis would explore the inclusion of socio-economic criteria in the evaluation of the most preferred FC technology for micro-grid application.
Self-recharging Fuel Cell's. Acta's fast track to Telecom Adoption for backupmshiels
The opportunity for fuel cell deployment is well understood in the telecom sector, offering significant operational and environmental benefits over traditional technologies such as diesel generators and batteries. Acta has developed the Acta Power self-recharging fuel cell system, which regenerates the hydrogen used onsite, using electricity from the grid or renewable sources plus water. This eliminates the need to swap hydrogen cylinders, removing a major barrier to the deployment of hydrogen fuel cells in the telecom sector.
SA 2014 Transportation Cost Analysis Final Report Revision 1- FINALBrian James
This document provides a summary of the 2014 cost analysis for direct hydrogen PEM fuel cell systems for transportation applications. Key changes from the 2013 analysis include an updated polarization model, optimization of stack operating conditions, development of a dealloyed binary catalyst synthesis process, a low-cost Gore MEA manufacturing process, use of an Eaton-style multi-lobe air compressor-expander-motor unit, and extension of the Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis. Manufacturing cost estimates are provided for both an 80 kW automotive fuel cell system projected to cost $43/kW at high volume production of 500,000 units per year, as well as a 160 kW fuel cell bus power system.
SA 2015 Transportation Fuel Cell Cost Analysis (Auto and Bus)Brian James
This document summarizes cost analyses for direct hydrogen PEM fuel cell systems for transportation applications. Key points:
- Cost analyses were conducted for both automotive (80 kW) and bus (160 kW) fuel cell power systems to identify cost drivers and track progress towards DOE targets.
- For automotive systems, changes from the 2014 analysis include a new catalyst selection process using dealloyed binary catalysts, updated polarization model, and re-evaluation of system components and manufacturing assumptions at low production volumes.
- The bus power system analysis was also updated, with changes to performance parameters, use of an Eaton-style multi-lobe air compressor, and updates to some balance of plant components.
-
Fuel cell technology has benefits for space exploration and holds promise to power vehicles, homes, and buildings more efficiently while reducing environmental impacts. However, for widespread practical use of fuel cells, important challenges around hydrocarbon fuel reforming, storage, cost, and developing infrastructure must be addressed. Hydrocarbon fuel reforming during a transition period could allow continued use of existing fuel sources while adapting to hydrogen. Storage technologies must match gasoline tanks' capacity and ease of refueling. Cost remains too high for commercial vehicles and facilities due to expensive catalysts and membranes in fuel cells. Developing hydrogen infrastructure is the greatest challenge to commercializing fuel cells.
Flexibility with renewable(low-carbon) hydrogenIEA-ETSAP
Flexibility with renewable hydrogen
Paul Dodds, Jana Fakhreddine & Kari Espegren, IEA ETSAP
16–17th november 2023, Turin, Italy, etsap meeting, etsap winter workshop, semi-annual meeting, november 2023, Politecnico di Torino Lingotto, Torino
The document provides an introduction to the HY-WIRE concept car developed by GM. It discusses how the car combines hydrogen fuel cell propulsion with drive-by-wire technology to replace conventional mechanical and hydraulic control systems. The car aims to be more environmentally friendly and fuel efficient than traditional vehicles. Literature on hydrogen fuel cells and steer-by-wire technology is reviewed. The objectives of the HY-WIRE concept are described as being fuel efficient, environmentally friendly, and stable. The report outline presents chapters that will discuss the HY-WIRE car in depth and compare it to other vehicle types.
FUTURE CAR ,FUTURE OF NASA,ISRO MISSILESharish kumar
Weight just add fuel consumption what will happen if we remove a battery from a car?....what will happen if missiles weight reduce and missile produce electricity for it without any battery ?just imagine a car made of carbon fibre and missile made of carbon fibre amazing it will infinite life for missiles electricity?
Towards to Battery Digital Passport Reviewing Regulations and Standards for S...Carlos Júnior
Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation harm the environment. In response to these environmental concerns, numerous countries encourage the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a more environmentally friendly option than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Advances in battery technology have made batteries an alternative solution for energy storage in stationary applications and for electric mobility. Reduced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) production costs due to economies of scale, electrode material and cell design developments, and manufacturing process improvements have driven this success. This trend is expected to increase the number of LIBs on the market that may be discarded in the environment at the end of their useful life if more sustainable alternatives are not technologically mature. This coming environmental concern can be mitigated by collecting wasted EV batteries, reconfiguring them, and reusing them for applications with less stringent weight, performance, and size requirements. This method would extend battery life and reduce environmental effects. The present work investigates the main regulatory structures of the second-life battery industry that require rules, technical standards, and laws. To achieve this objective, a systematic review was carried out following a strict protocol that includes identifying relevant studies, extracting data and information, evaluating, and summarizing information. This paper explains the primary rules and technical standards governing the second-life battery business. The findings highlight the need for universities, research institutions, and government agencies to evaluate the second-life battery industry objectively. This would enable the creation of new technological regulations and laws for this burgeoning industry.
The document summarizes hybrid solar vehicles (HSV), which integrate photovoltaic panels into hybrid electric vehicles. HSV could combine the advantages of HEVs and solar power by using solar energy captured by panels during driving and parking. However, optimizing the integration requires redesigning the vehicle-powertrain system and developing new energy management strategies tailored to HSVs to maximize solar energy usage. The potential benefits of HSVs include reducing fossil fuel dependence and emissions while increasing electric vehicle range and grid support through vehicle-to-grid technologies.
This document describes a dissertation submitted by Ravi Siva Mani Kandan for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Automobile Engineering. The dissertation focuses on modeling the effects of incorporating porous inserts in the flow channels of a 70 cm2 proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) operating in a zigzag flow pattern. Chapter 1 provides an introduction and preface. Chapter 2 describes fuel cells and PEMFCs. Chapter 3 reviews relevant literature on PEMFC modeling and flow channel designs. Chapter 4 outlines the project, including defining the problem of water management, incorporating porous inserts into the fuel cell model, meshing the fuel cell assembly, and modeling the fuel cell.
A Review on Corrosion of Metallic Bi-Polar Plates for Proton Exchange Membran...iosrjce
The document discusses corrosion of metallic bipolar plates used in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. It provides background on the importance of replacing fossil fuels with cleaner energy technologies like PEM fuel cells. Bipolar plates are key components of PEM fuel cells that require properties like corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and mechanical strength. While graphite plates currently meet requirements, metallic materials are also being investigated due to advantages in strength, conductivity and potential for lower manufacturing costs compared to graphite. The document reviews various metallic and non-metallic materials proposed for use as bipolar plates and examines their physical and chemical properties with a focus on corrosion resistance.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
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The document provides an overview of the key components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEMFCs consist of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with a proton-conducting membrane sandwiched between two electrode layers. Perfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes like Nafion are most widely used as they have high proton conductivity while preventing fuel/oxidant mixing. Efforts are ongoing to develop alternative membranes and electrocatalysts to reduce costs and improve durability in order to facilitate PEMFC commercialization for applications like transportation.
The document provides an overview of the key components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEMFCs are considered promising for commercialization due to their high energy efficiency and low emissions. However, cost and durability remain challenges. The properties of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) directly impact these factors. The success of PEMFCs depends largely on the membrane and electrocatalyst materials. The document discusses these two components, as well as gas diffusion layers, and how concerted research efforts aim to address the challenges through improvements to MEA components.
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This document provides an overview of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and their future prospects. It discusses how hydrogen fuel cells work by separating hydrogen ions from electrons and using them to generate electricity through a reaction with oxygen. The document also examines various methods for storing hydrogen on board vehicles, such as compressed gas tanks and liquid hydrogen, and the challenges associated with energy density and storage capacity. It concludes that with further improvements in hydrogen storage technologies, fuel cell vehicles could overcome limitations of battery electric vehicles and for hydrogen to become a widely used transportation fuel.
The document provides an overview of the key components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). It discusses the four main components: [1] proton conducting membranes, [2] electrocatalysts for the anode and cathode, [3] porous gas diffusion electrodes, and [4] the assembly of the membrane and electrodes into the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Perfluorinated membranes such as Nafion are most widely used as they have high proton conductivity and stability, though cost and durability remain challenges.
Maiyalagan, Components of pem fuel cells an overviewkutty79
Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel into
electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among the key enabling technologies for the transition
to a hydrogen-based economy. Among the various types of fuel cells, polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be at the forefront for commercialization for
portable and transportation applications because of their high energy conversion efficiency and low
pollutant emission. Cost and durability of PEMFCs are the two major challenges that need to be
addressed to facilitate their commercialization. The properties of the membrane electrode assembly
(MEA) have a direct impact on both cost and durability of a PEMFC.
An overview is presented on the key components of the PEMFC MEA. The success of the MEA
and thereby PEMFC technology is believed to depend largely on two key materials: the membrane
and the electro-catalyst. These two key materials are directly linked to the major challenges faced in
PEMFC, namely, the performance, and cost. Concerted efforts are conducted globally for the past
couple of decades to address these challenges. This chapter aims to provide the reader an overview
of the major research findings to date on the key components of a PEMFC MEA.
Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteris
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iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles”. In: Nature Energy 6.2
(Jan. 2021), pp. 176–185. doi: 10.1038/s41560-020-00757-7. url:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00757-7.
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To securely address energy shortage and various environmental issues attributed to fossil fuel, the adoption of renewable energy is growing across the globe. However, wind and solar which form the bulk of the emerging renewable energy for micro-grid applications are intermittent and need energy storage device for backup. Due to its environmentally friendly nature, the use of hydrogen as storage mechanism is now being explored for micro-grid applications. However, due to the various technical criteria attributed to various fuel cell (FC) technologies used for hydrogen production, selecting the most suitable alternative remains a challenge. This study uses evaluation based on distance from average solution, a multicriteria decision making tool to rank FC technologies that can be used to produce of hydrogen energy storage in micro-grid applications. The analysis was based on 4 FC technologies and 6 technical criteria. The results of the study show that the most preferred FC technology for micro-grid application is the polymeric electrolyte membrane while the least preferred is molten carbonate FC. It is expected that future analysis would explore the inclusion of socio-economic criteria in the evaluation of the most preferred FC technology for micro-grid application.
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The opportunity for fuel cell deployment is well understood in the telecom sector, offering significant operational and environmental benefits over traditional technologies such as diesel generators and batteries. Acta has developed the Acta Power self-recharging fuel cell system, which regenerates the hydrogen used onsite, using electricity from the grid or renewable sources plus water. This eliminates the need to swap hydrogen cylinders, removing a major barrier to the deployment of hydrogen fuel cells in the telecom sector.
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This document summarizes cost analyses for direct hydrogen PEM fuel cell systems for transportation applications. Key points:
- Cost analyses were conducted for both automotive (80 kW) and bus (160 kW) fuel cell power systems to identify cost drivers and track progress towards DOE targets.
- For automotive systems, changes from the 2014 analysis include a new catalyst selection process using dealloyed binary catalysts, updated polarization model, and re-evaluation of system components and manufacturing assumptions at low production volumes.
- The bus power system analysis was also updated, with changes to performance parameters, use of an Eaton-style multi-lobe air compressor, and updates to some balance of plant components.
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Fuel cell technology has benefits for space exploration and holds promise to power vehicles, homes, and buildings more efficiently while reducing environmental impacts. However, for widespread practical use of fuel cells, important challenges around hydrocarbon fuel reforming, storage, cost, and developing infrastructure must be addressed. Hydrocarbon fuel reforming during a transition period could allow continued use of existing fuel sources while adapting to hydrogen. Storage technologies must match gasoline tanks' capacity and ease of refueling. Cost remains too high for commercial vehicles and facilities due to expensive catalysts and membranes in fuel cells. Developing hydrogen infrastructure is the greatest challenge to commercializing fuel cells.
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The document provides an introduction to the HY-WIRE concept car developed by GM. It discusses how the car combines hydrogen fuel cell propulsion with drive-by-wire technology to replace conventional mechanical and hydraulic control systems. The car aims to be more environmentally friendly and fuel efficient than traditional vehicles. Literature on hydrogen fuel cells and steer-by-wire technology is reviewed. The objectives of the HY-WIRE concept are described as being fuel efficient, environmentally friendly, and stable. The report outline presents chapters that will discuss the HY-WIRE car in depth and compare it to other vehicle types.
FUTURE CAR ,FUTURE OF NASA,ISRO MISSILESharish kumar
Weight just add fuel consumption what will happen if we remove a battery from a car?....what will happen if missiles weight reduce and missile produce electricity for it without any battery ?just imagine a car made of carbon fibre and missile made of carbon fibre amazing it will infinite life for missiles electricity?
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Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation harm the environment. In response to these environmental concerns, numerous countries encourage the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a more environmentally friendly option than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Advances in battery technology have made batteries an alternative solution for energy storage in stationary applications and for electric mobility. Reduced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) production costs due to economies of scale, electrode material and cell design developments, and manufacturing process improvements have driven this success. This trend is expected to increase the number of LIBs on the market that may be discarded in the environment at the end of their useful life if more sustainable alternatives are not technologically mature. This coming environmental concern can be mitigated by collecting wasted EV batteries, reconfiguring them, and reusing them for applications with less stringent weight, performance, and size requirements. This method would extend battery life and reduce environmental effects. The present work investigates the main regulatory structures of the second-life battery industry that require rules, technical standards, and laws. To achieve this objective, a systematic review was carried out following a strict protocol that includes identifying relevant studies, extracting data and information, evaluating, and summarizing information. This paper explains the primary rules and technical standards governing the second-life battery business. The findings highlight the need for universities, research institutions, and government agencies to evaluate the second-life battery industry objectively. This would enable the creation of new technological regulations and laws for this burgeoning industry.
The document summarizes hybrid solar vehicles (HSV), which integrate photovoltaic panels into hybrid electric vehicles. HSV could combine the advantages of HEVs and solar power by using solar energy captured by panels during driving and parking. However, optimizing the integration requires redesigning the vehicle-powertrain system and developing new energy management strategies tailored to HSVs to maximize solar energy usage. The potential benefits of HSVs include reducing fossil fuel dependence and emissions while increasing electric vehicle range and grid support through vehicle-to-grid technologies.
This document describes a dissertation submitted by Ravi Siva Mani Kandan for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Automobile Engineering. The dissertation focuses on modeling the effects of incorporating porous inserts in the flow channels of a 70 cm2 proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) operating in a zigzag flow pattern. Chapter 1 provides an introduction and preface. Chapter 2 describes fuel cells and PEMFCs. Chapter 3 reviews relevant literature on PEMFC modeling and flow channel designs. Chapter 4 outlines the project, including defining the problem of water management, incorporating porous inserts into the fuel cell model, meshing the fuel cell assembly, and modeling the fuel cell.
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1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network