This document discusses regenerative braking of BLDC motors. It describes how kinetic energy from a motor during braking can be stored in a battery through regenerative braking. It then provides simulations and test results of using a 3-phase MOSFET bridge rectifier with a boost converter to regeneratively brake a BLDC hub motor on an e-bike. The maximum efficiency was 55% at 50% duty cycle, but maximum braking force occurred at 70% duty cycle. A PID controller is proposed to maintain a constant braking force at varying motor speeds.
BLDC motors are used widely due to various advantages.
This slide includes construction, working, modes of operation and braking, and applications. We also compare it with Brushed DC motor and Induction Motor.
This presentation describes the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) - Six Step Switching - Pole voltages and its control - Frequency control of line voltages
BLDC motors are used widely due to various advantages.
This slide includes construction, working, modes of operation and braking, and applications. We also compare it with Brushed DC motor and Induction Motor.
This presentation describes the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) - Six Step Switching - Pole voltages and its control - Frequency control of line voltages
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar ppt by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
Design of charging unit for electrical vehicles using solar powerRohit gorantla
the design of charging unit in electrical vehicles using solar power means that the automatic charge of the battery is done by use of solar panel. This gives the brief description of the methodology happened in the entire project.
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
Conventional Braking System
Introduction OfRegenerative Braking System
Necessity Of The System
Elements Of Regenerative Braking System
Different Types Of Regenerative Braking System
Advantages And Disadvantages
Research Papers
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
We started with various kind of frictional forces which are projected to bicycle during the run. Then after we calculate approx motor power t which needed to drive the bicycle. We used BLDC motor as a hub drive and connect it in the front wheel of the bicycle. We use lithium-ion battery cells and by connecting them in series-parallel, we made a 36V, 13.2 Ah battery pack. We also connect BMS(Battery Management System) which protects the battery pack from over-charging and over-discharging kind of faults. Top speed of the bicycle is 35kmph and the distance traveled on a single charge is up to 35 to 40km.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar ppt by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
Design of charging unit for electrical vehicles using solar powerRohit gorantla
the design of charging unit in electrical vehicles using solar power means that the automatic charge of the battery is done by use of solar panel. This gives the brief description of the methodology happened in the entire project.
• Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), are hybrids with high capacity batteries that can be charged by plugging them into an electrical outlet or charging station. They can store enough electricity to significantly reduce their petroleum use under typical driving conditions
Conventional Braking System
Introduction OfRegenerative Braking System
Necessity Of The System
Elements Of Regenerative Braking System
Different Types Of Regenerative Braking System
Advantages And Disadvantages
Research Papers
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
We started with various kind of frictional forces which are projected to bicycle during the run. Then after we calculate approx motor power t which needed to drive the bicycle. We used BLDC motor as a hub drive and connect it in the front wheel of the bicycle. We use lithium-ion battery cells and by connecting them in series-parallel, we made a 36V, 13.2 Ah battery pack. We also connect BMS(Battery Management System) which protects the battery pack from over-charging and over-discharging kind of faults. Top speed of the bicycle is 35kmph and the distance traveled on a single charge is up to 35 to 40km.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
A ppt about the topic REGENERATIVE BRAKING. It can be used for the presentation as well as it is a project topic. For more details, contact me. (Font may vary during uploading. Do correct it.)
Analysis and control of four quadrant operation of three phase brushless dc (...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Induction Motor Tests Using MATLAB/SimulinkGirish Gupta
This project describes MATLAB/Simulink implementation of three induction motor tests, namely DC, No-Load, and Blocked-Rotor tests which are performed to identify equivalent circuit parameters of an Induction Machine. These simulation models are developed to support and enhance electric machinery education at the undergraduate level.
Heart beat monitor using AT89S52 microcontrollerSushil Mishra
We , in this project are measuring the heart beat using the pulse oximetry logic.
The timer we have set for counting the heart beat is 30s.
There is a set point we can decide, after 30 s the heartbeat would be shown on the LCD along with a buzzer sound (if it exceeds the set point).
This predefined speed control of BLDC motor runs a motor at user desired speed by using EEPROM for storing speed. It is an effective speed control method.
The existing mixer grinder comprises of the universal motor operating in alternating current supply due to high starting torque characteristics and simple controlling of the speed. The absence of brushes and the reduction of noise in the Brushless DC (BLDC) extends its lifetime and makes it ideal in a mixer grinder. A novel solar-powered BLDC motor drive for mixer grinder is presented in this paper. A DC-DC boost converter has been utilised to operate a PV (photovoltaic) array at its highest power. The proposed hysteresis current control BLDC system has been developed in the MATLAB. A performance comparison is made using the commercially available mixer grinder along with the simulated proposed system.
Biến tần trung thế ứng dụng trong công nghiệp cho các ngành như: Xi măng, nước, khai thác mỏ, sắt thép, nhà máy điện hóa chất, … Thiết bị giảm đáng kể dòng hài trên nguồn điện, độ tin cậy cao và dễ dàng bảo trì.
CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN HẠO PHƯƠNG
Trụ sở chính:
Địa chỉ: Số 88 đường Vĩnh Phú 40, Kp. Hòa Long, P. Vĩnh Phú, Thuận An, Bình Dương.
Văn phòng Hà Nội:
Địa chỉ: Số 95 TT4 – KĐT Mỹ Đình Sông Đà – Phường Mỹ Đình – Q. Nam Từ Liêm – Hà Nội
Chi nhánh Cambodia:
Địa chỉ: The Park Land SenSok, Borey Chip Mong, House Number 22, P11.Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan San Sok, Phnom Penh.
Email: cs@haophuong.com – Website: haophuong.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/haophuongcompany/
HOTLINE: 1800 6547
Solar fed BLDC motor drive for mixer grinder using a buck-boost converterjournalBEEI
In existing mixer grinders, the universal motor is used due to its high starting torque than the induction motor. To achieve higher speed for smaller devices, the implementation of the universal motor becomes cheaper. The absence of brushes and the reduction of noise in the BLDC extends its lifetime, making it ideal for a mixer grinder. The solar-powered BLDC motor drive for a mixer grinder is presented in this paper. A DC-DC buck boost (BB) converter is utilised to operate the PV (photovoltaic) array at its highest power. The proposed hysteresis current (HC) control BLDC system is developed in the MATLAB. A comparison performance is demonstrated between the commercially available mixer grinder and the simulated proposed system.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
1. Regenerative Braking of BLDC
Motors
By
Daniel Torres, Applications Engineer
Patrick Heath, Marketing Manager
High-Performance Microcontroller Division
Microchip Technology Inc.
3. 3
Regenerative Brake in BLDC
motor
Kinetic Energy
BLDC Hub Motor used
in e-bike application
While braking, energy
is stored in the battery
Regenerative braking stores energy back into the battery, while
increasing the life of friction pads on brake shoe. However, to bring
the bike to a complete stop, the mechanical brakes are required.
4. 4
Configuration of a 3-Phase
Rectifier using Simulink
powergui
Continuous
V_DC _BUS
v
+
-
V_CA
v
+
-
V_BC
v
+
-
V_AB
v
+
-
Scope
RPM to rad /sec
1/9.55
RPM
1563
I_DC _BUS
i
+-
I_C
i+
-
I_B
i+
-
I_A
i+
-
HURST MOTOR
w
m
A
B
C
Filter
Diode5Diode4Diode3
Diode2Diode1Diode
The Hurst BLDC motor running at
1563 RPM, generates the EMF,
which is rectified by a 3 phase
diode configuration and filtered to
DC to charge the battery.
6. 6
MOSFET Bridge as a 3-Phase
Rectifier (using Simulink)
powergui
Continuous
V_DC _BUS
v+
-
V_CA
v+
-
V_BC
v+
-
V_AB
v+
-
Scope
RPM to rad /sec
1/9.55
RPM
1563
Mosfet5
g
D
S
Mosfet4
g
D
S
Mosfet3
g
D
S
Mosfet2
g
D
S
Mosfet1
g
D
S
Mosfet
g
D
S
I_DC _BUS
i +-
I_C
i+ -
I_B
i+ -
I_A
i+ -
HURST MOTOR
w
m
A
B
C
Filter
Constant 5
0
Constant 4
0
Constant 3
0
Constant 2
0
Constant 1
0
Constant
0
Body Diode of
MOSFET acts
as rectifier
All MOSFETs are turned OFF
7. 7
3-Phase MOSFET Bridge
Rectifier Simulation Results
Filtered DC Bus Voltage
The DC bus voltage results for the 3-phase MOSFET bridge are
similar to the rectified 3-phase diode circuit.
8. 8
4-Quadrant Motor Operation
For a BLDC motor to operate in 2nd quadrant, the value of the back EMF
generated by the BLDC motor should be greater than the battery voltage (DC bus
voltage). This ensures that the direction of the current reverses, while the motor
still runs in the forward direction.
V > E
V
E
I
Torque
Speed
Forward
Motoring
E > V
V
E
I
Forward
Braking
Reverse
Braking
|V| > |E|
V
E
I
Reverse
Motoring
|E| > |V|
V
E
I
E
2 1
3 4
9. 9
Energy Flow
Generating (Braking)
(Current from Motor to Battery)
Motoring
(Current from Battery to Motor)
For current to flow into battery, the bus voltage should be higher
than the battery terminal voltage. Hence we have to boost the
voltage developed from motor higher than the battery.
10. 10
Limitation of a Direct
Connection
Since this motor is rated for 24-Volts, the battery terminal
voltage would be 24-Volts. To generate 24-Volts from the
motor (or higher voltage), the motor should run at a speed of
3,400 RPM or higher. Hence we have to figure out ways to boost
the back EMF generated by the motor so that even at lower
speeds, the motor can work as brake.
11. 11
Simple Boost Converter
(using Simulink)
Boost _Converterpowergui
Continuous
V_INPUT
v +
-
V_DC _BUS
v+
-
Series RLC Branch
Scope
Pulse
Generator
Mosfet2
g
D
S
Load
I_DC _BUS
i +-
Filter
Diode
DC Voltage Source
The output voltage is
proportional to the duty
cycle of the MOSFET.
13. 13
Boost Converter Based on a
3-phase MOSFET Bridge
BRAKE_MODEL _3
powergui
Continuous
V_DC _BUS
v +
-
V_CA
v
+
-
V_BC
v
+
-
V_AB
v
+
-
Scope 2
Scope 1
Scope
RPM 3
0
RPM2
0
RPM 1
0
RPM
2000
Pulse
Generator
Mosfet5
g
D
S
Mosfet4 g
D
S
Mosfet3
g
D
S
Mosfet2
g
D
S
Mosfet1
g
D
S
Mosfet
g
D
S
I_DC _BUS
i
+-
I_C
i+ -
I_B
i+
-
I_A
i+ -
HURST MOTOR
w
m
A
B
C
Gain
1/9.55
Filter
By varying the duty
cycle, the output
voltage can be
boosted to different
magnitude.
14. 14
Boost Converter 3-phase MOSFET
Bridge Simulation Results
DC Output Voltage ~26
volts @ 2000RPM and
50% duty cycle
15. 15
Boost Converter 3-phase MOSFET
Bridge Simulation Results
DC Output Voltage ~38
volts @ 2000RPM and
70% duty cycle
17. 17
Test Result of Boosted Voltage while
running Motor at 2500 RPM
No Load voltage vs Duty
(Tested on Hurst Motor)
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Duty (%)
Voltage(V)
2000 RPM
2500 RPM
3000 RPM
This slide shows the output voltage of the motor after boost, for different speed and
duty cycles. The magnitude of the voltage will increase proportional to the shaft
speed. Another point evident from the plots is that the output voltage gets boosted
proportionally to the duty cycle.
18. 18
Test Versus Simulation Results
at 2000 RPM
Current vs Duty (Simulation)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100
Duty (%)
Current(A)
Current (A)
Current vs Duty (Tested on Hurst Motor)
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 20 40 60 80 100
Duty (%)
Current(A)
Series1
• For low value duty cycles, the
boosted voltage is low. Hence no
current flows into the battery.
• At around 30% duty cycle, the
voltage begins to boost and the
current flows into the battery.
This is the point where
regenerative braking starts.
• The peak current from simulation
is around 0.5Amps @ 70% duty
cycle. This translates to 24V * 0.5
Amps = 12 Watts. Since brake
force is proportional to the current,
this is the point of maximum brake
force.
• Beyond that point, the current
starts to fall, mainly because of the
motor construction (resistance and
inductance drops).
19. 19
Efficiency Simulation Results
Efficiency vs Duty (Simulation)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40 60 80 100
Duty (%)
Efficiency(%)
Efficiency (%)
This slide shows the efficiency curve of the brake setup, which gives a maximum efficiency of 55% at 50% duty cycle.
Since this is a simulated result, the actual figure of efficiency might be lower.
From the plot, it can be seen that the maximum efficiency point and maximum brake force points do not coincide:
• Max brake force @ 70% duty cycle
• Max efficiency @ 50% duty cycle
Hence, the braking algorithm can be designed to operate at either maximum efficiency or at maximum brake force
points.
20. 20
PID Control for Constant
Brake Force
Current
command
Error
Current Feedback
PID
Duty Cycle Duty Cycle limit for
over voltage protection
MOSFET
BLDC Motor
Analog voltage
proportional to the
required brake force
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
80 0.1 0.1 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.18
120 0.2 0.2 0.22 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.28
160 0.3 0.3 0.32 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.38 0.38
200 0.4 0.4 0.42 0.42 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.48 0.48
240 0.5 0.5 0.52 0.52 0.65 0.55 0.55 0.58 0.58
280 0.6 0.6 0.62 0.62 0.75 0.85 0.85 0.88 0.88
320 0.7 0.7 0.72 0.72 0.85 1.05 1.25 1.48 1.68
380 0.8 0.8 0.82 0.82 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.78 2.08
440 0.9 0.9 0.92 0.92 1.05 1.55 2.15 2.28 2.88
500 1 1 1.02 1.02 1.15 1.95 2.65 2.78 2.98
Required Brake force
WheelSpeed
The PID loop will try to maintain a constant brake
force at different motor speeds. Hence the user will
get a linear response of brake force.
21. 21
Thank You
Questions?
Note: The Microchip name and logo are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries.
All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies.