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Ipm vegetables v.sridhar-2018
This document provides information on integrated pest management for vegetable crops. It describes the major types of insect pests that damage vegetables, including borers that damage fruits, leaves, flowers, shoots, and roots. It also discusses sucking pests like aphids and whiteflies. The document then focuses on management strategies for key pests in important vegetable crops like tomato, brinjal, cucurbits and beans. It emphasizes the use of cultural, biological and mechanical controls, along with selective use of pesticides. For key pests like tomato fruit borer and brinjal shoot borer, it provides specific IPM packages involving cultural practices, pheromone trap use, biopesticide sprays and other
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Ipm vegetables v.sridhar-2018
- 1. Integrated insect andnematode Management in vegetable crops V. Sridhar Division of Entomology and Nematology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru – 560 089 Email: vsridhar@iihr.res.in Mobile: 9449631795
- 2. Types of Insects 1.Biting & chewing : Caterpillars like Tomato borer, bhendi borer, brinjal borer etc. 2. Sucking type : Aphids, whiteflies, thrips
- 3. Insects damaging Fruits Tomato fruitborer, brinjal borer, okra borer, pod borers in legumes Insects eating leaves Tobacco caterpillar, Bihar hairy caterpillar, brinjal ash weevil, diamond back moth, cabbage leaf webber Insects boring flowers Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, legume flower & pod borer Insect boring shoots/stems Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, okra shoot and fruit borer, Cabbage stem borer, brinjal stem borer, Coffee stem borer, paddy stem borer, Insects eating roots Ash weevil grub, white grub
- 4. Insects sucking leaves Aphids incabbage, cauliflower, okra, brinjal, etc. Hoppers in okra, brinjal, legumes etc. Thrips in chilli, onion Insects sucking leaves and transmitting disease Whiteflies on okra transmitting yellow vein mosaic Thrips in water melon Aphids in beans Sucking Insects
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- 6.
- 8. Tuta absoluta INTRODUCTION• SouthAmerican tomato moth, Tuta absoluta is an invasive pest on tomato and other solanaceous vegetables • First reported from India during 2014 and since then spreading rapidly to different states. • In general, 20 to 30% yield loss is caused by this pest and may result in 100% damage, if timely management interventions are not followed. • IPM has been one of the classical strategies developed and adopted by plant protectionists to combat the insect pests and reduce the losses caused. • The IPM strategy aims at using all the available options, their integration at ground level to achieve the desired economic and ecological benefits while reducing the losses caused by the pests.
- 9. Common agriculturally important Gelechiids •Aproaeremamodicella – groundnut leafminer •Keiferia lycopersicella – tomato pinworm •Pectinophora gossypiella – pink bollworm •Phthorimaea operculella – potato tuber moth •Sitotroga cerealella – angoumois grain moth •Tuta absoluta – tomato leafminer, South American tomato moth
- 10. Little Confusing symptoms-for first time observers • Early blight Late blight Tuta typical damage
- 11.
- 12. Life stages anddamage symptoms of T. absoluta on tomato
- 13. Management stratergies • T.absoluta are well controlled by a combination of practices that are not fully effective when used alone. • Various control strategy could applied to control T. absoluta . • To control the pest effectively it is critical to combine all available control measures including oPhysical methods oCultural methods o Biological control agents and oCorrect use of registered pesticides
- 14. Physical methods-Green housecondition • Greenhouses should be fitted with insect exclusion nets throughout and all doors capable of being sealed tightly. • Any openings or gaps in the structure should be avoided • Outward facing fans inside the double entry porch can blow back any flying insect pests, which might otherwise be ‘sucked’ into the crop on thermal currents when the outside door opens
- 15. Cultural methods • Croprotation with non-solanaceous crops (preferably Cruciferous crops) • Use of transplants free of pests • Ploughing • Adequate irrigation and fertilization • Removal of infested plants and • Complete removal of post-harvest plant debris and fruit
- 16. Biological control methods •Biological control agents (living antagonists natural enemies: predators, parasitoids and pathogens) are considered as one possible solution of the T. absoluta crisis • Predators- oMacrolophus pygmaeus oNesidiocoris tenuis Predatory bugs oDicyphus maroccanus • Parasitoids oTrichogramma acheae • Entomopathogens oBacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki.
- 17. oHowever need baseduse of following active ingredients are suggested for the control of T. absoluta Indoxacarb 0.75 ml/l Spinosad 0.25 ml/l Flubendiamide 0.25 g/l Deltamethrin (against adult moths) Rynaxypyr 0.3 ml/l Spinetoram 1 ml/l
- 18. Components of IPMbeing tried against T. absoluta • Host Plant Resistance (Antixenosis & Antibiosis)-screening for HPR-long term • Use of egg parasitoids • Use of entomopathogens • Encouragement of other natural enemies • Use of traps • Evaluation of insecticides
- 19. • Entomopathogens • Bt(1 ml/l) • N. rileyi, • B. bassiana and • M. anisopliae @ 1 x 108 cfu/ml • Egg parasitoids • Trichogramma pretiosum, • T. bactrae, • T. chilonis were released at weekly interval @ 50,000/ha for five weeks.
- 20. Entomopathogens • Metarhizium anisopliae, •Nomuraea rileyi and • Bacillus thuringiensis have resulted in 70-80% reduction in live larvae of T. absoluta on tomato. • Among the egg parasitoids evaluated • Trichogramma pretiosum, • T. bactrae, • T. chilonis Trichogramma pretiosum was found promising (48 % damage reduction).
- 21. Natural enemies ofTuta absoluta Metarhizium anisopliae Beauveria bassiana , Bacillus thuringiensis Nesidiocoris tenuis
- 22. Trapped T. absolutaadults Pheromone trap installed in tomato field against T. absoluta Solar light trap installed in tomato field (3E,8Z, 11Z)-3,8,11-tetradecatrienyl acetate (TDTA)
- 23. The effective IPMmodule developed by ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru under protected conditions against Tuta is presented below: a) Use of incandescent bulb @ one bulb/150 m2 b) One pheromone trap/300 m2 c) Need based spray of spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25 ml/l or flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.20 ml/l in rotation at 2-3 weeks interval. d) Coinciding with the peak emergence of the Tuta adults, spray of decamethrin 2.5 EC @ 1 ml/l for killing adults. Note (other points to be kept in mind in IPM plots): Light/pheromone traps are to be installed before transplanting of the crop itself for effective pest monitoring and management; remove and destroy the affected plant parts and alternate hosts etc.
- 24. Major pests ofBrinjal Damaged fruit Brinjal shoot and fruit borer
- 25. Brinjal shoot andfruit borer pheromone trap
- 26.
- 27. Brinjal ash weevil,Myllocerous subfasiciatus Leaf hopper damage
- 28. Open field conditionNet house condition General Field View Incidence and extent of loss due to Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) in Brinjal under net house and open field condition
- 29. BSFB incidence andyield in net house and open field condition Harvest # % Borer damage Net house Open field 1 0 25.00 2 0 29.00 3 0 95.70 4 0 53.50 5 0 63.10 6 0 68.60 7 0 78.00 8 0 55.40 9 0 30.80 10 0 77.10 Mean 0 57.70 2 value 576.84* Marketable Yield (kg) 437.5 59.3 Increase in yield 737% * Significant at 5 % level (After 10 harvests incidence of bacterial wilt noticed in net house)
- 30.
- 31. Shoot and Fruitborer, Earias sp Initially attacks shoot & Later fruits Apply neem cake @250 kg/ha at flowering & Repeat after 30 Days
- 32.
- 33. Fruit borer :Integratedmanagement • Set up pheromone traps for Helicoverpa armigera or Spodoptera litura at 12 Nos./ha. • Collection and destruction of damaged fruits and grown up caterpillars. • Spray Bacillus thuringiensis at 2 g/lit. • Provide poison bait with rice bran + jaggery + insecticide
- 34. Botanicals Neem seed powderextract Neem soap Karanj soap Garlic paste Pyrethrum
- 35. •Soak 4 kgpulverized neem seed powder in 20 litre water overnight. •Filter repeatedly through a nylon net •Make volume to 100 litres & Spray •Spray about 800-1000 litres/ha •One hectare requires 40 kg of neem seed powder. Preperation of neem seed powder extract
- 36. Cucurbits Fruit fly, Bactroceracucurbitae On chow-chow On water melon
- 37. Fruit fly (Bactroceracucurbitae) on Bitter gourd
- 38. Leaf eating caterpillar:Diaphania indica
- 39. Cue lure trapfor fruit fly, B. cucurbitae
- 40. pumpkin beetle, Aulacophorafoveicollis
- 42. Contact insecticides: quinalphos,chlorpyriphos, etc. Systemic insecticides: imidacloprid, dimethoate etc Insect Growth Regulators: Novaluron, Dimilin, Match etc. Insecticides
- 43. BIOPESTICIDES/PARASITOIDS • NPV • BT •Trichodermatoidea bactrae
- 44. Botanicals Neem seed powderextract Neem soap Karnaj soap Garlic paste Pyrethrum
- 45. Trap crops • Mustardas trap crop in cabbage • Marigold as trap crop in tomato • Chinese cabbage as trap crop in cabbage
- 46. Other methods •Pheromone traps •Lighttrap •Sticky traps •Baiting •Mechanical collection
- 47. •Soak 4 kgpulverized neem seed powder in 20 litre water overnight. •Filter repeatedly through a nylon net •Make volume to 100 litres & Spray •Spray about 800-1000 litres/ha •One hectare requires 40 kg of neem seed powder. Preperation of neem seed powder extract
- 48. Bean fly • Seriousduring dry periods of the year • Eggs laid on unifoliate leaves • Critical time upto 15 days after germination • Observed immediately after germination • Mortality upto 90% in severe cases • Cow pea and lab lab moderately susceptible
- 51. Control • 2 sparysof neem/pongamia soaps or NSPE 5% at 10 DAS and 15 DAS
- 52. Aphids & Hoppers Jassids serious during September (NE monsoon) Aphids localised incidence Spray Systemic insecticides or neem/pongamia soaps when observed Repeat if necessary
- 53. Hopper damage inbeans Serious during Sept-Oct Control: Spray systemic insecticide
- 54. Pod borers (Cowpeas) •Maruca testulalis (Guen) is the major pod borer •Lampides boeticus is minor borer •Flower bud stage is critical •Small larvae on flower buds, large larvae migrate feed on pods •Apply neem cake to soil at flowering @ 250 kg/ha •Spray Chlorpyriphos (0.05%) or cypermethrin at flower bud stage (0.0125%). One spray is enough
- 55. Bruchids • Incidence startsfrom field • Dry seeds thoroughly • Mix with 2% edible oil • Protects seeds for 6 months • Spray walls and ceilings with 0.5% malathion in storage halls
- 56.
- 57. •Causes loss upto 40% •Eggs are laid at the time of flowering •Larvae initially feed on leaves, later migrate to fruits •Apply neem cake @ 250 kg/ha at 20 DAP •Use Marigold as trap crop & spray NPV or soap •Monitor adult activity by pheromone trap Tomato fruit borer
- 58. Leaf miner •Serious particularlyduring summer and hot period •Increases with more sprays •Apply neem cake at planting •Spray NSPE or soap
- 59. Red spider mite •Becomingvery serious nowadays in many crops •Follow IPM •Spray soaps 0.5-1% or dicofol 0.05% or any acaricide
- 60.
- 61. IPM Package fortomato NURSERY 1. Raise early marigld nursery 2.Use Leaf curl resistant hybrid seeds 3. Use Nylon net 4. Spray imidacloprid/thiomethoxam 5. Root dip in imidacloprid/ thiomethoxam
- 62. Main field IPM Apply neem cake @250 kg/ha while planting and at 20 DAP Root dip in imidacloprid/ thiomethoxam Spray imidacloprid/thiomethoxam at 15 DAP Spray NPV 250 LE or soaps at 28,35 and 42 DAP Soaps control fruit borer, mite, leaf miner Mechanically collect and destroy borer fruits at least 1-2 times Spray need based fungicides Destroy leaf curl and spotted wilt affected plants
- 63. Tomato Fruit BorerManagement 1. Plant 1 row of 45 day Marigold(CV Golden age) for every16 rows of 30 day tomato seedlings 2. Erect pheromone traps at flowering to monitor adult activity 3. Spray NPV -250 LE/ha ( PIB of 2 X 109) at 28, 35 and 42 DAP
- 65. •Pheromone traps inconsistent •SprayNPV or soap at 28, 35 and 42 DAP •Mechnically collect and destroy bored fruits
- 66.
- 67. Major Pests ofBrinjal • Shoot & Fruit borer • Ash weevil • Hopper • Whitefly • Mites
- 68. Myllocerus ash Weevilin Brinjal
- 69. Brinjal Borer Management 1.Apply neem cake 250 kg/ha at flowering and repeat 2 times at 30 days interval 2. Prune borer damaged shoots and destroy bored flower buds and fruits regularly 3. Erect pheromone traps to monitor and destroy adults 4. Spray NSPE 4% once in 15 days 5. Spray rynaxypyr “ 0.3 ml/l
- 70. White fly inbrinjal
- 71.
- 72. IPM In Brinjal •Apply Neem cake @250 kg/ha at planting • Repeat neem cake 2 more times at 30 days interval • Erect pheromone traps @ 32/acre • Spray NSP 4% • Spray pongamia oil 2 ml+ endosulfan 2 ml/litre • Spray soap at 1% to control hoppers, whiteflies
- 74. Major insect pestsof Cabbage 1. Diamondback moth (DBM) 2. Leaf webber 3. Stem borer 4. Aphids
- 75. DBM Occurs evenin nursery Very serious during hot summer months (more than 5 larvae/plant at times more than 40/plant ) Less serious during rainy and cooler months Follow IPM of mustard trap crop , sprays of NSPE, neem or pongamia soaps
- 76. Leaf webber Leafdamage by gregarious larvae can be seen from a distance If on growing tip, causes rotting Now occurs throughout year Easy to control by any contact insecticide
- 77. Aphids Brevicoryne isvery serious during summer months Disappears due to good rainfall Marked by crinkled leaves & mealy appearance Generally localised in the field and cab be seen from a distance Can be controlled by any systemic insecticide
- 78. Spodoptera litura Occasionallyserious Young larvae are gregarious Early larval damage identified by papery leaves from a distance Destroy the egg masses and gregarious larvae (Cheapest and most effective) Large larvae bore into head and can be destroyed by piercing and hand picking
- 80. Baiting Rice bran750 gm 250 gm Jaggery Enough water for forming pellets Keep for 24 hours for fermentation Add 2% insecticide make small pellets and apply in furrows in the evening
- 81. IPM Package forCabbage in Nursery •Drench the Nursery with 2.5 g Captan or Blitox •Spray Bt at 10 DAS if DBM is observed •Spray BT one day before transplanting
- 82. IPM of Cabbage(MainField) 1. Sow one row of mustard for every 25 rows of cabbage 2. Adopt wide spacing of 60 X 45 cm 3. Remove diseased and basal leaves if required, repeat 4. Need based Sprays of Mancozeb/chlorothalonil 5. Use light trap for adult DBM 6. Spray NSPE or soaps 7.Mechanical destruction of Spodoptera 8. Baits for grown up spodoptera if required
- 83. Use Indian Mustardas Trap crop
- 84. IPM of Cabbageusing Indian Mustard as trap crop 1. Sow one row of Mustard for every 25 rows of Cabbage 2. Spray BT (1%) or neem soap/pongamia soap (0.75%) at 10 DAP 3. Spray pulverised neem seed powder extract (PNSPE)4% or neem soap/pongamia soap (1%) at 20 DAP and repeat 2-3 times at 10-15 days interval
- 85. Protect mustardfoliage by monitoring leaf damage and spraying Diclorvos (1%) 2-4 times Protect cabbage at primordia formation (18-25 DAP) by spraying NSP (4%) or Pongamia soap (0.5-1%) Repeat Spray 2-3 more times according to pest damage
- 86. Neem Seed Powder& Soaps Use 4% pulverised seed powder or Use 1% neem soap or pongamia soap sprays
- 87. Light trap incabbage plot for trapping DBM adults
- 88. Baiting for Grownup Spodoptera larvae < 1 k.g. rice bran+100 g jaggery+ 50 g mythomyl + enough water to make a powder < 12-15 kg/acre < Keep 12 hours < Sprinkle over the crop in evening < Repeat 2-3 times
- 90. Economics of CabbageIPM Reduction in Pesticide sprays : From 14 to 1.50 Reduction in Cost towards sprays :
- 92. Insect Pest Managementin Okra
- 93. Major Insect Pestsof Okra 1. Shoot and Fruit borer 2. Petiole Maggot 3. Hopper 4. Aphids
- 94. •Serious during earlygrowth period •May cause mortality of plants •Apply Neem cake @ 250 kg/ha immediately after germination Petiole Maggot
- 95. Shoot and Fruitborer Initially attacks shoot & Later fruits Apply neem cake @250 kg/ha at flowering & Repeat after 30 Days
- 96. Plant Hoppers &Aphids Hoppers cause Hopper burn, Aphids cause sooty mold Spray any systemic insecticide or soap (1%) or apply neem cake to soil
- 98.
- 99. Major pests • Redpumpkin beetle • Leaf miner • Fruit fly • Leaf eating caterpillar
- 100. Raphidopalpa foveocolis: Redpumpkin beetle • Larvae feed on roots • Adults defoliate immediately on germination • Dust methyl parathion/endosulfan if required
- 101. Leaf miner inCucurbits Control:Spray NSP 4% or cypermetrhin (once)
- 102. Apply neemcake 30 g/plant after germination and repeat at flowering Spray NSP 7.5% at 10 days interval Install cuelure traps “ 10/ac. Fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) in cucrbits
- 104. Leaf eating caterpillar:Margaronia indica Semilooper : Plusia peponis Occasionally serious Control:Spray NSP 4% or Soap or pyrethroids (once)
- 105. Red spider mitein cucurbit Control: Spray Dicofol/ Wettable Sulphur
- 106. Tomato leaf curlvirus transmitted by whitefly
- 107. Management Manage thepolyhousse nets without any damage. Raise the seedlings in greenhouse Spray imidacloprid (Confidor) 0.3ml/l or Thiomethoxam (Actara) 0.3 g/l in nursery 15 days after sowing.
- 108. Management (contd.) Diproots of the seedlings in imidacloprid (Confidor) 0.3 ml/l before transplanting Remove the leafcurl-infested plants as soon as symptoms are expressed Install yellow sticky traps - for monitoring adult whitefly population
- 109. Yellow sticky strapsfor whitefly monitoring on tomato
- 110. Red spider mitedamage on tomato
- 111. Mite damage intomato
- 112. Management Remove anddestroy mite infested leaves in severe cases Spray following acaricides on the lower surface of leaves in rotation with plant products or oils Abamectin (Vertimec) (0.4ml/l) or Pongamia or Neem oil (8-10 ml/l) or Neem soap (10g/l) * Oil based formulations should not be sprayed when temperatures are high
- 113. Serpentine leafminer, Liriomyzatrifolii It is a tiny, metallic fly, with a characteristic yellow patch behind the compound eye. This pest was accidentally introduced to the Indian sub- continent and attacks several crops. Damage is severe in cotyledons and young leaves. Initially the adult female punctures the developing leaf and feeds on the oozing sap, these punctures are called as ovipositional punctures larvae mine leaves in a serpentine manner, severe damage leads to drying and dropping leaves
- 114. Leafminer damage ontomato leaves
- 115.
- 116. Remove & burnheavily infested leaves Spray Decis 0.005% or Profenofos or 0.05 % or triazophos 0.06% Use yellow sticky traps
- 117. Management Remove severelyinfested leaves Need based sprays of Neem Seed Kernal Extract (NSKE) 4% or Neem soap 1% or Triazophos 1.5 ml/l or Deltamethrin 1ml/l
- 118. Fruit borer, Helicoverpaarmigera This pest is not serious in greenhouse. Damage starts from flowering. Eggs lay on young leaves. After emergence initially larva feed on tender leaves and scrape the green matter in absence of fruits, Later the larvae bore the fruits and damaged fruits are unmarketable.
- 119. Management Spray NuclearPolyhedrosisVirus (NPV) (Helicoverpa NPV) 250 LE/ha + 1% Jaggery during evening to protect NPV from UV rays-only 1st instar Collect bored fruits and destroy Spray against larvae Indoxacarb14.5 SC 0.5 ml/l or Thiodicarb 75 WP (Larvin) 1 g /l or
- 120. Leaf eating caterpillar,Spodoptera litura Collection and destruction of egg masses and gregarious larvae Spray Nuclear PolyhedrosisVirus (NPV) (Spodoptera NPV) 250 LE/ha + teepol or any sticker 1% during evening to protect NPV from UV rays Spray Indoxacarb 0.5 ml/l or Thiodicarb (Larvin) 1 g /l or NSKE 5% Poison baits : 10 kg rice/wheat flour + 1 kg jaggery + 500 g methomyl/ha
- 121.
- 122. Weekly sprays ofHa NPV@-250 LE /ha ( 1ml = 6x109 POBs /ml)from 5 - 10 % flowering ( about 28 days after planting) effectively controls H.armigera on tomato.
- 123.
- 124.
- 125.
- 126. Chilli thrips, Scirtothripsdorsalis 1. Apply neem cake @250 kg/ha to plant beds while planting and repeat after 30 days 2. Spray imidacloprid 17.8 SL 0.3 ml/L + neem oil 2 ml/l or fipronil (1.5 ml/l) or alternately at fortnightly interval. Avoid spray of same chemical repeatedly. 3. Spray imidacloprid 17.8 SL 0.3 ml/L ) + pongamia oil (2 ml) and sticker (1 ml) per litre of spray solution.
- 127. Fruit borers, Spodopteralitura & Helicoverpa armigera • Ha NPV, Sl NPV • Give poison baits to grownup Spodoptera larvae. The poison bait consists of 1 kg of rice bran + 100 g of jaggery + 50 g of methomyl.
- 128. Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus Spraywith acaricides such as dicofol @ 4 ml/l or wettable sulphur @ 3 g/l or diafenthiuron @ 1 g/l or abamectin 1.9 EC @ 0.5 ml per litre.
- 129. Chilli gall midge,Asphondylia capsici • Spray 3 ml/l neem based insecticides • Spray imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5 ml/l
- 130. PESTS OF CAPSICUMIN GREENHOUSE * Thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis * White or yellow mite, Polyphgotersonemus latus Aphids, Aphis gossypi, Fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera Leaf eating caterpiller, Spodoptera litura Nematodes * Major pests in greenhouse
- 131. Thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Natureof damage and symptoms Minute insects with fringed wings serious during dry periods (high temperature). Both adult and nymphs suck the sap from developing leaves. Affected leaves curl upwards (downward curling of leaves) along the margin and are reduced in size.
- 132. Thrips damage oncapsicum leaves (upward curling)
- 133. Thrips damage oncapsicum fruits
- 134. Nature of damageand symptoms (contd.) It also feed beneath calyx of flowers and fruits causing loss in value of fruits. It also affects the market value and quality of fruits due to scrapping (laceration) on fruit surface. Considerable reduction in the yield
- 135. Management Need based Spraysof Imidacloprid (confidor) 0.5 ml/l or Fipronil (Regent) 1 ml/l or Ethofenprox (Nukil) 1 ml/l in rotation Application of Neem cake 250 kg/ha to kill pupae
- 136. White or yellowmite, Polyphgotersonemus latus Major pest on capsicum very minute insect cannot see by naked eyes. Damage is more in hot and dry weather and greenhouse (when temperature is high).
- 137. Nature of damageand symptoms Adults and nymphs suck the sap from terminal leaves and axillary shoots, the leaves become narrow, twisted and downward curling of leaves. Severe infestation leads to dropping of flowers and stunted growth
- 138. Mite damage oncapsicum on capsicum leaves (Downward curling)
- 139. Management Need based spraysof Abamectin (Vertimec) (0.5ml/l) or Dicofol (Kelthane) (2ml/l) or Fenazaquin 10 EC (Magister) 1 ml/l or Ethion (1ml/l) or Pongamia oil Neem oil (8-10 ml/l) or neem soap (10g/l) or Neem Seed Kernel Extract 4% (NSKE) in rotation. Note: Care must be taken to see that under (lower) surface of leaves receive good spray coverage
- 140. Phytotoxicity on capsicumleaves due to pongamia oil 1% spray
- 141. Important pests, theirsymptoms and control measures of Onion
- 142. Thrips (Thrips tabaci) Symptomsof damage 1. Thrips infestation at the early stage (transplanting to 45 days) can be identified by curling and twisting of leaves 2. Typical symptom of onion thrips is the presence of white or silvery patches on the leaves 3. In severe infestation, whole plant looks blemished and turns white. Feeding damage caused by onion thrips, T. tabaciAdult onion thrips, T. tabaci
- 143. Management 1. Planting oftwo rows of maize or one outer row of maize and one inner row of wheat as a barrier crop surrounding onion crop (250 sq. m) at least 30 days prior to transplanting helps block the movement of adult thrips 2. Spray insecticide when thrips population crosses the economic threshold level of 30 thrips/plant 3. Foliar spray of insecticides like Fipronil 5 SC @1.5 ml/l or Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25 ml/l depending upon the severity of infestation Barrier cropping to control thrips movement
- 144. Eriophyid mite Symptoms ofdamage 1. Leaves do not open completely. Whole plant shows curling. 2. Yellow mottling is seen mostly on the edges of the leaves. Management 1. Spray Dicofol 18.5 EC @ 3 ml/l as soon as the symptoms appear in the field. Repeat the spray after 15 days, if necessary. 2. Foliar spray of wettable sulphur @ 3 g/l
- 145. Damage symptoms causedby Eriophyid mite
- 146. Potato Carrot andbeet root Sweet potato Almost all vegetables are prone to nematode attack!!!!
- 147. 1 Bio-nematicide –Paecilomyces lilacinus (=Purpureocillium lilacinum) 1% W. P. 2 Bio-pesticide - Trichoderma harzianum – 1% W.P 3 Bio-pesticide - Pseudomonas fluorescens – 1% W.P. 4 Bio-pesticide - Trichoderma viride – 1.5% W.P 5 Bio-nematicide - Verticillium chlamydosporium (Pochonia chlamydosporia) – 1% W.P 6 Arka Plant Growth Enhancer and Yield Promoter IIHR Biopesticides
- 148. 1. PAECILOMYCES LILACINUS(IIHR PL-2, ITCC NO. 6887) • Bio-Nematicide • Nematophagous fungus • Parasitising the eggs of nematodes • Produce proteases and chitinase enzymes that could weaken nematode egg shell
- 149. 2. VERTICILLIUM CHLAMYDOSPORIUM(POCHONIA CHLAMYDOSPORIA, IIHR VC-3, ITCC NO. 6898)
- 150. 4. PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS (IIHRPF-2, ITCC NO. B0034) - 1% W. P.
- 151. 5.TRICHODERMA VIRIDE (IIHR TV-5,ITCC NO. 6889)
- 152. FYM-compost & Bio- pesticide 1000 kg of FYM/vermicompost 2 kg of P. lilacinus 2 kg of P. fluorescens Enrich for 15 -20 days by mixing bio- inocula under shade 2 kg of T. viride/ harzianum
- 153. Enrichment process: One tonof Neem cake/ Vermicompost/ well decomposed FYM has to be enriched by mixing with 2 kg each of Pseudomonas fluorescens + Trichoderma harzianum + Paecilomyces lilacinus formulation under shade. It has to be covered with mulch and optimum moisture of 25 - 30% has to be maintained for a period of 15 -21 days. i. Seed treatment - 15 to 20 g of formulation /kg of seed. ii. Substrate treatment - 5 to 10 g of formulation/kg of coco-peat (substrate). iii. Preparation of beds: Bio-pesticides enriched FYM@ 5kg/sq.m + bio-pesticides enriched neemcake @ 250g/sq.m or bio-pesticides enriched vermicompost @ 1kg have to be mixed in top 12 cm of soil in the beds. iv. Spraying, drenching/ drip irrigation: Formulation sprayed on the plants, applied through drip / by drenching at regular intervals at a dosage of 5g/ lit Mode of delivery of biopesticides
- 154.