The document is a training report submitted for an NPTEL course on Internet of Things (IoT). It discusses an IoT-based keychain finder project completed by three students - Pragya Jha, Rishik Sharma, and Shivam Pruthi. The project involves developing a circuit using an ESP8266 module, buzzer, and battery to allow finding lost keys by triggering the buzzer remotely via a web interface. The report details the components used, circuit diagram, code explaining how it works, and assembly of the printed circuit board.

1. Internet Of Things
TRAINING REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of NPTEL Training for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BY :
Pragya Jha Rishik Sharma Shivam Pruthi
(21614802819) ( 22814802819 ) ( 22414802819)
Under the Supervision of
Ms. Sumedha Gupta
To
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology
Rohini, New Delhi
Affiliated to GGSIPU University, Dwarka, Delhi.

2. To Whom It May Concern
We, Pragya Jha (Enrollment No. 21614802819), Rishik Sharma (Enrollment No.
22814802819) & Shivam Pruthi (Enrollment No. 22414802819), students of Bachelors of
Technology (ECE), a class of 2019-23, MaharajaAgrasen Institute of Technology, Delhi
hereby declare that the NPTEL Training project report entitled “Key Chain Finder” is an
original work and the same has not been submitted to any other institute forthe award of any other
degree.
Date: 12/05/2022
Place: Delhi
(Ms. Sumedha Gupta)
Assistant Professor, ECE

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Ms. Sumedha Gupta of the Department of
Electronics and Communication, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, whose role as
project guide was invaluable for the project. We are extremely thankful for the keen interest she
took in advising us, the reference materials that she provided, and the moral support extended to
us. Last but not the least, we convey our gratitude to all the teachers for providing us with the
technical skill that will always remain our asset. Finally, yet importantly, we would like to
express our heartfelt thanks to our beloved parents for their blessings, our friends and classmates
for their help, and our wishes for the successful completion of this project.
Pragya Jha Rishik Sharma Shivam Pruthi
(21614802819) (22814802819) (22414802819)

4. TABLE OF CONTENT
S. No Content Page Number
1. Introduction to IOT 5
2. Benefits of IOT in various industries 6
3 . Components used in IoT 8
4. Introduction of Keychain Finder 12
5. Keychain Finder 17
6 Code 19
7 References 21

5. CHAPTER 1
Introduction to IOT
“The Internet of Things” (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the
ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.”
The applications for IoT extend across a broad variety of use cases and verticals. However, all
complete IoT systems are the same in that they represent the integration of four distinct
components: sensors/devices, connectivity, data processing, and a user interface.
How was IoT made practical?
While the idea of IoT has been in existence for a long time, a collection of recent advances in a
number of different technologies has made it practical.
● Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology. Affordable and reliable sensors are
making IoT technology possible for more manufacturers.
● Connectivity. A host of network protocols for the internet has made it easy to connect
sensors to the cloud and to other “things” for efficient data transfer.
● Cloud computing platforms. The increase in the availability of cloud platforms enables
both businesses and consumers to access the infrastructure they need to scale up
without actually having to manage it all.
● Machine learning and analytics. With advances in machine learning and analytics,
along with access to varied and vast amounts of data stored in the cloud, businesses
can gather insights faster and more easily. The emergence of these allied technologies
continues to push the boundaries of IoT and the data produced by IoT also feeds these
technologies.
● Conversational artificial intelligence (AI). Advances in neural networks have brought
natural-language processing (NLP) to IoT devices (such as digital personal assistants
Alexa, Cortana, and Siri) and made them appealing, affordable, and viable for home
use.

6. CHAPTER 2
Benefits of IoT in various Industries
Organizations best suited for IoT are those that would benefit from using sensor devices in their
business processes.
o Manufacturing
Oracle Manufacturing can gain a competitive advantage by using production-line monitoring to
enable proactive maintenance on equipment when sensors detect an impending failure. Sensors
can actually measure when production output is compromised. With the help of sensor alerts,
manufacturers can quickly check equipment for accuracy or remove it from production until it is
repaired. This allows companies to reduce operating costs, get better uptime, and improve asset
performance management.
Automotive
The automotive industry stands to realize significant advantages from the use of IoT
applications. In addition to the benefits of applying IoT to production lines, sensors can detect
impending equipment failure in vehicles already on the road and can alert the driver with details
and recommendations. Thanks to aggregated information gathered by IoT-based applications,
automotive manufacturers and suppliers can learn more about how to keep cars running and car
owners informed.
o Transportation and Logistics
Systems benefit from a variety of IoT applications. Fleets of cars, trucks, ships, and trains that
carry inventory can be rerouted based on weather conditions, vehicleavailability, or driver
availability, thanks to IoT sensor data. The inventory itself could also be equipped with sensors
for track-and-trace and temperature-control monitoring. The food and beverage, flower, and
pharmaceutical industries often carry temperature-sensitive inventory that would benefit greatly
from IoT monitoring applications that send alerts when temperatures rise or fall to a level that
threatens the product.

7. o Retail
IoT applications allow retail companies to manage inventory, improve customer experience,
optimize supply chain, and reduce operational costs. For example, smart shelves fitted with
weight sensors can collect RFID-based information and send the data to the IoT platform to
automatically monitor inventory and trigger alerts if items are running low. Beacons can push
targeted offers and promotions to customers to provide an engaging experience.
o Public Sector
The benefits of IoT in the public sector and other service-related environments are similarly
wide-ranging. For example, government-owned utilities can use IoT-based applications to notify
their users of mass outages and even of smaller interruptions of water, power, or sewer services.
IoT applications can collect data concerning the scope of an outage and deploy resources to help
utilities recover from outages with greater speed.
o Healthcare
IoT asset monitoring provides multiple benefits to the healthcare industry. Doctors, nurses, and
orderlies often need to know the exact location of patient-assistance assets such as wheelchairs.
When a hospital’s wheelchairs are equipped with IoT sensors, they can be tracked from the IoT
asset-monitoring application so that anyone looking for one can quickly find the nearest
available wheelchair. Many hospital assets can be tracked this way to ensure proper usage as well
as financial accounting for the physical assets in each department.
General Safety Across All Industries
In addition to tracking physical assets, IoT can be used to improve worker safety. Employees in
hazardous environments such as mines, oil and gas fields, and chemical and power plants, for
example, need to know about the occurrence of a hazardous event that might affect them. When
they are connected to IoT sensor–based applications, they can be notified of accidents or rescued
from them as swiftly as possible. IoT applications are also used for wearables that can monitor
human health and environmental conditions. Not only do these types of applications help people
better understand their own health, they also permit physicians to monitor patients remotely.

8. CHAPTER 3
Components of IoT
Smart devices and sensors – Device connectivity
Devices and sensors are the components of the device connectivity layer. These smart sensors are
continuously collecting data from the environment and transmitting the information to the next
layer.
The latest techniques in semiconductor technology are capable of producing micro smart sensors
for various applications.
Common sensors are:
● Temperature sensors and thermostats
● Pressure sensors
● Humidity / Moisture levels
● Light intensity detectors
● Moisture sensors
● Proximity detection
● RFID tags
How are the devices connected?
Most modern smart devices and sensors can be connected to low-power wireless networks like
Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, Z-wave, LoRAWAN, etc… Each of these wireless technologies has its
pros and cons in terms of power, data transfer rate, and overall efficiency.

9. Fig 3.1
Developments in the low power, low-cost wireless transmitting devices are promising in the area
of IoT due to its long battery life and efficiency. Latest protocols like 6LoWPAN- IPv6 over Low
Power Wireless Personal Area Networks have been adapted by many companies to implement
energy efficient data transmission for IoT networks.
6 LoWPAN uses reduced transmission time (typically short time pulses) and thus saves energy.
2. Gateway
IoT Gateway manages the bidirectional data traffic between different networks and protocols.
Another function of the gateway is to translate different network protocols and make sure
interoperability of the connected devices and sensors.
Gateways can be configured to perform pre-processing of the collected data from thousands of
sensors locally before transmitting it to the next stage. In some scenarios, it would be necessary
due to the compatibility of the TCP/IP protocol.
IoT gateway offers a certain level of security for the network and transmitted data with
higher-order encryption techniques. It acts as a middle layer between devices and the cloud to
protect the system from malicious attacks and unauthorized access.
3. Cloud

10. The Internet of things creates massive data from devices, applications, and users which has to be
managed efficiently. IoT cloud offers tools to collect, process, manage and store a huge amount
of data in real-time. Industries and services can easily access these data remotely and make
critical decisions when necessary.
IoT cloud is a sophisticated high performance network of servers optimized to perform
high-speed data processing of billions of devices, traffic management, and deliver accurate
analytics. Distributed database management systems are one of the most important components
of the IoT cloud.
Cloud systems integrate billions of devices, sensors, gateways, protocols, and data storage and
provide predictive analytics. Companies use these analytics data for the improvement of products
and services, preventive measures for certain steps building build their new business model
accurately.
4. Analytics
fig 3.2
Analytics is the process of converting analog data from billions of smart devices and sensors into
useful insights which can be interpreted and used for detailed analysis. Smart analytics solutions
are inevitable for IoT systems for management and improvement of the entire system.
One of the major advantages of an efficient IoT system is real-time smart analytics which helps
engineers to find out irregularities in the collected data and act fast to prevent an undesired
scenario. Service providers can prepare for further steps if the information is collected
accurately at the right time.
Big enterprises use the massive data collected from IoT devices and utilize the insights for their
future business opportunities. Careful analysis will help organizations to predict trends in the
market and plan ahead for a successful implementation.

11. Information is very significant in any business model and predictive analysis ensures success in
the concerned area of the business line.
5. User interface (UI)
Fig 3.3
User interfaces are the visible, tangible part of the IoT system which can be accessible by users.
Designers will have to make sure a well designed user interface for minimum effort for users and
encourage more interaction.

12. CHAPTER-4
Introduction to Keychain Finder
Many times we misplace our keys and go searching for them everywhere in the house, and after a long
search, we end up finding them with much distress. Now, the obvious solution here is to place your
keys in their right place, but as engineers, what’s the fun in doing that. So, in this tutorial, we are going
to build a simple IoT-based Smart Key Chain just using ESP8266-01, Buzzer, and Battery. Now in case
if you can’t find your keys and you remember that you have attached an IoT keychain to your keys, so
you take out your phone and open Chrome and open your Keychain Webpage. Then you click on the
toggle button, and in moments, you hear a beep sound coming from your keychain and with this, you
can easily track your keys.
COMPONENTS USED
Kit includes the below components.
• ESP8266-01
• AMS1117 3.3V Voltage Regulator
• Buzzer
• Lithium Polymer battery
• 2× 10µf Capacitor
Smart key Finder Circuit Diagram
The complete circuit diagram for the Esp8266 smart key chain is shown below. The schematic was
drawn using EasyEDA.

13. This complete setup will be powered by the Lithium polymer Battery and AMS117-3.3V is used to
regulate 3.3V for the ESP8266-01 board. VCC and CH_PD pins of ESP8266-01 are connected to the
output pin of AMS1117 while we connect the GND pin to the –ve rail of the battery. The positive
terminal of Buzzer is connected to the GPIO2 pin of ESP8266 while the negative terminal of the
buzzer is connected to the GND of ESP8266-01. Ok, so we are done with the connections. Now let’s
have a look at the PCB Design.
Fabricating our Smart KeyChain using PCB Online
Now that we understand how the schematic works, we proceed with building the PCB for our project.
By using Gerber file of this smart key finder project using the FILE.
Now that our Design is ready, it is time to get them fabricated using the Gerber file from
PCBONLINE.
Assembling the Smart KeyChain Board
After a few days, we received our PCB as you can see below, the PCB quality was good as always.
The top layer and bottom layer were seamlessly done with proper visa and track spacing. The top layer
and the bottom layer of the board are shown below.

14. After making sure that the tracks and footprints were correct, I proceeded with assembling the PCB.
The completely soldered board looked like as shown in the image below:

16. CHAPTER-5
Code of Smart Keychain Finder
Smart Key Chain Code Explanation
All the libraries that we are going to use in this code come pre-installed with ESP8266 board files.
ESP8266WiFi library is used to connect NodeMCU to a Wi-Fi network.
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include <ESP8266WebServer.h>
Then create a webserver object that listens for HTTP request on port 80
ESP8266WebServer server(80);
Define the ESP8266 pin where Buzzer is connected
const int buz_pin = 2;
In the next stage, enter Wi-Fi credentials like the user name and password for the Wi-Fi router to
which your NodeMCU should connect with.
char ssid[] = "Wi-Fi Name";
char pass[] = "Wi-Fi Password";
The string variable ‘html_code’ contains a simple HTML code for creating a NodeMCU webpage.
String html_code =
"<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><style>.button {border: none;padding: 12px 40px;text-align:
center;text-decoration: none;display: inline-block;font-size: 16px;margin: 4px 2px;cursor:
pointer;}.button1 {background-color: black; color: white; border: 3px solid #1c1c1b;border-radius:
30px}body {text-align: center;}</style></head><body><h2>IoT Based Keychain</h2><p>Press the

17. Button to Turn On/Off the Buzzer</p><form action="/BUZ" method="POST"><button
class="button button1">Press Me</button></form>";
The handleRoot() function is executed when we open the Webpage in the browser using the
NodeMCU IP address. It sends the current buzzer state and a web page with a toggle button to
webserver.
void handleRoot() {
server.send(200, "text/html", html_code + "Current state: <b>" + buzzing_state);
}
handleBUZ() is used to change the buzzer state if the button is pressed on the webpage. It adds a
header to respond with a new location for the browser to go to the home page again.
void handleBUZ() {
buzzing_state = !buzzing_state;
server.sendHeader("Location","/");
server.send(303);
}
Inside the setup() function, we initialized the baud rate, defined the buzzer pin as an output, and then
connect the module with the Wi-Fi using the Wi-Fi name and password.
Serial.begin(115200);
delay(10);
pinMode(buz_pin, OUTPUT);
WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{

18. delay(500);
}
Serial.println("OK!");
The first function is used to call the 'handleRoot' function when a client requests URI (Uniform
Resource Identifier) "/" while the second function is used to call the ' handleBUZ ' function when a
POST request is made to URI "/ handleBUZ "
server.on("/", HTTP_GET, handleRoot);
server.on("/BUZ", HTTP_POST, handleBUZ);
Now in the next stage, we will read the buzzer state from the webpage and then change the GPIO pin
state to turn on/off the buzzer.
void loop(void){
server.handleClient();
if (buzzing_state == true) {
digitalWrite(buz_pin, HIGH);
delay(400);
yield();
digitalWrite(buz_pin, LOW);
}

19. Programming ESP8266-01 for Smart Key Chain
We are using Arduino Uno to program the ESP8266-01. The circuit diagram for programming
ESP8266-01 using Arduino is given below:

20. Connections for programming ESP8266 are as follows:
ESP8266-01 Arduino Uno
VCC 3.3V
GND GND
CH-PD 3.3V
RX RX
TX TX
GPIO-0 GND
GPIO-2 Not Connected
RST
Initially Not Connected. Before hitting upload connect RST to ground and remove after
half a second
Apart from these connections, connect the Reset pin of Arduino to GND to bypass the Arduino. It will
disable Arduino and upload code directly to the ESP8266 board. Now power up the Arduino Uno and
open the Arduino IDE. Select the “Generic ESP8266 Module” in Board. Now before clicking on
Upload, we have to boot ESP-01 into programming mode. Ground the RST pin for a second. Now
click on Upload in your Arduino IDE.
Testing our Smart Key Chain Finder

21. Now that we have assembled the PCB and uploaded the code on ESP8266-01, we are ready to test the
keychain. For that power, the setup and wait until ESP connects to Wi-Fi, then get the ESP IP address.
Now open your favorite browser and type in the IP address and search. It should open a page as shown
below:
Click on ‘Click Me’ and the Buzzer we will make a sound until you click on the button again. The
current state of the buzzer is shown below the toggle button.
I hope you enjoyed building this project.
Code

22. #include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include <ESP8266WebServer.h>
ESP8266WebServer server(80);
const int buz_pin = D2;
char ssid[] = "Galaxy-M20";
char pass[] = "ac312124";
String html_code = "<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><style>.button {border: none;padding: 12px
40px;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;display: inline-block;font-size: 16px;margin: 4px
2px;cursor: pointer;}.button1 {background-color: black; color: white; border: 3px solid
#1c1c1b;border-radius: 30px}body {text-align: center;}</style></head><body><h2>IoT Based
Keychain</h2><p>Press the Button to Turn On/Off the Buzzer</p><form action="/BUZ"
method="POST"><button class="button button1">Click Me!</button></form>";
boolean buzzing_state = false;
void handleRoot() {
server.send(200, "text/html", html_code + "Current state: <b>" + buzzing_state);
}
void handleBUZ() {
buzzing_state = !buzzing_state;
server.sendHeader("Location","/");
server.send(303);
}
void handleNotFound(){
server.send(404, "text/plain", "404: Not found");
}
void setup(void){
Serial.begin(115200);
delay(10);
pinMode(buz_pin, OUTPUT);
Serial.print("nnConnecting Wifi... ");
WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
delay(500);
}
Serial.println("OK!");
Serial.print("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
Serial.println();
server.on("/", HTTP_GET, handleRoot);
server.on("/BUZ", HTTP_POST, handleBUZ);
server.onNotFound(handleNotFound);
server.begin();
Serial.println("HTTP server startedn");
}
void loop(void){
server.handleClient();
if (buzzing_state == true) {
digitalWrite(buz_pin, HIGH);

23. delay(400);
yield();
digitalWrite(buz_pin, LOW);
delay(200);
yield();
delay(400);
yield();
}
}