Ipv4 header
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This document summarizes key fields in an IPv4 packet header, including the version and Internet header length, Type of Service, total length, identification, flags, fragmentation offset, protocol, checksum, and source and destination IP addresses. It describes the purpose and values of several fields, such as using the Type of Service field to indicate quality of service preferences or setting the Don't Fragment flag. It also briefly mentions challenges with IPv4 fragmentation and some common attacks.
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Ipv4 presentation
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP) and routes most internet traffic. It uses 32-bit addresses, allowing for over 4 billion devices to connect. Addresses are written in binary or dotted-decimal notation, with each part identifying the network or host. IPv4 addresses are divided into classes A-C that determine the portions for network vs host identification, with classes D-E being reserved. Issues with IPv4 include a limited address space and increasing routing tables as the internet grows.
IPv4
- The document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) which is the principal communications protocol for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. There are two major versions - IPv4 which is the dominant protocol, and IPv6 which is its successor.
- IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses divided into five classes (A, B, C, D, E). It allows for over 4 billion addresses but deficiencies in the classful addressing system led to address depletion.
- Classless addressing was introduced to overcome depletion by granting variable length address blocks defined by an IP address and network mask. This provides a hierarchical addressing structure and greater flexibility.
Arp and rarp
This document discusses several internet protocols, including ARP and RARP. ARP is used to convert IP addresses to physical addresses like Ethernet addresses. It operates below the network layer to interface between OSI layers. A host broadcasts an ARP request to obtain another device's physical address. RARP is used to resolve an IP address from a given hardware address. It has been replaced by newer protocols but was used by clients to request IP addresses from a network.
Internet control message protocol
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP provides error reporting, congestion reporting, and first-hop router redirection. It uses IP to carry its data end-to-end and is considered an integral part of IP. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and are used to report errors in IP datagrams, though some errors may still result in datagrams being dropped without a report. ICMP defines various message types including error messages like destination unreachable and informational messages like echo request and reply.
Multiple access protocol
This document discusses multiple access protocols used to coordinate access to shared broadcast channels. It describes various channel partitioning protocols like TDMA and FDMA that divide channels by time or frequency. Random access protocols like ALOHA and CSMA are also covered, which allow nodes to transmit randomly and detect collisions. CSMA/CD improves on CSMA by allowing nodes to detect collisions quickly and abort transmissions. Taking-turns protocols pass control of the channel between nodes either through polling or token passing. The document provides examples and compares the efficiency of different multiple access protocols.
Final Presentation on the Network layer
This document provides an overview of the network layer and some of its key protocols. It begins with an introduction to the network layer and its main responsibilities, including routing packets between subnets that may have different addressing schemes or protocols. It then discusses some of the network layer's main functionalities and features. The remainder of the document defines and describes several important network layer protocols, including EIGRP, ICMP, IGMP, IPv4, and others. It provides high-level explanations of how these protocols function and their roles within the network layer.
Ip addressing classful
This document discusses IP addressing and classful addressing in TCP/IP networking. It covers the following key points:
- IP addresses are 32-bit addresses that uniquely identify devices on the Internet. They are organized into classes A, B, C, D and E based on the binary pattern of the address.
- Classful addressing allocates address blocks to organizations based on these classes. However, this led to inefficient address usage and rapid depletion of available addresses.
- Subnetting and supernetting were introduced to allow better allocation of addresses within the original classful blocks through the use of subnet and supernet masks. However, classful addressing is now mostly obsolete.
Arp (address resolution protocol)
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
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Ipv4 presentation
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP) and routes most internet traffic. It uses 32-bit addresses, allowing for over 4 billion devices to connect. Addresses are written in binary or dotted-decimal notation, with each part identifying the network or host. IPv4 addresses are divided into classes A-C that determine the portions for network vs host identification, with classes D-E being reserved. Issues with IPv4 include a limited address space and increasing routing tables as the internet grows.
IPv4
- The document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) which is the principal communications protocol for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. There are two major versions - IPv4 which is the dominant protocol, and IPv6 which is its successor.
- IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses divided into five classes (A, B, C, D, E). It allows for over 4 billion addresses but deficiencies in the classful addressing system led to address depletion.
- Classless addressing was introduced to overcome depletion by granting variable length address blocks defined by an IP address and network mask. This provides a hierarchical addressing structure and greater flexibility.
Arp and rarp
This document discusses several internet protocols, including ARP and RARP. ARP is used to convert IP addresses to physical addresses like Ethernet addresses. It operates below the network layer to interface between OSI layers. A host broadcasts an ARP request to obtain another device's physical address. RARP is used to resolve an IP address from a given hardware address. It has been replaced by newer protocols but was used by clients to request IP addresses from a network.
Internet control message protocol
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP provides error reporting, congestion reporting, and first-hop router redirection. It uses IP to carry its data end-to-end and is considered an integral part of IP. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and are used to report errors in IP datagrams, though some errors may still result in datagrams being dropped without a report. ICMP defines various message types including error messages like destination unreachable and informational messages like echo request and reply.
Multiple access protocol
This document discusses multiple access protocols used to coordinate access to shared broadcast channels. It describes various channel partitioning protocols like TDMA and FDMA that divide channels by time or frequency. Random access protocols like ALOHA and CSMA are also covered, which allow nodes to transmit randomly and detect collisions. CSMA/CD improves on CSMA by allowing nodes to detect collisions quickly and abort transmissions. Taking-turns protocols pass control of the channel between nodes either through polling or token passing. The document provides examples and compares the efficiency of different multiple access protocols.
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This document provides an overview of the network layer and some of its key protocols. It begins with an introduction to the network layer and its main responsibilities, including routing packets between subnets that may have different addressing schemes or protocols. It then discusses some of the network layer's main functionalities and features. The remainder of the document defines and describes several important network layer protocols, including EIGRP, ICMP, IGMP, IPv4, and others. It provides high-level explanations of how these protocols function and their roles within the network layer.
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This document discusses IP addressing and classful addressing in TCP/IP networking. It covers the following key points:
- IP addresses are 32-bit addresses that uniquely identify devices on the Internet. They are organized into classes A, B, C, D and E based on the binary pattern of the address.
- Classful addressing allocates address blocks to organizations based on these classes. However, this led to inefficient address usage and rapid depletion of available addresses.
- Subnetting and supernetting were introduced to allow better allocation of addresses within the original classful blocks through the use of subnet and supernet masks. However, classful addressing is now mostly obsolete.
Arp (address resolution protocol)
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
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This document discusses the Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 and 6. It describes the key tasks of IP including addressing computers and fragmenting packets. IP version 4 uses 32-bit addresses while IP version 6 uses 128-bit addresses and has improvements like larger address space and better security. The document also covers IP address classes, private addressing, subnetting, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), and address blocks.
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Ipv4
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Overview of RARP, BOOTP, DHCP and PXE protocols for dynamic IP address assignment.
Dynamic IP address assignment to a host (or interface) is a common problem in TCP/IP based networks.
Manual and static assignment of IP addresses does not scale well and becomes a labor intensive task with a growing number of hosts.
An early approach for dynamic IP address assignment was RARP (Reverse ARP) which ran directly on the Ethernet protocol layer.
The many problems of RARP such as the inability to be routed between subnets were solved with BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol).
BOOTP, however, ended to have its own set of limitations like lack of a lease time for IP addresses.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) was therefore defined as an extension to BOOTP.
DHCP is backward compatible with BOOTP thus allowing some degree of interoperability between the 2 protocols.
The state-of-the-art protocol for dynamic IP address assignment is, however, is DHCP.
DHCPv6 is an adaption of DHCP for IPv6 based networks.
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The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
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This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNP nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in network layer design, including:
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- Routing algorithms like shortest path, flooding, distance vector, link state, and hierarchical routing.
- Quality of service techniques including integrated services, differentiated services, and MPLS.
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- An overview of the network layer in the Internet including IP, addressing, routing protocols like OSPF and BGP, and
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- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
Multiple Access Protocal
Fast Ethernet increased the bandwidth of standard Ethernet from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps. It used the same CSMA/CD access method and frame format as standard Ethernet but with some changes to address the higher speed. Fast Ethernet was implemented over twisted pair cables using 100BASE-TX or over fiber optic cables using 100BASE-FX. The increased speed enabled Fast Ethernet to compete with other high-speed LAN technologies of the time like FDDI.
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Address resolution protocol
ARP resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses for local network delivery. It uses broadcast datagrams to request MAC addresses and unicasts to reply. Proxy ARP allows routers to answer for hosts on remote networks during subnet transition. RARP and Inverse ARP work in reverse to resolve MAC addresses to IP addresses.
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1. IP (Internet Protocol) is the network layer protocol that defines how data should be packaged and transmitted across networks. It provides an unreliable, connectionless best-effort delivery service.
2. IP sits at the center of the Internet protocol stack architecture. It interfaces with higher-level protocols like TCP and UDP above it and lower-level data link protocols below it.
3. The IP datagram header contains fields for source/destination addresses, identification, flags, fragment offset, time-to-live, and more. It uses network byte ordering in transmission. IP datagrams can be fragmented into smaller pieces if their size exceeds the maximum transmission unit of a network.
10 coms 525 tcpip - internet protocol - ip
IP is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. It is a connectionless, best-effort protocol that does not guarantee delivery. IP packets can be fragmented into smaller units if their size exceeds the maximum transmission unit of the network. Fragmentation involves splitting the packet into multiple fragments that contain the same identification field but varying fragment offset and total length fields. The fragments are reassembled into the original packet at the destination.
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IP addressing and subnetting allows networks to be logically organized and divided. The key objectives covered include explaining IP address classes, configuring addresses, subnetting networks, and advanced concepts like CIDR, summarization, and VLSM. Transitioning to IPv6 is also discussed as a way to address the depletion of IPv4 addresses and improve security.
IPv4 Addressing
This document discusses the Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 and 6. It describes the key tasks of IP including addressing computers and fragmenting packets. IP version 4 uses 32-bit addresses while IP version 6 uses 128-bit addresses and has improvements like larger address space and better security. The document also covers IP address classes, private addressing, subnetting, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), and address blocks.
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The document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP consists of encapsulating packets into frames, a Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing and configuring the connection, and Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for network layer configuration. It describes PPP frame formats, byte stuffing for transparency, and authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP. The presentation includes a Wireshark demo and addresses questions about PPP design requirements and non-requirements.
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Here it has all the basic concepts of routing protocol but I think it will better for ur's seminar topic....
Ipv4
Internet Protocol (IP) is used to carry data from source to destination hosts across the Internet by providing addressing, fragmentation and reassembly, packet timeouts, and prioritization of traffic. IP uses 32-bit addresses to identify sending and receiving hosts and allows packets to be split into smaller fragments if needed to travel across networks. Routers use the IP Time to Live field to discard packets that have been traveling too long to prevent flooding of networks.
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- Techniques used to extend IPv4 like subnetting, CIDR, and NAT.
- Key features of IPv6 like its larger 128-bit address space, stateless autoconfiguration, and security improvements.
- Differences between IPv4 and IPv6 headers and IPv6's use of extension headers.
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IEEE standards 802.3.&802.11
The document discusses various IEEE 802 standards for networking technologies including Ethernet, wireless LAN (802.11), and their variants and evolutions over time. It provides details on Ethernet standards and implementations such as 802.3, 10BASE5, 10BASE2, 10BASE-T, 10BASE-F, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet. It also summarizes key aspects of wireless networking standards such as 802.11 components, frame format, and physical layer specifications including FHSS, DSSS, OFDM, and associated data rates and frequencies.
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Overview of RARP, BOOTP, DHCP and PXE protocols for dynamic IP address assignment.
Dynamic IP address assignment to a host (or interface) is a common problem in TCP/IP based networks.
Manual and static assignment of IP addresses does not scale well and becomes a labor intensive task with a growing number of hosts.
An early approach for dynamic IP address assignment was RARP (Reverse ARP) which ran directly on the Ethernet protocol layer.
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BOOTP, however, ended to have its own set of limitations like lack of a lease time for IP addresses.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) was therefore defined as an extension to BOOTP.
DHCP is backward compatible with BOOTP thus allowing some degree of interoperability between the 2 protocols.
The state-of-the-art protocol for dynamic IP address assignment is, however, is DHCP.
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The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
Computer Network - Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for delivering packets from source to destination. It must know the topology of the subnet and choose appropriate paths. When sources and destinations are in different networks, the network layer must deal with these differences. The network layer uses logical addressing that is independent of the underlying physical network. Routing ensures packets are delivered through routers and switches from source to destination across interconnected networks.
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This document provides an overview of the IPv6 header based on Chapter 4 of the book "Understanding IPv6, Third Edition". It describes the components of an IPv6 packet including the IPv6 header, extension headers, and upper-layer protocol data unit. The IPv6 header is a fixed size of 40 bytes and contains fields for version, traffic class, flow label, payload length, next header, hop limit, source address, and destination address. Extension headers can be added after the IPv6 header and are used to expand IPv6's capabilities. The IPv6 header was designed to be more efficient than IPv4 by reducing the number of required fields and moving seldom-used fields to extension headers.
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This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNP nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
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IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol that provides a vastly larger number of IP addresses compared to the current IPv4. It features 128-bit addressing which allows for trillions of devices to have unique IP addresses. IPv6 also aims to make networking more secure and allow for more efficient routing. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is underway, with most modern operating systems and network hardware now supporting IPv6, though applications support is still growing. IPv6's expanded addressing capabilities and additional features will help meet future demands on the Internet as more devices connect online.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in network layer design, including:
- Store-and-forward packet switching and the services provided to the transport layer.
- Implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, and comparison of virtual circuits and datagrams.
- Routing algorithms like shortest path, flooding, distance vector, link state, and hierarchical routing.
- Quality of service techniques including integrated services, differentiated services, and MPLS.
- Internetworking issues such as connecting different networks, concatenated virtual circuits, tunneling, and fragmentation.
- An overview of the network layer in the Internet including IP, addressing, routing protocols like OSPF and BGP, and
Open shortest path first (ospf)
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
Multiple Access Protocal
Fast Ethernet increased the bandwidth of standard Ethernet from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps. It used the same CSMA/CD access method and frame format as standard Ethernet but with some changes to address the higher speed. Fast Ethernet was implemented over twisted pair cables using 100BASE-TX or over fiber optic cables using 100BASE-FX. The increased speed enabled Fast Ethernet to compete with other high-speed LAN technologies of the time like FDDI.
Forouzan ppp
This document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which establishes a direct connection between two nodes over various physical link layers. PPP has several layers and frame types to negotiate options, authenticate users, and encapsulate network layer protocols like IP. It can also bundle multiple physical links together through Multilink PPP for increased bandwidth.
Address resolution protocol
ARP resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses for local network delivery. It uses broadcast datagrams to request MAC addresses and unicasts to reply. Proxy ARP allows routers to answer for hosts on remote networks during subnet transition. RARP and Inverse ARP work in reverse to resolve MAC addresses to IP addresses.
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1. IP (Internet Protocol) is the network layer protocol that defines how data should be packaged and transmitted across networks. It provides an unreliable, connectionless best-effort delivery service.
2. IP sits at the center of the Internet protocol stack architecture. It interfaces with higher-level protocols like TCP and UDP above it and lower-level data link protocols below it.
3. The IP datagram header contains fields for source/destination addresses, identification, flags, fragment offset, time-to-live, and more. It uses network byte ordering in transmission. IP datagrams can be fragmented into smaller pieces if their size exceeds the maximum transmission unit of a network.
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- UDP provides simple connectionless delivery of packets but without reliability.
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The document provides an overview of how the Internet works, including:
- IP addresses and domain names allow devices to communicate over the Internet and find resources. IP addresses are numeric identifiers while domain names are easier for humans to remember.
- When a user enters a domain name, DNS servers work behind the scenes to translate it to an IP address so the request can be routed to the proper destination.
Introduction to Ethernet para radio enlace
This document provides an introduction to Ethernet and related networking concepts. It discusses local area networks (LANs), common network devices like hubs, bridges and routers. It also covers the OSI model layers and protocols that operate at each layer. The document explains Ethernet frames, including the fields within a basic frame and how frames are tagged to support virtual LANs (VLANs). It provides details on single and double VLAN tagging using IEEE 802.1Q.
TCP/IP Basics
The document discusses TCP/IP networking fundamentals including:
- The TCP/IP protocol suite model with layers for internet, transport, and applications.
- Key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP that operate at each layer.
- IP addressing and routing protocols like RIP and OSPF.
- Network applications that use TCP/IP like HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.
- Networking services like DHCP, NAT, and firewalls.
- Emerging technologies like IPv6 that expand addressing and add new features.
Internet protocol (ip) ppt
IP specifies the format of packets, also called #datagrams, and the addressing scheme. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source.
If you want to purchase the content e-mail me on dulith1989@gmail.com
At640 datasheet-d20110704 en
The document discusses the technical specifications and features of a business IP phone. It lists various protocols supported like TCP, DHCP, PPPoE, SNTP, MD5, DNS, RTP, RTCP, Telnet, HTTP, FTP and TFTP. It supports SIP and IAX2 protocols with up to 5 SIP lines and 1 IAX2 line. Call features like hold, transfer, three-way calling and call forwarding are supported. The phone has a web, telnet and keypad interface for management and supports firmware upgrades via HTTP, FTP or TFTP. It has a phonebook that can store up to 500 entries.
5. Stream Ciphers
The document discusses stream ciphers and how they can be implemented in either hardware or software. It describes how stream ciphers work by generating a pseudorandom bitstream from a key and nonce that is XOR'd with the plaintext. Hardware-oriented stream ciphers were initially more efficient to implement than block ciphers using dedicated circuits like LFSRs. However, LFSR-based designs are insecure and modern software-oriented stream ciphers like Salsa20 are more efficient on CPUs. The document cautions that stream ciphers can be broken if the key and nonce are reused or if there are flaws in the implementation.
Networking
The document provides a job description for a networking role paying over $400,000 annually. The responsibilities include managing hardware like routers, switches, and firewalls; integrating new locations into the core network; and supporting routing protocols. The document also covers networking fundamentals like the OSI model, IP addressing, protocols, and common terms.
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Ipv4 header
- 3. Version
- 4. IHL (Internet Header Length) * 4 =in bytes
- 5. ToS (Type of Service)
- 6. ToS (Type of Service) • 1000: Minimize delay • 0100: Maximize throughput • 0010: Maximize reliability • 0001: Minimize monetary cost • 0000: Normal service • RFC 1349 > Obsolete! • 11: Congestion Experienced • 10: ECN Aware • 01: ECN Aware • 00: No ECN • RFC 3168 > Newer!
- 7. ToS (Type of Service)
- 8. IP Datagram Length (Total Length)
- 10. Flags (3 bit)
- 11. Flags (3 bit) • DF (Do not Fragment) : • 0 means allow fragmentation; • 1 means do not allow fragmentation. 0 : Reserved, must be zero. • MF (More Fragments) : • 0 means that this is the last fragment of the datagram; • 1 means that additional fragments will follow.
- 12. Fragmentation Offset (13 bit) * 8 = in bytes
- 13. Fragmentation
- 14. Fragmentation
- 15. Fragmentation
- 16. Fragmentation
- 17. Fragmentation
- 18. Fragmentation
- 19. Fragmentation
- 20. Fragmentation
- 25. Ping of Death
- 26. Teardrop
- 27. TTL (Time to Live)
- 28. Protocol
- 29. Protocol (https://www.eit.lth.se/ppplab/IPHeader.htm#Protocol) Protocol Description 0 Reserved 1 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 2 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 3 Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP) 4 IP (IP encapsulation) 5 Stream 6 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 8 Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) 9 Private Interior Routing Protocol 17 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- 30. Header Checksum
- 31. Header Checksum • 4500 0073 0000 4000 4011 b861 c0a8 0001 c0a8 00c7 0035 e97c 005f 279f 1e4b 8180 • 4500 + 0073 + 0000 + 4000 + 4011 + c0a8 + 0001 + c0a8 + 00c7 = 2479C • 2 + 479C = 479E (if another carry is generated by this addition, another 1 must be added to the sum) • 479E > 1st complement (Binary) = B861
- 32. Header Checksum
- 33. Source IP
- 34. Destination IP
- 35. IP Options