Intellectual property rights grant creators exclusive rights over their original works and inventions. Common types of intellectual property include copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. Copyright protects original creative works. Patents protect inventions for a limited period. Trademarks protect brands, names, and logos. Intellectual property laws aim to reward creators and innovators for their efforts while allowing for the sharing of ideas.

1. Intellectual Property Rights
Intellectual property (IP) rights are legally recognized
exclusive rights to creations of the mind. Under
intellectual property laws, owners are granted certain
exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as
musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and
inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs.
Common types of intellectual property rights include
copyright, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights,
trade dress, and in some jurisdictions trade secrets.

2. •A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted to an inventor
or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for
detailed public disclosure of an invention.
•Patents are a form of intellectual property.
•The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on
the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary
widely between countries according to national laws and
international agreements.
•The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries
is the right to prevent others from commercially making,
using, selling, importing, or distributing a patented invention
without permission

3. •Copyright is a legal right that grants the creator of an
original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution,
usually for a limited time, with the intention of enabling
the creator (e.g. the photographer of a photograph or the
author of a book) to receive compensation for their
intellectual effort.
•Copyright is a form of intellectual property applicable to
any expressible form of an idea or information. It is often
shared, then percentage holders are commonly called
rightsholders.

4. •A trademark, is a recognizable sign, design or expression which identifies
products or services of a particular source from those of othersThe trademark
owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A
trademark may be located on a package, a label, a voucher or on the product
itself. For the sake of corporate identity trademarks are also being displayed on
company buildings
•Trademarks are used to claim exclusive properties of products or services.
•The usage of trademarks by its owner can cause legal issues if this usage
makes them guilty of false advertising or if the trademark is offensive
•The unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading
counterfeit consumer goods is known as brand piracy.
•The owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark
infringement.

5. Cyber Laws
Computer crime, or Cybercrime, refers to any crime that involves a computer and a
network. The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be
the target.
Netcrime is criminal exploitation of the Internet.
Cybercrimes are defined as: "Offences that are committed against individuals or
groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the
victim or cause physical or mental harm to the victim directly or indirectly, using
modern telecommunication networks such as Internet (Chat rooms, emails, notice
boards and groups) and mobile phones (SMS/MMS)
Issues surrounding these types of crimes have become high-profile, particularly those
surrounding cracking, copyright infringement, child pornography, and child grooming.
There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted,
lawfully or otherwise.

6. Section Offence Punishment
65
Tampering with computer source documents - Intentional
concealment, destruction or alteration of source code
when the computer source code is required to be kept or
maintained by law for the time being in force
Imprisonment up to three years,
or/and with fine up to 2 lakh rupees
66 Hacking
Imprisonment up to three years,
or/and with fine up to 5 lakh rupees
66-A
Sending offensive message through electronic means -
Sending any information through an electronic message
that is grossly offensive or has menacing character and
might cause insult, injury, criminal intimidation, enmity,
hatred, or ill will, etc. or sending such mail intended to
deceive or to mislead the addressee or recipient about the
origin of such messages
Imprisonment up to three years,
and with fine.
Offences(IT Act 2000)

7. Network Security Measures
Network security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a
network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse,
modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible
resources.
Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network,
which is controlled by the network administrator.
Users choose or are assigned an ID and password or other authenticating
information that allows them access to information and programs within
their authority

8. Network security starts with authenticating, commonly with a username
and a password.
Once authenticated, a firewall enforces access policies such as what
services are allowed to be accessed by the network users. Though effective
to prevent unauthorized access, this component may fail to check
potentially harmful content such as computer worms or Trojans being
transmitted over the network. Anti-virus software help detect and inhibit
the action of such malware.
Communication between two hosts using a network may be encrypted to
maintain privacy.
A home or small office may only require basic security while large
businesses may require high-maintenance and advanced software and
hardware to prevent malicious attacks from hacking..

9. Static vs Dynamic Web pages
Classical hypertext navigation, with HTML alone, provides "static" content, meaning that
the user requests a web page and simply views the page and the information on that
page.
However, a web page can also provide a "live", "dynamic", or "interactive" user
experience. Content (text, images, form fields, etc.) on a web page can change, in
response to different contexts or conditions.
There are two ways to create this kind of effect:
Using client-side scripting to change interface behaviors within a specific web page, in
response to mouse or keyboard actions or at specified timing events. In this case the
dynamic behavior occurs within the presentation.
Using server-side scripting to change the supplied page to the browser. Server responses
may be determined by such conditions as data in a posted HTML form, parameters in the
URL, the type of browser being used, the passage of time, or a database or server state.
Client-side scripting languages like JavaScript or ActionScript, used for Dynamic HTML
(DHTML) and Flash technologies respectively, are frequently used to orchestrate media
types (sound, animations, changing text, etc.) of the presentation.
Web pages that use to the second method are often created with the help of server-side
languages such as PHP, Perl, ASP, ASP.NET, JSP, ColdFusion and other languages.

10. Wireless Technologies
Wi-Fi, is a local area wireless technology that allows an electronic
device to exchange data or connect to the internet using radio
waves. "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN".
Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g., personal computers, video-game
consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers and digital
audio players.
These can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a
wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has
a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range
outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a
single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many
square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access
points

11. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is
a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to
40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update
providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. WiMAX is described
as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last
mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and
DSL". It is similar to Wi-Fi, but it can enable usage at much
greater distances.

12. Wireless local loop (WLL), is a term for the use of a wireless
communications link as the connection for delivering plain old
telephone service (POTS) or Internet access (marketed under
the term "broadband") to telecommunications customers.
Various types of WLL systems and technologies exist.
Other terms for this type of access include Broadband Wireless
Access (BWA), Radio In The Loop (RITL), Fixed-Radio Access
(FRA), Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) and Metro Wireless (MW).