European Union is the world`s leader in offshore wind power.
Contributes to Europe`s goal of being competitive in the energy sector.
Electricity network are the bone structure of the electricity sector.
PS. That's not the full presentation, futher material can be access by email if necessary ny other information, due Slideshare do not upload the file notes.
Guest speaker presentation at 'Seminar Offshore Wind Energy' UGent – June 201...Pieter Jan Jordaens
Introduction seminar to the new study program in 'Offshore Wind Energy' organized by the Faculty of Engineering Technology of the KU Leuven and the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Ghent (UGent). Goals of the seminar was to give an overview of the current developments in the Belgian Offshore Wind industry. This seminar gave an overview in fields such as offshore wind energy technology, grid integration & operation and maintenance. My contribution gave an overview of the current drivers, technological evolutions, ongoing market trends and technical challenges within this relative new industry. Also insights in reliability issues, risk mitigation pathways and case studies from testing and monitoring projects within OWI-Lab have been presented.
Drone (Quadcopter) full project report by Er. ASHWANI DIXITAshwani Dixit
This is a Fully completed Mechanical Engineering Final Year Project Report of Drone ( Quadcopter ) by Ashwani Dixit from MITM, Ujjain .
for word file of that report you can contact me - ashwanidixit49@gmail.com
Thankyou !!!!!!!!!
Guest speaker presentation at 'Seminar Offshore Wind Energy' UGent – June 201...Pieter Jan Jordaens
Introduction seminar to the new study program in 'Offshore Wind Energy' organized by the Faculty of Engineering Technology of the KU Leuven and the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Ghent (UGent). Goals of the seminar was to give an overview of the current developments in the Belgian Offshore Wind industry. This seminar gave an overview in fields such as offshore wind energy technology, grid integration & operation and maintenance. My contribution gave an overview of the current drivers, technological evolutions, ongoing market trends and technical challenges within this relative new industry. Also insights in reliability issues, risk mitigation pathways and case studies from testing and monitoring projects within OWI-Lab have been presented.
Drone (Quadcopter) full project report by Er. ASHWANI DIXITAshwani Dixit
This is a Fully completed Mechanical Engineering Final Year Project Report of Drone ( Quadcopter ) by Ashwani Dixit from MITM, Ujjain .
for word file of that report you can contact me - ashwanidixit49@gmail.com
Thankyou !!!!!!!!!
High-Altitude Solar Glider for Internet AccessJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze the increasing economic feasibility of high-altitude solar glider for Internet access. The falling cost of electronics and solar cells are making these glider economically feasible when compared to traditional satellites. They have lower manufacturing and launch costs than do traditional satellites and lower installation costs than do fiber optic cable. This enables them to provide cheaper Internet access in developing countries where Internet access is still limited to cities.
Governments around the world are starting to mandate that government funded organizations such as universities and NRENs develop Climate Change Preparedness plans. This is in recognition that we are already committed to a 2C average temperature increase and given the lack of any international agreement on curbing GHG emissions we may be headed to a 6C global average temperature increase. More severe weather patterns are expected which will cause severe disruption to our energy and physical infrastructure. Resilient networks, new network architectures and tools such as distance education and remote collaborative research will be required by our universities and schools to survive and endure periods of such extreme weather. A well designed and thought out Climate Change Preparedness plan can also help higher-ed and NRENs increase their operational resiliency, as well as significantly reduce their current electrical energy costs. In addition a good Climate Change Preparedness plan can also be an excellent way for higher-ed and NRENs to reduce their existing GHG footprint.
2015 Foundations for larger and deeper Offshore Wind MEC Intelligence
For offshore wind farms installations, foundation selection plays an important role in the overall concept design as there are large financial implications attached to the choices made. Foundation costs are primarily driven by material & installation costs and have been considered in this report.
New foundation designs have lower costs as turbines become larger and installed in deeper sea. For instance, 6 MW, new foundations are ~4-20% lower in material cost when compared to monopiles & jackets while for turbine sizes 8 MW and larger, new designs reduce the cost by ~21-24%. Cost reduction potential of 5-15% is observed for foundations at selected 5 farms in Europe. However, developers need to manage risk and other associated premium costs with appropriate contracting.
This reports presents detailed and fact based evaluation of foundations technologies for larger & deeper offshore wind farms. It also offers an evaluation of innovations that could assist in driving down the cost of the installation of foundation for offshore wind farm operations.
CONTRIBUTEDP A P E RHigh-Power Wind EnergyConversion S.docxdonnajames55
CONTRIBUTED
P A P E R
High-Power Wind Energy
Conversion Systems:
State-of-the-Art and
Emerging Technologies
Wind energy installed capacity increased exponentially over the past three decades,
and has become a real alternative to increase renewable energy penetration
into the energy mix.
By Venkata Yaramasu, Member IEEE, Bin Wu, Fellow IEEE, Paresh C. Sen, Life Fellow IEEE,
Samir Kouro, Member IEEE, and Mehdi Narimani, Member IEEE
ABSTRACT | This paper presents a comprehensive study on the
state-of-the-art and emerging wind energy technologies from
the electrical engineering perspective. In an attempt to de-
crease cost of energy, increase the wind energy conversion
efficiency, reliability, power density, and comply with the strin-
gent grid codes, the electric generators and power electronic
converters have emerged in a rigorous manner. From the mar-
ket based survey, the most successful generator-converter
configurations are addressed along with few promising topol-
ogies available in the literature. The back-to-back connected
converters, passive generator-side converters, converters for
multiphase generators, and converters without intermediate
dc-link are investigated for high-power wind energy conver-
sion systems (WECS), and presented in low and medium voltage
category. The onshore and offshore wind farm configurations
are analyzed with respect to the series/parallel connection of
wind turbine ac/dc output terminals, and high voltage ac/dc
transmission. The fault-ride through compliance methods used
in the induction and synchronous generator based WECS are
also discussed. The past, present and future trends in megawatt
WECS are reviewed in terms of mechanical and electrical tech-
nologies, integration to power systems, and control theory. The
important survey results, and technical merits and demerits of
various WECS electrical systems are summarized by tables. The
list of current and future wind turbines are also provided along
with technical details.
KEYWORDS | ac-ac; ac-dc; dc-ac; dc-dc power conversion;
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); fault-ride through (FRT);
grid codes; low voltage (LV); medium voltage (MV); multilevel
converters; permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG);
power electronics; squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG);
wind energy conversion systems (WECS); wind farms; wound
rotor induction generator (WRIG); wound rotor synchronous
generator (WRSG)
I . I N T R O D U C T I O N
Due to depleting fossil fuels and environmental concerns
about global warming, renewable energy sources have
emerged as a new paradigm to fulfill the energy needs of
our society. In recent years, electricity production from the
hydro, solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass
energy sources has come under increasing attention [1],
[2]. By 2012, the power production from renewable energy
sources worldwide exceeded 1470 gigawatt (GW) repre-
senting approximately 19% of global energy co.
High-Altitude Solar Glider for Internet AccessJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze the increasing economic feasibility of high-altitude solar glider for Internet access. The falling cost of electronics and solar cells are making these glider economically feasible when compared to traditional satellites. They have lower manufacturing and launch costs than do traditional satellites and lower installation costs than do fiber optic cable. This enables them to provide cheaper Internet access in developing countries where Internet access is still limited to cities.
Governments around the world are starting to mandate that government funded organizations such as universities and NRENs develop Climate Change Preparedness plans. This is in recognition that we are already committed to a 2C average temperature increase and given the lack of any international agreement on curbing GHG emissions we may be headed to a 6C global average temperature increase. More severe weather patterns are expected which will cause severe disruption to our energy and physical infrastructure. Resilient networks, new network architectures and tools such as distance education and remote collaborative research will be required by our universities and schools to survive and endure periods of such extreme weather. A well designed and thought out Climate Change Preparedness plan can also help higher-ed and NRENs increase their operational resiliency, as well as significantly reduce their current electrical energy costs. In addition a good Climate Change Preparedness plan can also be an excellent way for higher-ed and NRENs to reduce their existing GHG footprint.
2015 Foundations for larger and deeper Offshore Wind MEC Intelligence
For offshore wind farms installations, foundation selection plays an important role in the overall concept design as there are large financial implications attached to the choices made. Foundation costs are primarily driven by material & installation costs and have been considered in this report.
New foundation designs have lower costs as turbines become larger and installed in deeper sea. For instance, 6 MW, new foundations are ~4-20% lower in material cost when compared to monopiles & jackets while for turbine sizes 8 MW and larger, new designs reduce the cost by ~21-24%. Cost reduction potential of 5-15% is observed for foundations at selected 5 farms in Europe. However, developers need to manage risk and other associated premium costs with appropriate contracting.
This reports presents detailed and fact based evaluation of foundations technologies for larger & deeper offshore wind farms. It also offers an evaluation of innovations that could assist in driving down the cost of the installation of foundation for offshore wind farm operations.
CONTRIBUTEDP A P E RHigh-Power Wind EnergyConversion S.docxdonnajames55
CONTRIBUTED
P A P E R
High-Power Wind Energy
Conversion Systems:
State-of-the-Art and
Emerging Technologies
Wind energy installed capacity increased exponentially over the past three decades,
and has become a real alternative to increase renewable energy penetration
into the energy mix.
By Venkata Yaramasu, Member IEEE, Bin Wu, Fellow IEEE, Paresh C. Sen, Life Fellow IEEE,
Samir Kouro, Member IEEE, and Mehdi Narimani, Member IEEE
ABSTRACT | This paper presents a comprehensive study on the
state-of-the-art and emerging wind energy technologies from
the electrical engineering perspective. In an attempt to de-
crease cost of energy, increase the wind energy conversion
efficiency, reliability, power density, and comply with the strin-
gent grid codes, the electric generators and power electronic
converters have emerged in a rigorous manner. From the mar-
ket based survey, the most successful generator-converter
configurations are addressed along with few promising topol-
ogies available in the literature. The back-to-back connected
converters, passive generator-side converters, converters for
multiphase generators, and converters without intermediate
dc-link are investigated for high-power wind energy conver-
sion systems (WECS), and presented in low and medium voltage
category. The onshore and offshore wind farm configurations
are analyzed with respect to the series/parallel connection of
wind turbine ac/dc output terminals, and high voltage ac/dc
transmission. The fault-ride through compliance methods used
in the induction and synchronous generator based WECS are
also discussed. The past, present and future trends in megawatt
WECS are reviewed in terms of mechanical and electrical tech-
nologies, integration to power systems, and control theory. The
important survey results, and technical merits and demerits of
various WECS electrical systems are summarized by tables. The
list of current and future wind turbines are also provided along
with technical details.
KEYWORDS | ac-ac; ac-dc; dc-ac; dc-dc power conversion;
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); fault-ride through (FRT);
grid codes; low voltage (LV); medium voltage (MV); multilevel
converters; permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG);
power electronics; squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG);
wind energy conversion systems (WECS); wind farms; wound
rotor induction generator (WRIG); wound rotor synchronous
generator (WRSG)
I . I N T R O D U C T I O N
Due to depleting fossil fuels and environmental concerns
about global warming, renewable energy sources have
emerged as a new paradigm to fulfill the energy needs of
our society. In recent years, electricity production from the
hydro, solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass
energy sources has come under increasing attention [1],
[2]. By 2012, the power production from renewable energy
sources worldwide exceeded 1470 gigawatt (GW) repre-
senting approximately 19% of global energy co.
Floating Solar is a 10 GW opportunity in India & the ppt is an introduction to Floating Solar with the following content:
a) Floating Solar Market Outlook
b) Benefits of Floating Solar
c) Working Methodology & Design of Floating Solar
d) Case Studies
Similar to Influences on the Design and Viability of Large Offshore Wind Farms and their Connection to Shore (20)
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
Influences on the Design and Viability of Large Offshore Wind Farms and their Connection to Shore
1. Influences on the design and
viability of large offshore wind
farms and their connection to
shore
EE576 Power system economics, markets and asset management
Source: Energy Technology Institute (March 2013)
Eduardo E.F Barbosa
Aurora B. Foss
Scott P. Linkie
Steven Nixon
Corinne M. Shand
2. Introduction
• European Union is the world`s leader in
offshore wind power
• Contributes to Europe`s goal of being
competitive in the energy sector
• Electricity network are the bone structure of
the electricity sector
3. Advantages
•Reduces the issues
of visual impact
•Wind energy yield
40% greater offshore
Offshore Wind
Disadvantages
•High costs and greater
investment risk
•Disturb underwater life
•Hard to forecast
4. • Sites are moving
further from shore into
deeper waters
• Longer submarine
cables and design
constraints
• Large turbine size
Challenges
Source: Subsea World News (June 2012)
5. • Onshore wind is an established technology,
offshore wind still at development stage
• Why inflated offshore capital expenditure
(CAPEX)?
– High initial capital (up to 30-50% greater)
– Increased complexity in design due to challenging
conditions
– Operation and maintenance
– Transportation and installation
Offshore vs. Onshore Cost Analysis
6. • Offshore: 15 - 30% investment
Onshore: 2 - 9% investment
• What affects the connection
costs?
– Distance to seabed from holding port
– Sea depth
– Extreme weather conditions
– Specialist offshore expertise
– Distance to onshore grid connection
• Onshore wind farms generated
electricity at a ‘levelised’ cost of
£83-90/MWh, in contrast to
offshore wind at £169/MWh
Grid Connection Costs
Source: The Crown Estate (May 2012)
7. • Increased competition from turbine manufacturers in new
markets, India and China, will quicken rate of cost reductions:
– Cost reductions by 2020 are projected at around 10% for onshore and
30% for offshore
• Scale for future cost reductions in offshore wind technology
larger as onshore wind is matured technology
• Substantial offshore cost reductions achieved through :
– Larger wind farms create opportunities for economies of scale
– Switch to HVDC connections as cable costs reduced
– Improvements in foundation design e.g. replace steel with concrete
Future Cost Reduction
8. • UK – 18 GW by 2020
• Europe – 40 GW by 2020
• China – 5 GW by 2015
• China – 30 GW by 2020
• Japan – four planned
offshore projects
Prospects
10. • Lack of coordination between state
administrations
• Fishing and anchoring pose threats to cables
• Power output of the wind farm and strength of the
local grid
• Availability of reactive power
• Additional reserve may be required
Regulatory & Technical Issues
12. • Logistics of transport and accommodation
• Consideration must be given to high-seas
environmental factors:
– Powerful storms
– Heavy swells
– Highly corrosive salt water
– Health & Safety
– Adaptations in design which reduce component stress
Operation - Challenges and
Collaboration
13. Areas of learning from Oil & Gas
• Replacement of
Equipment
• Personnel Transfer
• Offshore substations
• O&M Ports
Source: London Array (2013)
14. • N-1 Security
– Failure of one component
– Demand met satisfactorily
• How?
– Network power flow
studies
– Carried out prior to every
connection
Network Security Rules
L1 L2 L3 L4
CB2
CB1 CB3
L1 L2 L3 L4
CB2
CB1 CB3
What is N-1 security?
15. • Tee-in solutions
– Wind farm or hub tee
connection
• Hub-to-hub connections
– Connection between hubs to
– form transmission corridors
• Intermeshed designs
– Offshore grid to split wind
– farms between countries
Methods to increase security
Source: EWEA (2013)
16. • Onshore wind currently presents the most valuable
renewable generation source to distribution operators
• Offshore wind has the potential to rival onshore in the
next few years through significant forecasted cost
reductions
• Deployment further from shore leads to greater energy
yield but this is offset with challenging a O & M
environment
• It is imperative that the connection does not unbalance
the network
Summary
17. • [1] The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Wind in our Sails; The coming of Europe’s
offshore wind energy industry (2011) [Online]. Available:
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/reports/Offshore_Report.pdf Accessed:
09.03.2013
• [2] Ocean Energy Council, Offshore Wind Energy [Online]. Available:
http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/index.php/Offshore-Wind/Offshore-Wind-Energy.html
Accessed: 26.02.2013
• [3] N. Haluzan, Renewable Energy article; Offshore wind power- Advantages and disadvantages
(16 February 2011) [Online]. Available at:
http://www.renewables-info.com/drawbacks_and_benefits/offshore_wind_power_%E2%80%93_advantag
Accessed: 26.03.2013
• [4] Renewable UK, The Economics of Wind Power: written evidence, Energy and Climate Change
Commitee, United Kingdom, June 2012.
• [5] M. MacDonald, Costs of low-carbon generation technologies, Committee on Climate Change,
London, 2011.
• [6] European Environment Agency, Competitiveness of wind energy, Europe's onshore and
offshore wind energy potential: An assessment of environmental and economic constraints, EEA,
Copenhagen, 2009.
• [7] Global Wind Energy Council , Global Offshore: Current Status and Future Prospects, [Online].
Available: http://www.gwec.net/global-offshore-current-status-future-prospects/. Accessed:
13.03.13
References (1)
18. • [8] T. B. W. E. A. (BWEA), PROSPECTS FOR OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY, [Online]. Available:
http://www.offshorewindenergy.org/reports/report_026.pdf Accessed:13.03.2013
• [9] Opti-OWECS, Structural and Economic Optimisation of Bottom-Mounted Offshore Wind
Energy Converters, 1997. [Online]. Available:
http://www.offshorewindenergy.org/reports/report_013.pdf. Accessed : 14.03.13
• [10] P. P. Inc., WindFloat 2011, [Online]. Available:
http://www.principlepowerinc.com/products/windfloat.html. Accessed 14 March 2013
• [11] R. D. N. L. f. S. Energy, Future wind turbines go offshore – deep and floating, 2010. [Online].
Available: http://www.risoe.dtu.dk/News_archives/News/2010/1115_DeepWind.aspx?sc_lang=en.
Accessed : 14.03.13
• [12] D. Søren Stig Frederiksen, DeepWind, 2012. [Online]. Available:
http://www.risoecampus.dtu.dk/Research/sustainable_energy/wind_energy/projects/VEA_DeepWind.aspx
Accessed : 14.03.13
• [13] Siemens, Principle of the Drilling Rig for Offshore Wind Stations,2008. [Online]. Available:
http://www.siemens.com/press/en/presspicture/?press=/en/presspicture/pictures-photonews/2008/pn2008
Accessed : 14.03.13
• [14] E. W. E. Association, Wind Directions exclusive: Floating turbines by 2020, says Siemens’
Stiesdal, [Online]. Available:
http://www.ewea.org/articles/detail/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=1777&cHash=ec0b6b4b5075989e544fd3d8125a
Accessed : 14.03.13
References (2)
19. • [15] Turner, Iain. Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines, Sinclair Knight Merz. Glasgow, UK.
2006.
• [16] BVG Associates. Swindon, UK. 2009. Towards Round 3: Building the Offshore Wind Supply
Chain.
• [17] Delay, Tom. Jennings, Tom, Offshore wind power: big challenge, big opportunity: Maximising
the environmental, economic and security benefits, Carbon Trust. London, UK. 2008.
• [18] Gillespie, Adrian., A Guide to Offshore Wind and Oil&Gas Capability, Scottish Enterprise.
Glasgow, UK. 2011.
• [19] Energy Technology Institute, Picture [Online]. Available at:
http://eti.co.uk/img/uploads/homepage_slideshow/offshore-wind.jpg Accessed: 26.03.2013
• [20] Subsea World News (June 2012), Picture [Online] Available at:
http://subseaworldnews.com/2013/03/21/video-nkt-cables-delivered-biggest-submarine-cable-for-
anholt-offshore-wind-project/ Accessed: 14.04.2013
• [21] London Array(2013), Picture [Online] Available at: http://www.londonarray.com/the-
project/offshore/substations/:Accessed: 14.04.2013
• [22] S. Davies, Plugging in offshore wind power, 21 May 2012. [Online]. Available:
http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2012/05/but-where-do-you-plug.cfm Accessed: 21.03.13
• [23] Offshoregrid.eu, Grid Design Options (hub vs radial, tee-in, hub-to-hub) , 5 October 2011.
[Online]. Available at:
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/events/Project_workshops/5._Jan_d
e_decker_offshoregrid_finalworkshop_griddesignoptions.pdf Accessed: 16.04.13
• [24] The European Wind Energy Association, Picture [Online]. Available at: http://www.ewea.org/
References (3)
Today, the European Union is the world ’ s leader in offshore wind power, with 4000 MW installed. This industry will make sure that Europe is the world leader in offshore wind development, which European companies will benefit from [1]. Offshore Wind Energy contributes to Europe ’ s goal of being competitive in the energy sector, energy security and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions [1]. Electricity networks are the bone structure of the electricity sector, and it is important to invest in energy infrastructure in order to transport large amounts of offshore wind energy to the consumption centres [1].
Advantages: Offshore energy with longer distance from shore reduces the issues of visual impact from land as well as being able to apply new technologies to a greater extent [2]. Offshore wind energy has the advantage of having more frequent and powerful winds, recent studies has shown than the wind blows 40% more offshore than onshore. As a result of this, offshore wind farms can outperform wind energy projects on land in terms of its capacity [3]. Disadvantages: Offshore wind energy turbines need to be able to withstand rough weather and sea conditions, and as a result the construction of the turbines is more complex, which leads to higher costs. This also makes the installation of offshore wind turbines more complex and difficult, and the connection to the grid is more costly than onshore. As a result of this, maintenance will also be more difficult and costly [2]. The investment risk will also be greater for offshore wind farms [2]. Disadvantages of offshore wind energy related to the environmental impact are significantly reduced compared with onshore wind energy, there are smaller issues related to noise and visual impact, than for onshore energy. But, it has been considered that the noise from the turbine could disturb life underwater, affecting fish population and disturb sea life. On the other hand, studies have also shown that the offshore foundations can act as artificial reefs with a resultant increase in fish population from the new food supply. Greater issues related to the impact on fish and mollusc stocks, bird life and seabed sediment [2]. Another disadvantage related to wind energy is that it is hard to predict and forecast wind energy; therefore there must be another energy resource that makes up for potentially short falls [3].
One of the effects of the innovations made in wind energy technology is that sites are moving further from shore and into deeper waters. This innovation has both advantages and disadvantages. One of the downsides of this is that costs are rising, and that more advanced design is required in construction of the wind turbines as well as longer submarine cables for the transmission of energy to the distribution network is needed [1]. Over the two last decades, the size of turbines in offshore wind has grown considerably. These trends are considered to have a number of important implications for the supply chain. This is because, larger wind turbines means larger components. This impacts the logistic part of building a offshore wind farm, because it forces the supply chain to founding coastal manufacturing and to make sure that another mobility that is not dependant on road/rail transport is provided [1]. Source picture [20].
Onshore wind is an established technology, while offshore wind is still in early development stage and therefore the overall costs are greater. Why inflated offshore capital expenditure (capex) [4]? Higher capital (up to 30-50% greater); complex design requirements Increased complexity in design due to challenging conditions Operating and maintenance costs: specialist equipment, therefore inflated charges to use it Offshore wind energy turbines need to be able to withstand rough weather and sea conditions, and as a result the construction of the turbines is more complex, which leads to higher costs [3] Lack of competitive supply chain leads to inflated O&M prices – currently oil & gas sector can provide expertise for the service but expensive as niche service Transportation and installation: In addition to the transportation costs on land, there are the costs associated with shipping the turbines out to sea and installing them with specialist equipment Factors affecting cost: wind turbine model ; the greater power rating the turbine (usually this also means the height is greater as higher wind speed captured at greater height) then the higher the cost site deployment location ; discussed next slide, but simply put, the further offshore then although there is greater energy yield the cost is greater as the conditions are more challenging, deeper seabed's etc. size of wind farm ; the more turbines in the farm, the greater the cost but also complexity increases as how do you arrange them to achieve maximum wind capture i.e. so they don ’ t interfere one another
Grid connection costs make up 15-30% of offshore wind investment costs compared to 2-9% for onshore wind [6]. Costs increase lies in proportion with increase in sea depth of deployment and the distance from the shoreline. What affects the costs? Distance to seabed from holding port: SEE Picture – many of the forthcoming Round 3 seabed licenses to be issued to windfarm developers are over 100km from the shoreline – greater challenge, greater risk, greater costs Sea depth, Extreme weather conditions - Specialist offshore expertise - Distance to onshore grid connection According to 2011 UK estimates, onshore wind farms generated electricity at a ‘ levelised ’ cost of between £83-90/MWh, in contrast to offshore wind cost of £169/MWh [4] However, expensive costs are slightly offset by greater energy yield from offshore systems,, approx. capacity factor 35% [5]. Higher than onshore capacity factor ~ 22-25%
Competition from turbine manufacturers in India and China could see cost reductions both onshore and offshore markets [5]: Cost reductions for onshore estimated at around 10% by 2020 Significant cost reductions of up to 30% projected for offshore Competition in the wind turbine market will drive down costs – especially in the onshore turbine market and then as the offshore turbine develop technically, competition will grow between the developers in the market. Scale for future cost reductions in offshore wind technology larger than that for onshore technology as onshore has matured [5]. Offshore wind can benefit from increased economies of scale through wide scale deployment, there are many offshore projects in the pipeline. Substantial offshore cost reductions achieved through [5]: Larger wind farms create opportunities for economies of scale Switch to HVDC connections as cable costs reduced Improvements in foundation design e.g .replace steel with concrete
According to the Renewable Energy Roadmap, published by the UK government, the UK alone is expected to deploy up to 18 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2020 [7]. Europe is expected to install 16.2 GW of offshore wind capacity over the next four years, and the majority of this will be situated in the North Sea [7]. Europe is expected to have around 40 GW installed capacity by 2020 [7]. China has a target of 5 GW of offshore development by 2015, and 30 GW by 2020 [7]. This underlines the previous slides discussion about the future cost reduction of offshore wind technology, the next couple of years it will still be expensive, but by 2020 this cost is expected to have been driven down Japan announced in the spring of 2012 that four offshore projects were planned, including bottom-mounted turbines and floating turbines, with both the spar buoy and semi-submersible options being tested. Japan ’ s narrow continental shelf limits the potential for bottom-mounted North Sea style offshore wind [7].
The traditional bottom mounted wind turbine, it is securely grounded via a support structure and has few differences from an onshore wind turbine [9]. Semi-submersible wind turbines are stable floating structures, utilising a semi-submerged platform that is partly visible above the surface of the water. It uses a barge type structure secured to the bottom by catenary anchors. This design enables wind turbines to be sited in previously inaccessible locations where water depth exceeds 50m and wind resources are superior [10]. The floating offshore wind turbine concept consists of a long vertical tube that rotates in the water with a vertical axis rotor at the top, a bottom based generator and a seabed fixing system at the bottom. The exciting new 4-year project is called DeepWind and aims to develop turbines producing 20 MW each; it is a collaboration between DTU (Technical University of Denmark) and international partners from both industry and the research community. Studies show that for sea depths exceeding 30-60m, floating structures are more economically feasible than present offshore technology that is based on piled, jack-up or gravity foundations [11][12]. StatoilHydro installed a 2.3 MW Siemens model, known as ‘ Hywind ’ , off the west coast of Norway in 2009. It has a floating platform that is tethered to the sea floor, and it is the movement of the turbine ’ s blades that enables the turbine to be stabilised through a computer program which monitors the movement of the blades and tower [13][14]. Source pictures [9][10][12][13].
Lack of coordination between state administrations is The main cause for the delays with China ’ s offshore plans. Exploration of wind energy at sea conflicts with other marine economic businesses for two governmental bodies (National Energy Administration and State Oceanic Administration) in charge of offshore wind power development. For successful long-term development a national plan will need to be worked out [7]. Fishing and anchoring pose serious threats to cables, and the risk of damage from these activities often justifies the additional cost of burying the cable [8]. Power output of the wind farm and strength of the local grid dictate the connection voltage, as does the location of the offshore connection points available [8]. If the wind turbines have induction generators then the availability of reactive power in the local network may be a technical constraint. Voltage flicker must be regulated and this can introduce time delays on machine start-ups [8].
Without a suitable maintenance plan, an offshore wind power station will be unlikely to last the planned lifespan [15]. Parts will need to be regularly replaced, but this will require tremendous effort and is expensive, thus reducing the return on investment [15]. Monitoring framework for wind turbines, in order to point out possible failures in components attached to turbines. Allowing predictability of failures and the annual failure rates [15], this ultimately reduces the risk of catastrophic failure. Some of preventive maintenance procedures common in large wind turbines include: plans considering periodical changes of lubricating oil from the engine that drives the turbines, rotating cleaning blades of the turbines, checking screws, among other steps of equal importance to keep the machines running at full power. Keeping all these maintenance procedures in day will always help a wind turbine to operate at peak performance and helps prevent breakdowns [17]. Maintenance Options [16] [17]: Continuing to purchase from the same turbine manufacturer creates a dependence on wind turbine manufacturers ; currently asset managers advise against over-reliance on wind turbine manufacturers Moving to use a 3rd party service provider causes limited sharing of operational experiences. Starting to share experiences and technical information enables maximisation of the performance of assets Establishing in-house maintenance expertise generates a lack of skilled resource: companies have teamed up with further education institutes to develop a turbine technician course to help address resource limitations
Onshore Facilities and Transport/Accommodation [16][17]: Wind farms are being maintained from a base at a nearby port. However, as the distance and size of wind farms increase, it no longer become the optimal transportation and accommodation solution. In addition to typical weather and damage, consideration must be given to high-seas environmental factors [16][17]: Powerful storms Heavy swells Highly corrosive salt water Health and Safety Adaptations in design which reduce component stress The offshore wind farm operation is basically remote through a station located near the coast. Thus, the relative risks of these operating systems are mostly linked to weather conditions, conditions of the ocean environment, and solutions in transport and accommodation (logistics), both of workforce, as the replacement of equipment and devices. Health and safety is another risk factor that is extremely important during operation of offshore wind turbines [16] [17].
High potential areas for minimising risk of operation and maintenance [18]: Replacement of equipment; The O & G sector has years of experience of this service and there is wide array of logistics equipment to carry out this in the North Sea which is where a number of offshore projects have been identified to be deployed. Personnel transfer; O & G employees with high-class record of applying safety standards and knowledge to sector. There is also a across-the-board training programme for technicians Offshore substations; design, construction, project management O&M ports; Placing infrastructure support in strategic locations Source picture [21]
What is N-1 security: In the event of a fault on an item of plant such as a transformer, is the network designed to handle the extra load that may occur during a fault. E.G. In the diagram there is a fault on the feed from TX2, upon detection, CB3 will be closed and then CB2 will be opened, this will feed the demand required only if the SO has designed the network accordingly. - A system is said to be n-1 secure if it can handle the demand of the network upon failure of one of its items of plant. How? To ensure the network is n-1 secure, SO ’ s will perform simulations of the proposed connection to ensure the network will still be secure, these will include ensuring the demand can be met while also looking at fault levels to ensure ratings of protection equipment will not exceed fault current ratings.
All of the above methods can be used to aid in the security of supply from wind farms [22]. Tee-in connections are connections to an existing interconnector or planned transmission lines between countries. Hub-to-hub connections is the connection of hubs to form transmission corridors. Intermeshed designs are the construction of an offshore grid. This consists of an interconnector between countries with wind farms connected along the interconnector and substations at intervals. This allows trade between countries while providing the security of offshore substations to allow trade between countries in the need of energy upon a fault onshore or need for demand. This also gives the system operator more flexibility in the event of a fault to shut down any faulty equipment while still providing energy from other wind farms on the interconnector. Network connections [23]. Source picture [24]
Onshore wind currently presents the most valuable renewable generation source to distribution operators. Offshore wind has the potential to rival onshore in the next few years through significant forecasted cost reductions. Deployment further from shore leads to greater energy yield but this is offset with challenging a O & M environment. It is imperative that the connection does not unbalance the network.