Monitoring is a key part of integrated pest management. It involves regularly surveying crops to identify any pests, diseases, or weeds. This helps determine if control measures are needed. Monitoring methods include direct observation of pests on plants, using beating sheets to dislodge pests from plants, sweeping for insects, and trapping insects. Records of monitoring activities including the type and number of pests found help inform pest management decisions.

1. Monitoring
a key factor in IPM

2. Integrated Pest Management
IPM
Based on Information
– Monitoring
– Identification
– Thresholds
– Evaluation
– Action Plan

3. Introduction
– Monitoring is used to survey all damages
that could be caused by insects, diseases
and weeds.
– When a pest is present in an crop the
monitoring helps the grower to determine if
control measures are justified.

4. Monitoring purpose
– Are pests and/or beneficials present.
– Identify them.
– Which stages are present.
– Are control measures justified

5. Gains
Farmer Knowing his crops.
Saving money.
Use the right product at the right time.
Delayed occurence of pest resistance.
Reduced impact on environment.

6. Basic knolwedge
Which insects are potential pest
Knowing the signs of potential problems
Physical damage
Insect presence
Webs
Discoloration

7. IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING
To assess the pest situation and determine
what sort of pest activity is occurring
For decision making
To predict pest problems before they occur

8. MONITORING METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Monitoring Guidelines
Monitoring Methods

9. MONITORING GUIDELINES
WHAT TO LOOK FOR
Presence and evidence of pests
Presence of natural enemies
Evidence of damage
-nature of damage
-where the damage is found
-is the pest still present

10. PEST TRAPPING
–Trapping of insects can help determine
timing for field scouting.
–Trapping should not replace in-field
sampling.
–The most common insect traps attract
insects with visual ( light & colour ),
pheromones, or food odors.

11. COLOUR TRAPS
– The strong attraction of many insect species
to colour has been exploited in the design of
traps.
Yellow sticky trap : Aphids, Whitefly
Blue sticky trap : Thrips, Leafminer

13. Wing sticky trap

14. Sticky Tape roll

15. LIGHT TRAPS
Backlight captures do not provide
sampling estimates, but indicate when to
begin scouting based on initial or peak
flight. Backlight traps are labor-intensive
because they are nonselective.

16. Blacklight trap

17. Lure traps :
– pheromone & food attractant trap.
– pheromone traps (tomato pinworm, tomato fruit worm, beet armyworm)
should be distributed around field perimeter and check twice weekly.
Hliothes pheromone trap

18. SCOUTING

19. SCOUTING
–One of the most important components of
an IPM program is the use of good scouting
methods.
–Regular and systematic field-sampling
program
–scouting provides field-specific information
on pest pressure and crop injury.
–This information is essential to the
appropriate selection and application of
pest management procedures.

20. CULTURAL
PESTICIDES
MONITOR
BIOLOGICAL
IPM
Control Categories

21. In order to carry out a sound scouting
program, a pest management
practitioner must know:
1. When to scout.
2. The proper methods for scouting.
3. What tools to use.

22. Monitoring
Where do you look?
Under, on, and in
leaves
On and in stems
On and in fruit
On and in the soil, etc.
When do you look?
Morning
Afternoon
Evening
Night

23. Monitoring
How often do you look?
Hourly
Daily
Every few days
Weekly
Biweekly
Establish a routine.
What is your level of commitment?

24. A well-designed scouting program includes
three main activities:
Sampling to provide an accurate
estimate of pest densities and crop
health.
Identification of pests or diagnosis of
the cause of crop injury based on
observable symptoms.
Comparison of observed pest pressure
or crop injury to recommended
economic injury levels or economic
thresholds.

25. SAMPLING PLAN
The sampling plan is the procedure for
obtaining a sample to estimate the
population of one or more pests or the
degree of crop injury in a field.

26. SAMPLING PLAN
It is not practical to observe every plant within
the field, so fields are sampled to estimate
the level of infestation.
The challenge of sampling is to balance the
accuracy of estimates with the time and labor
required to collect the samples.
Although the reliability of estimates increases
as sample size increases (up to a point), the
collection of too large a sample is costly and
inefficient and it wastes human resources.

27. Timing and frequency of sampling :
–Knowledge about pest biology and crop
growth will help determine when sampling
should begin and how frequently the field
should be visited.
–Monitoring weather conditions will help in the
prediction of both pest and crop
development.
( degree day models )
–Information included in the field history will
help focus attention on key pests.
–Information from trapping programs will also
provide information on when to scout for
specific pests.

28. Sampling patterns:
–The most common pattern in scouting
programs involves walking along a
predetermined zigzag or M-shaped
route through a field.
–This pattern is commonly used because
it is easy to teach, convenient to use,
and ensures that all regions of the field
are visited.

29. Scouting Patterns
The most common pattern in scouting involves walking along
a predetermined zigzag or M-shaped route through a field

30. Plastic House Scouting Guide
Front entrance
Hind entrance
Middle area
Shady side
Sunny side

31. Fields can be divided into 2.5 dunum segments for sampling

32. – Cover the entire field during each scouting trip.
Avoid field margins and border rows unless there
are specific reasons for monitoring the edges of the
field.
– “Edge effect “ is the tendency for several key insect
pests to cluster near the field margin. Sampling
near the edge of the field tends to overestimate the
densities of many insect pests.
– On return visits to the field, change the sampling
pattern so that all areas of the field are covered; for
example, alternate a zigzag pattern with an M-
shaped pattern.
– Avoid sampling in the same areas of the field or
always entering the field at the same point on
successive sampling visits.

33. Avoid Scouting Edges

34. Number of survey stops :
Sampling units:
– The exact number of survey stops and
sampling units inspected, counted, or
collected at each survey stop may be
influenced by the pest, its spatial dispersion,
the type of crop injury, and other factors.

35. Pests may be present in different dispersion patterns
within a field, affecting the success of detection.

36. – Composition of the sampling unit is pest
and often crop specific.
– Time and labor requirements help
determine specific protocols.
It is better to make more survey stops consisting of fewer
sampling units than smaller survey stops consisting of larger
sampling unit.

37. Methods of sample collection :
–Procedures for sampling methods are
varied and are often pest/host
specific.
–The recommended sampling method
for a particular pest on a crop may
differ according to the growth stage of
either the pest or the crop and even
the canopy structure of the crop.

38. –Direct observation of the pest :
Pest densities are counted and recorded
on the survey form as the number of pests
per plant.
Some insects can be difficult to observe
because of their small size, so a
magnifying lens may be required.
Counting thrips with aid of hand lens

39. –Sometimes, only a specific portion
of the plant is examined. Insects
may be observed on a specific plant
part because the pest has a
preferred site on the plant for
feeding or egg-laying.

40. Inspecting Terminals for Aphids

41. Small Insect Inspection

42. Shaking methods: Some insects are
easier to count if they are dislodged
from the plant by vigorous shaking
and allowing the insects to fall onto a
white or yellow “beat sheet.”

43. Shaking method for thrips

44. Beat cloth
stink bugs & leaf hopper

45. Another method of dislodging insects
involves the use of an aspirator in which
insects are sucked into a container for
later identification.

46. –Sweeping :
–leaf hopper, plant bugs.
–Usually 20 sweep. no. of insect/sweep

47. Plant bugs sweeping

48. –When scouting for insects, the
symptoms or signs of crop injury
are often more noticeable than
the insect pest causing them (
nocturnal insects ).

49. Scouting Equipment

50. Scouting equipment :
– Hand lens (X10 power).
– Paint brush (for collection of small insects or eggs).
– Specimen vials (for collection of unidentified
insects).
– Sample bags.
– Crop monitoring sheet.
– clipboard & pen.
– Pests I.D guides.
– Sticky traps for monitoring flying insects, pests &
Beneficial's.

51. Tagging a plant and marking the location of pest

52. Scouting report :
– A complete and clear scouting report is the
essential “road map” guiding pest management
decisions.
– Scouting reports should include information:
Field description
Pest observations
Crop and field observations
Comments
Field map

53. Filling monitoring sheets

54. Field Description
Pest Observations
Crop & Field Observations
Comments
Field Map

56. If we are to spend important time walking
crops, shouldn’t we make that time
productive, with as much information as
we can gather, to make informed
decisions for crop management

57. Plastic House Scouting Guide
Front entrance
Hind entrance
Middle area
Shady side
Sunny side

58. Sampling for Tomato:
1. Inspect whole plant or select terminal leaflets of
3rd or 7th leaf.
2. Count whitefly nymphs on whole on terminal
leaflet.
3. Count aphids, caterpillar eggs and leaf miner
larvae on whole plant or terminal 3 leaflets.
4. Select lower leaf and inspect for mites and count
tomato pinworm larvae.
5. Count thrips/10 flowers.
6. Inspect 10 fruit for caterpillar and true bug
damage.

59. SAMPLING FOR PEPPER:
1. Select one vegetative bud per plant and count
beet armyworm larvae, broad mites and aphids
on young leaves.
2. Select leaf from middle canopy and inspect for
caterpillar eggs.
3. Count Thrips and Orius predators/10 flowers.
4. Inspect flower buds and small fruit for pepper
weevil feeding.
5. Inspect fallen flower buds and fruit for pepper
weevil larvae.

60. ‫اآلفة‬‫المراقبة‬ ‫تتم‬ ‫كيف‬‫الكش‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫أين‬‫ف‬
‫المن‬‫تتم‬‫المراقبة‬‫أسبوعيا‬‫ويتم‬‫االعتماد‬‫على‬‫فحص‬‫النب‬‫ات‬‫وليس‬
‫المصائد‬‫الالصقة‬،‫يتم‬‫البحث‬‫عن‬‫الحشرات‬‫صغي‬‫رة‬
‫الحجم‬‫غير‬‫المجنحة‬
‫على‬‫السطح‬‫السفلي‬‫لألوراق‬‫والسيقان‬‫وفي‬‫النموات‬‫الحديث‬،‫ة‬‫يتم‬
‫البحث‬‫عن‬‫وجود‬‫مؤشرات‬‫على‬‫وجود‬‫المن‬‫مثل‬‫جلود‬
‫االنسالخ‬،‫البيضاء‬‫الندوة‬،‫العسلية‬‫وجود‬‫التفاف‬‫في‬‫ا‬‫ألوراق‬
،‫الحديثة‬‫وتشوه‬‫في‬‫نمو‬‫األوراق‬
‫القارضة‬ ‫الدودة‬‫يتم‬‫تسجيل‬‫أعداد‬‫الثمار‬‫المصابة‬‫وكذلك‬،‫قات‬‫ر‬‫الي‬‫تس‬‫جيل‬‫إذا‬
‫ما‬‫وجدت‬‫بيوض‬‫على‬،‫اق‬‫ر‬‫األو‬‫أعداد‬‫و‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫الحش‬‫الكام‬‫لة‬
‫في‬‫المصائد‬‫الفرمونية‬.
‫يتم‬‫البحث‬‫عن‬‫الثمار‬‫المصابة‬،‫قات‬‫ر‬‫الي‬‫و‬‫البيوض‬‫على‬‫األ‬‫اق‬‫ر‬‫و‬
‫يبة‬‫ر‬‫الق‬‫من‬‫الثمار‬(‫ويتوقف‬‫البحث‬‫في‬‫حالة‬‫مالحظة‬‫و‬‫جود‬
‫بيوض‬‫لآلفة‬)‫كذلك‬‫يتم‬‫البحث‬‫في‬‫المصائد‬‫الفرمو‬‫نية‬‫عن‬
‫وجود‬‫العث‬.
‫الخضراء‬ ‫البقة‬‫يتم‬‫تسجيل‬‫أعداد‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫الحش‬‫الكاملة‬‫على‬10‫نباتات‬‫في‬‫كل‬
‫صف‬‫من‬‫صفوف‬‫النباتات‬‫داخل‬‫الدفيئة‬
‫يتم‬‫البحث‬‫عن‬‫وجود‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫الحش‬‫الكاملة‬‫وكذلك‬‫وجود‬‫ضرر‬‫على‬
‫الثمار‬
‫التربس‬
(‫االزهار‬ ‫تربس‬)
‫يتم‬‫االعتماد‬‫على‬‫المصائد‬‫الالصقة‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫مباش‬‫ق‬‫فو‬‫النب‬،‫اتات‬
‫كذلك‬‫فحص‬‫اق‬‫ر‬‫األو‬‫للكشف‬‫على‬‫وجود‬‫إصابة‬‫مبك‬،‫ة‬‫ر‬
‫استخدام‬‫النباتات‬‫الجاذبة‬(‫المصيدة‬)‫مثل‬
‫نبات‬Petunia‫و‬fava bean‫للكشف‬‫المبكر‬‫على‬
‫وجود‬‫آثار‬‫تغذية‬‫بس‬‫ر‬‫للت‬.
‫فحص‬‫النباتات‬‫عن‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬‫وضع‬‫ات‬‫و‬‫النم‬‫الحديثة‬‫على‬‫سطح‬‫قة‬‫ر‬‫و‬
‫بيضاء‬.‫مالحظة‬‫إذا‬‫ما‬‫وجد‬‫التفاف‬‫في‬‫اق‬‫ر‬‫األو‬‫الحديثة‬.
‫البيضا‬ ‫الذبابة‬‫ء‬‫يتم‬‫االعتماد‬‫على‬‫فحص‬‫النباتات‬‫باستخدام‬‫العدسة‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫لمكب‬
‫للكشف‬‫عن‬‫وجود‬‫ار‬‫و‬‫األط‬‫غير‬‫الكاملة‬.‫وكذلك‬‫است‬‫عمال‬
‫المصائد‬‫الالصقة‬‫للكشف‬‫عن‬‫وجود‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫الحش‬‫لكام‬‫لة‬.
‫على‬‫اق‬‫ر‬‫األو‬‫الحديثة‬‫للكشف‬‫عن‬‫وجود‬‫اإلناث‬‫اضعة‬‫و‬‫ال‬‫للبي‬‫ض‬.‫أما‬
‫ار‬‫و‬‫األط‬‫غير‬‫الكاملة‬‫ن‬‫فتكو‬‫غير‬‫متحركة‬‫على‬‫السطح‬‫ا‬‫لسفلي‬
‫اق‬‫ر‬‫لألو‬.
‫الحمراء‬ ‫العناكب‬‫يتم‬‫االعتماد‬‫على‬‫فحص‬‫النباتات‬‫باستخدام‬‫العدسة‬‫ا‬،‫ة‬‫ر‬‫لمكب‬‫يتم‬
‫البحث‬‫عن‬‫وجود‬‫عالمات‬‫دقيقة‬‫من‬‫ار‬‫ر‬‫االصف‬‫على‬
،‫اق‬‫ر‬‫األو‬‫وجود‬‫العناكب‬‫على‬‫شكل‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫مستعم‬‫محاطة‬
‫بخيوط‬‫ية‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ح‬‫على‬‫السطح‬‫السفلي‬‫اق‬‫ر‬‫لألو‬
‫يتم‬‫البحث‬‫في‬‫المناطق‬‫األكثر‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ح‬‫وجفافا‬‫داخل‬‫الدفيئ‬‫ة‬‫وخاصة‬
‫بالقرب‬‫من‬‫مدخل‬‫الدفيئة‬.

61. ‫الديدان‬
‫القارضة‬
‫الذبابة‬
‫البيض‬‫اء‬
‫التربس‬ ‫العناكب‬
‫الحمراء‬
‫الحلم‬
‫العريض‬
‫ذبابة‬
‫االنفاق‬
‫البقة‬
‫الخضراء‬
‫المن‬
‫رصد‬
‫اآلفات‬
‫باستخدام‬
‫المصائد‬
‫الالصقة‬
 ‫مصائد‬
‫اللون‬ ‫وردية‬
‫مباشرة‬
‫فوق‬
‫النباتات‬
     ‫مصائد‬
‫صفراء‬
‫الصقة‬
‫مباشرة‬
‫فوق‬
‫النباتات‬
    ‫النباتات‬
‫الجاذبة‬

62. ‫الديدان‬
‫القارضة‬
‫الذبابة‬
‫البيضاء‬
‫التربس‬ ‫العناكب‬
‫الحمراء‬
‫العريض‬ ‫الحلم‬ ‫االنفاق‬ ‫ذبابة‬ ‫البقة‬
‫الخضراء‬
‫المن‬ ‫النبات‬ ‫على‬ ‫اآلفات‬ ‫رصد‬
     ‫السفلي‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫على‬ ‫الكشف‬
‫لألوراق‬
  ‫تبقعا‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الكشف‬‫فاتحة‬ ‫ت‬
‫العلوي‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫على‬ ‫اللون‬
‫لألوراق‬
 ‫داخل‬ ‫أنفاق‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الكشف‬
‫النبات‬ ‫أنسجة‬
    ‫على‬ ‫آفات‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الكشف‬
‫والبراعم‬ ‫الحديثة‬ ‫النموات‬
   ‫بيضاء‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الزهرة‬ ‫هز‬
‫متحركة‬ ‫حشرات‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫ومالحظة‬
 ‫لألوراق‬ ‫السفلي‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫اضغط‬
‫وراقب‬ ‫بيضاء‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫القديمة‬
‫الورق‬ ‫على‬ ‫صغيرة‬ ‫بقع‬ ‫آثار‬ ‫وجود‬‫ة‬
 ‫ع‬ ‫اللون‬ ‫بنية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫بيضاء‬ ‫بقع‬ ‫وجود‬‫لى‬
‫االزهار‬
 ‫على‬ ‫اللون‬ ‫داكنة‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫وجود‬
‫حديثا‬ ‫المتفتحة‬ ‫البراعم‬

63. ‫الديدان‬
‫القارضة‬
‫الذبابة‬
‫البيضاء‬
‫التربس‬ ‫العناكب‬
‫الحمراء‬
‫العريض‬ ‫الحلم‬ ‫االنفاق‬ ‫ذبابة‬ ‫البقة‬
‫الخضراء‬
‫المن‬ ‫وجود‬ ً‫ا‬‫أيض‬ ‫راقب‬
 ‫فطرية‬ ‫نموات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫عسلية‬ ‫ندوة‬
‫األوراق‬ ‫على‬ ‫سوداء‬
 ‫األوراق‬ ‫في‬ ‫ثقوب‬
 ‫األوراق‬ ‫حواف‬ ‫قرض‬
 ‫األوراق‬ ‫على‬ ‫صغيرة‬ ‫سوداء‬ ‫بقع‬
(‫الحشرات‬ ‫فضالت‬)
   ‫السطح‬ ‫على‬ ‫صغيرة‬ ‫صفراء‬ ‫بقع‬
‫لألوراق‬ ‫العلوي‬
 ‫الحشرة‬ ‫انسالخ‬ ‫جلود‬ ‫وجود‬
 ‫األوراق‬ ‫وتجعد‬ ‫التفاف‬
   ‫الحديثة‬ ‫النموات‬ ‫في‬ ‫تشوه‬
 ‫البراعم‬ ‫تفتح‬ ‫في‬ ‫فشل‬