This document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT) and discusses its usage, impacts, and related ethical and legal issues. [1] ICT refers to technologies that are used to store, process, transmit and retrieve information electronically. Examples of its everyday usage include education, banking, industry, and e-commerce. [2] Both positive and negative impacts of ICT on society are discussed. Positively, it enables faster communication, lower costs, and borderless sharing of information. Negatively, it can encourage access to inappropriate content and prolonged computer use can harm health. [3] Ethical and legal issues surrounding ICT like privacy, intellectual property, computer crimes

1. CHAPTER 1
INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
AND SOCIETY

2. DEFINITION OF ICT
ICT is the technology required for
information processing, in
particular, the use electronics
computers, communication
devices and application software
convert, store, protect, process,
transmit and retrieve information
from anywhere, anytime.

3. THE USAGE OF ICT IN
EVERYDAY LIFE
 Education
 Students use computer to research for teaching materials,
participate in online forum and online conferences
 Banking
 Customers can make any transaction at 24 hours service
centre
 Industry
 To help in product design by using CAD (Computer Aided
Design)
 E-commerce
 To make buying and selling activities faster and more
efficient through internet.

4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMPUTERISED &
NON-COMPUTERISED SYSTEM
COMPUTERIZED NON-COMPUTERIZED
All banking activities are All banking activities were
done by using computer done manually
system
Transaction can be done Transaction can only be
anywhere and anytime made during working
hours
It takes shorten time for It takes long time for any
any banking process banking process
More productive Less productive

5. THE POSITIVE IMPACT OF ICT ON
SOCIETY
 Faster communication speed
 Lower communication cost
 People can share opinions and information through
discussion groups and forums through Internet
 Paperless environment – information can be stored
and retrieved through the digital medium instead of
paper.
 Information can communication can be borderless
through Internet

6. THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF ICT ON
SOCIETY
 Borderless information at time can be negative
because courage people to access pornography
and violence web sites.
 Computers can harm users if they use for long
hours frequently.

7. 2.0 COMPUTER ETHICS AND LEGAL
ISSUES
 Computer Ethics
 Is a system of moral standards or moral
values used as a guideline for computer
users.
 Code of Ethics
 Is a guidelines in ICT that help determine
whether a specific computer action is
ethical or unethical
 Intellectual Property
 Is work created by inventors, authors and
artists.

8.  Privacy
 Refers to the right of individuals and
companies to deny or restrict the
collection and use of information about
them
 Computer crime
 Is any illegal acts involving computers
 Cyber Law
 Is any laws relating to protect the Internet
and other online communication
technologies

9. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND
LAW
Ethics Law
As a guideline to computer As a rule to control
users computer users
Computer users are free Computer user must follow
to follow or ignore the code the regulations and law
of ethics
Universal, can be applied Depend on country and
anywhere, all over the state where the crime is
world committed
To produce ethical To prevent misuse of
computer users computers
No following ethics are No obeying laws are call
called immoral crime

10. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS
 Intellectual Property laws cover ideas, inventions,
literary creations, unique names, business modals,
industrial processes, computer program codes and
many more.
 Four types of Intellectual Property are:
 Patents for inventions
 Trademarks for brand identity
 Design for product appearance
 Copyright for materials

11. CONTROVERSIAL
CONTENTS AND CONTROL
Pornography Slander

12. CONTROVERSIAL CONTENTS AND
CONTROL
 Pornography
 Pornography is any form of media or material
that show erotic behavior and intended to cause
sexual excitement. The effects of pornography
on society are:
 Can lead to criminal acts such as exploitation
of women.
 Can lead sexual addiction
 can develop lower moral values towards other
people
 Can erode good religious, cultural, behaviors
and beliefs

13.  Slander
 Slander is a false spoken statement about
someone, intended to damage his or her
reputation. The effects of slander on society are:
 Can develop society that disregards on
honesty and truth
 Can lead to bad habits of spreading rumors
and untruth
 Can cause people to have negative attitudes
towards another person

14. TOPICS THAT WE WILL LEARN
FOR TODAY
The process of filtering
Cyber law

15. THE PROCESS OF FILTERING
 To control access to controversial contents.
 The method of choice to limit access on the Internet
is to filter either by:
 Keyword blocking
 Site blocking
 Web rating system

16. KEYWORD BLOCKING
 This method uses a list of banned word or object
terms such as xxx, sex and nude. As the page is
downloading, the filter searches for any these
words. If found, it will blocked the page completely,
stop downloading the page, block the banned
words and even shut down the browser.

17. SITE BLOCKING
 This method use software to list the web sites that
will be blocked by using software. The software
also prevents user from being access the web site
on list.

18. WEB RATING SYSTEM
 Web sites are rating in terms of nudity, sex,
violence and language. The web sites rates can be
done by setting the browser to only accept pages
with certain level of ratings.

19. CYBER LAW
 Cyber law is any laws relating to protect the Internet
and other online communication technologies.
 Examples of cyber abuse on the users:
 Sending a computer virus via e-mail
 Harassment through e-mail
 Hacking into your school’s database to change your
examination result
 Why we need cyber law:
 Cyber law are made to force people to be good
 To give protection against the misuse of computers and
computer criminal activities

20.  Malaysian Cyber Law
 Computer Crime Act 1997
 Copyright (Amendment) Bill 1997
 Digital Signature Act 1997
 Telemedicine Bill 1997
 Communication and Multimedia Act 1998
 Digital Signature Regulations 1998

21. COMPUTER CRIME
1. Computer Fraud
2. Copyright Infringement
3. Theft
4. Attacks

22. COMPUTER FRAUD
 Computer fraud is the crime of obtaining money by
deceiving (to trick) people through the use of
computers. There are many forms of computer
frauds which include
 E-mail hoaxes (hoax – an attempt to make people
believe something that is not true)
 Program fraud
 Investment scheme
 Sales promotions
 Claim of expertise on certain fields

23. COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
 Copyright infringement is defined as a violation (an
action to break the law) of the rights secured by a
copyright. Copyright is the legal right to be the only
producer or seller of a book, song and film.
 Infringement of copyright occurs when you break
the copyright law such as copying movie, software
or CD’s illegally – selling pirate software.
 Piracy is the crime of illegally copying and selling
books, tapes, videos, computer programs.

24. COMPUTER THEFT
 Computer theft is defined as the unauthorized used
of another person’s property. Example of computer
theft are
 Transfer of payment to the wrong accounts
 Get online material with no cost
 Tap(memasuki) into data transmission line

25. COMPUTER ATTACKS
 Computer attack is defined as any activities taken
to disrupt the equipments computer systems,
change processing controls and corrupt data.
 Computer attack can be in the forms of:
 Physical attack
 An electronic attack
 A computer network attck

26. COMPUTER SECURITY
 Computer security means protecting our computer
system and the information they contain against
unwanted access, damage, destruction or
modification.
 Computer security:
 Computer threats
 Security measures

27. COMPUTER THREATS
 Malicious code
 Hacking
 Natural disaster
 Theft

28. MALICIOUS CODE
 Malicious code is a computer program that perform
unauthorised processes on a computer or network.
There are various kinds of malicious code.
 Virus
 Worm
 Logic bomb : Malicious code that goes off when
a specific condition occurs. Example: time bomb.
 Trapdoor and backdoor : A feature in a program
that allows someone to access the program with
special privileges.
 Trojan horse: program that performs a useful
task while the same time carry out some secret
destructive act.

29. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WORM &
VIRUS
WORM VIRUS
Operates through the Spreads through any
network medium
Spread copies of itself Spread copies of itself
as a stand alone as a program that
program attaches to other
program

30. A COMPUTER INFECTED BY A VIRUS,
WORM OR TROJAN HORSE OFTEN HAS
ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING
SYMPTOMS:
 Screen displays unusual message or image
 Music or unusual sound plays randomly
 Available memory is less than expected
 Existing programs and files disappear
 Files become corrupted

31. HACKING
 Hacking refer to unauthorized access to the
computer system by a hacker.
 A hacker is a person who accesses a computer or
network illegally.
 A cracker also is someone who accesses a
computer or network illegally but has no intent of
destroying data, stealing information, or other
malicious action.
 Both hacker and cracker have advanced computer
and network skills.

32. NATURE THREATS
 Computer are also threatened by natural or
environmental disaster. Be it at home, stores,
offices and also automobiles.
 Examples of natural and environmental disasters
are flood, fire, earthquakes, storms, tornados,
excessive heat and inadequate power.

33. THEFT
 Two type of theft
(a) Computer is used to steal money, goods,
information and resources.
(b) Stealing of computers especially notebook and
PDA.
 Three approaches to prevent theft:
(a) Prevent access by using locks, smart card or
password.
(b) Prevent portability by restricting the hardware
from being moved.
(c) Detect and guard all exits and record any
hardware.

34. SECURITY MEASURES
 Security measures are measures taken as a
precaution against theft or espionage or sabotage
or possible danger or failure. Usually we use
antivirus, cryptography, firewall and data backup to
protect sensitive information.
 Security procedures:
 Anti-virus
 Anti-spyware
 Firewall
 Backup
 Cryptography

35. ANTI-VIRUS
 Anti-virus is utility program that we use to protect a
computer against viruses by identifying and
removing computer viruses found in the computer
memory, computer storage or incoming e-mails
files.
 Examples: Norton antivirus, AVG, Kaspersky,
Bitdefender and Nod32.

36. ANTI-SPYWARE
 Anti-spyware is a utility program that we use to
protect the computers from spyware.
 Spyware is software or computer program that is
designed secretly record and report an individual’s
activities on the Internet. Spyware usually enters
your system through the Internet, sometimes when
you open e-mail or download software especially
shareware and freeware.
 Examples : Spybot Search and Destroy, Ad-aware
and Spyware Blaster.

37. FIREWALL
 Firewall is a piece of hardware or software which
functions in a networked environment to prevent
some communications forbidden by security policy.
 We use firewall to prevent hacking

38. BACKUP
 Backup is utility program that makes a copy of all
files or selected files that have been saved onto a
disk.
 Backup data is important when original data is
corrupted.

39. CRYPTOGRAPHY
 Cryptography is a process of transforming plaintext
into ciphertext then back again.
 Encryption is a process of converting plaintext into
ciphertext.
 Decryption is the process of converting ciphertext
into plaintext.
 We use cryptography to secure the information and
prevent hacking or unauthorized access.
 Cipher = secret language
Plaintext encrypt Ciphertext
Plaintext decrypt Ciphertext

40. HUMAN ASPECT
 Refer to the user and also the intruder of a
computer system. Human aspect security is the
hardest aspects to give protection to. The most
common problem of human aspect security is the
lack of achieving a good information security
procedure.