Iodine deficiency is the single largest preventable cause of intellectual and developmental disabilities worldwide. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production, which is important for physical and mental development. When diets lack sufficient iodine, a spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders can result, ranging from goiter and cretinism to intellectual disabilities and deafness. Ensuring adequate iodine intake, especially for pregnant women and young children, is crucial for preventing iodine deficiency and its adverse health consequences.
Iodine is an essential trace element needed by the body in small amounts. It is a component of thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism and body temperature. Adequate iodine intake is especially important during pregnancy and breastfeeding as it is crucial for fetal development and prevents neurological issues. Pregnant and lactating women are recommended to intake 150 mcg of iodine daily to support development during the first few months of pregnancy. A deficiency in iodine can cause hypothyroidism, goiter, and cretinism.
Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and is obtained through foods like seaweed and seafood or iodized salt. Iodine deficiency can cause goiter and irreversible intellectual and growth impairments while excess iodine can inhibit the thyroid. Various indicators are used to assess iodine status including urinary iodine and thyroid size. Iodine interacts with medications for hyperthyroidism and high blood pressure and deficiencies in selenium or vitamins A, E, zinc and iron can exacerbate effects of iodine deficiency.
Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones and is concentrated in glandular tissues like the thyroid, breasts, and salivary glands. It is absorbed from foods like iodized salt, seaweed, and fish, with the daily requirement being 150 mcg. Iodine deficiency can promote disorders like goiter and increase the risk of cancers. Iodine has many therapeutic actions including being antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and helping conditions like asthma, diabetes, and fibrocystic breast disease. It can be used as a diagnostic tool and to treat thyroid disorders as well as decreasing vascularity before thyroid surgery.
This document summarizes an upcoming medical conference on iodine supplementation. It discusses the history of iodine use, current iodine deficiency issues, and conditions that may be helped by iodine. Key points include that an estimated 95% of individuals are iodine deficient; bromine competes with iodine uptake; and iodine may help conditions like fibrocystic breast disease, thyroid disorders, and detoxification.
Iodine is an essential mineral needed for normal thyroid function and metabolism. It is found in iodized salt, seafood, dairy, and foods grown in iodine-rich soil. Lack of iodine can cause goiter or hypothyroidism. Two studies in the early 1900s showed that supplementing with iodine reduced goiter rates. While iodized salt provides some iodine, it may not meet daily needs, and iodine levels in the US have dropped 50% in recent decades. Bromine in some foods can interfere with iodine uptake as well. Urine tests can check iodine status.
There are 2-4 grams of zinc distributed throughout the human body, with the highest concentrations found in the prostate, parts of the eye, and semen. Zinc is required for over 20 metalloenzymes and is essential for processes like taste sensation, insulin secretion, wound healing, and male reproduction through its role in spermatogenesis. Zinc deficiency can cause issues like growth retardation and impaired wound healing or spermatogenesis, while toxicity can also occur.
The document summarizes iodine metabolism. It states that iodine is primarily stored in the thyroid gland where it is used to synthesize the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine. Dietary sources of iodine include seafood, eggs, dairy, and iodized salt. A deficiency of iodine can lead to goiter or cretinism in children, while excess iodine or goitrogenic substances can also interfere with thyroid hormone production.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of biotinDomina Petric
This document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of biotin in the human body. It discusses how biotin is released from food proteins and absorbed through both facilitated transport and passive diffusion in the small intestine. It then describes how biotin circulates in the bloodstream, is taken up by cells through sodium-dependent and monocarboxylate transporters, and is stored in tissues like the liver. Finally, it outlines how biotin is attached to carboxylase enzymes, recycled through cleavage by the enzyme biotinidase, catabolized, and excreted in the urine and feces.
Iodine is an essential trace element needed by the body in small amounts. It is a component of thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism and body temperature. Adequate iodine intake is especially important during pregnancy and breastfeeding as it is crucial for fetal development and prevents neurological issues. Pregnant and lactating women are recommended to intake 150 mcg of iodine daily to support development during the first few months of pregnancy. A deficiency in iodine can cause hypothyroidism, goiter, and cretinism.
Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and is obtained through foods like seaweed and seafood or iodized salt. Iodine deficiency can cause goiter and irreversible intellectual and growth impairments while excess iodine can inhibit the thyroid. Various indicators are used to assess iodine status including urinary iodine and thyroid size. Iodine interacts with medications for hyperthyroidism and high blood pressure and deficiencies in selenium or vitamins A, E, zinc and iron can exacerbate effects of iodine deficiency.
Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones and is concentrated in glandular tissues like the thyroid, breasts, and salivary glands. It is absorbed from foods like iodized salt, seaweed, and fish, with the daily requirement being 150 mcg. Iodine deficiency can promote disorders like goiter and increase the risk of cancers. Iodine has many therapeutic actions including being antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and helping conditions like asthma, diabetes, and fibrocystic breast disease. It can be used as a diagnostic tool and to treat thyroid disorders as well as decreasing vascularity before thyroid surgery.
This document summarizes an upcoming medical conference on iodine supplementation. It discusses the history of iodine use, current iodine deficiency issues, and conditions that may be helped by iodine. Key points include that an estimated 95% of individuals are iodine deficient; bromine competes with iodine uptake; and iodine may help conditions like fibrocystic breast disease, thyroid disorders, and detoxification.
Iodine is an essential mineral needed for normal thyroid function and metabolism. It is found in iodized salt, seafood, dairy, and foods grown in iodine-rich soil. Lack of iodine can cause goiter or hypothyroidism. Two studies in the early 1900s showed that supplementing with iodine reduced goiter rates. While iodized salt provides some iodine, it may not meet daily needs, and iodine levels in the US have dropped 50% in recent decades. Bromine in some foods can interfere with iodine uptake as well. Urine tests can check iodine status.
There are 2-4 grams of zinc distributed throughout the human body, with the highest concentrations found in the prostate, parts of the eye, and semen. Zinc is required for over 20 metalloenzymes and is essential for processes like taste sensation, insulin secretion, wound healing, and male reproduction through its role in spermatogenesis. Zinc deficiency can cause issues like growth retardation and impaired wound healing or spermatogenesis, while toxicity can also occur.
The document summarizes iodine metabolism. It states that iodine is primarily stored in the thyroid gland where it is used to synthesize the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine. Dietary sources of iodine include seafood, eggs, dairy, and iodized salt. A deficiency of iodine can lead to goiter or cretinism in children, while excess iodine or goitrogenic substances can also interfere with thyroid hormone production.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of biotinDomina Petric
This document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of biotin in the human body. It discusses how biotin is released from food proteins and absorbed through both facilitated transport and passive diffusion in the small intestine. It then describes how biotin circulates in the bloodstream, is taken up by cells through sodium-dependent and monocarboxylate transporters, and is stored in tissues like the liver. Finally, it outlines how biotin is attached to carboxylase enzymes, recycled through cleavage by the enzyme biotinidase, catabolized, and excreted in the urine and feces.
Iron is a mineral that serves three main functions in the human body: carrying oxygen, maintaining the immune system, and aiding energy production. There are two types of iron - heme iron found in meat which is well-absorbed, and non-heme iron found in plants which is not as well-absorbed and can vary from under 1% to 20% absorption depending on one's iron stores. Insufficient iron intake can lead to fatigue, infections, and impaired learning. Hepcidin regulates iron absorption by inhibiting iron transport across the gut. Diseases related to iron include cardiovascular disease, hemochromatosis, and anemia.
Copper is an essential trace element found in all human tissues. It plays an important role in many processes including iron transport, collagen formation, antioxidant activity and enzyme function. The average adult contains around 100-150mg of copper stored primarily in the muscles, bones and liver. Dietary sources include meat, shellfish, nuts and cereals. The recommended daily allowance is 900mcg for adults. Copper absorption requires special mechanisms and can be inhibited by other minerals or vitamins taken in excess. A copper deficiency can result in issues like anemia, bone disorders and grey hair.
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Introduction of Zinc, Zinc Chemistry, Zinc functions, Zinc metabolism , Role in diarrhea , role in wound healing, immunity , hormones , catalytic zinc atom structure zinc atom , zinc enzyme, acrodermatitis enteropathica, toxicity
Zinc is a micronutrient that is essential for cellular metabolism and the function of over 100 enzymes. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues like the liver and blood cells. Zinc is lost from the body primarily through gastrointestinal excretion and helps control hormone release and nerve signaling. Zinc deficiency can cause growth retardation and skin disorders, while adequate zinc supports immune function and reduces the duration of diarrhea. Therapeutically, zinc treatment has proven highly effective for decreasing the occurrence of prolonged childhood diarrhea in developing countries.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
Iron is an essential trace element that plays many critical roles in the human body. It is required to produce red blood cells and hemoglobin, which transports oxygen throughout the body. A lack of iron can lead to iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Symptoms of iron deficiency include fatigue, dizziness, hair loss, and brittle nails. Good dietary sources of iron include red meat, poultry, lentils, beans, and leafy greens. Iron supplements are often used to treat iron deficiency. Maintaining adequate iron levels is important for health, but too much iron can promote bacterial growth.
Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in animal bodies and plays a key role in many biological processes. It is essential for bone and teeth formation, energy metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. Phosphorus deficiency can cause poor growth, bone abnormalities, and reduced fertility in livestock. It is found in many feed ingredients but often bound in phytates that animals cannot access. Supplementation or addition of phytase enzymes may be needed to meet phosphorus requirements, which vary by animal class and production stage. Both deficiency and excess can impact animal health, so balanced calcium and phosphorus levels must be maintained.
This document discusses human nutrition as it relates to iodine, fluoride, and magnesium. It provides information on the functions, sources, recommended daily amounts, and effects of deficiencies and toxicities for each mineral. Iodine is needed to make thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Sources include seafood, bread, and iodized salt. A deficiency can cause goiter or cretinism. Fluoride strengthens teeth and bones. It is found in drinking water and too much can cause dental or skeletal fluorosis. Magnesium is involved in many enzyme systems and is found in vegetables, grains, and dairy. Deficiencies or toxicities of any of these minerals can impact health.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of folateDomina Petric
The document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of folate in the human body. It discusses how folate is absorbed in the small intestine through hydrolysis, active transport, and diffusion. It is then transported through the bloodstream, mostly bound to albumin or as monoglutamate derivatives. Tissues take up folate via the same transport mechanisms as absorption. Within cells, folate is polyglutamated and methylated to form various metabolized folate compounds.
Folic acid is a B vitamin found in green leafy vegetables and whole grains. It is required for DNA synthesis and cell division. The biologically active form is tetrahydrofolate, which carries single carbon groups and is involved in reactions like purine synthesis. Deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia during pregnancy or infancy due to impaired DNA synthesis. It is also associated with increased homocysteine levels and neural tube defects if deficiency occurs during pregnancy. While folic acid supplements can treat deficiency, they should not be given to cancer patients as it may increase abnormal cell growth and division.
ALL ABOUT VITAMINS VITAMIN B6, B7, B12 AND FOLIC ACIDSKYFALL
Vitamins are nutrients which are required in micro grams.They are essential for normal function of the body.They act as cofactors and prosthetic groups for enzymes
This document summarizes information about zinc, including its dietary sources, recommended daily allowances, physiological functions, deficiency, and treatment. Some key points include:
- Zinc is an essential micronutrient found in high amounts in oysters, meat, and nuts. It plays roles in over 300 enzymes and 2000 transcription factors.
- Recommended daily zinc intake ranges from 2-11 mg per day depending on age. Pregnant and lactating women should have 11-12 mg.
- Zinc deficiency can cause impaired immunity, growth retardation, skin disorders, and is common in developing countries. It is diagnosed through blood tests.
- Treatment involves oral zinc supplementation, with doses ranging from 0.
This document provides information on B-complex vitamins, including their classification and properties. It then focuses on thiamine (B1) and riboflavin (B2), discussing their history, structures, roles as coenzymes, dietary sources, deficiencies, investigations and treatments. For thiamine and riboflavin, key details are provided on their specific coenzymes, metabolic reactions they participate in, risk factors for deficiency, clinical signs, recommended intake levels, and management approaches. The document synthesizes information from various biochemistry textbooks and references.
Water soluble vitamin pyridoxine (vitamin B6) introduction, Chemistry of vitamin B6, Biochemical role of vitamin B6, active form of vitamin B 6 (pyridoxal phosphate) synthesis and their role, Recommended dietary allowance of vitamin B6, Dietary sources of vitamin B 6, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B6.
This document summarizes disorders of mineral digestion and metabolism. It discusses the supply, absorption, and functions of important minerals like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, sulfur, and magnesium. It also outlines key disorders that can occur when there are deficiencies or excesses of these minerals, such as rickets, osteomalacia, milk fever, and hypomagnesaemic tetany. The document provides an overview of mineral metabolism and the impacts of imbalances.
A great presentation with regards to #iodine and #iodinedeficiency. Did you know that iodine is essential for many bod systems for optimal function and #health not just your #thyriod. Testing iodine levels is one of the basic tests I use in my clinic.
The document discusses a medical conference on ortho-iodo-supplementation and its safe and effective implementation in medical practice. It notes that iodine was discovered in 1811 and was once called "The Universal Medicine". While iodine deficiency was largely addressed by iodized salt in the 1930s, recent surveys show iodine levels have declined 50% in the US coinciding with increased rates of thyroid disease and cancers. The document argues the RDA for iodine is too low and that an estimated 95% of individuals are iodine deficient, linking this to higher cancer and autoimmune disorder rates.
Iodine is an essential element needed to make thyroid hormones. It is found naturally in seafood, seaweed, and iodized salt. While iodine deficiency can cause goiter, too much iodine intake from supplements can also be harmful. Iodine is used as an antiseptic and to treat iodine deficiency. Sources of iodine include seaweed, cod, yogurt, and iodized salt. The recommended daily intake is 150 mcg for adults.
Iron is a mineral that serves three main functions in the human body: carrying oxygen, maintaining the immune system, and aiding energy production. There are two types of iron - heme iron found in meat which is well-absorbed, and non-heme iron found in plants which is not as well-absorbed and can vary from under 1% to 20% absorption depending on one's iron stores. Insufficient iron intake can lead to fatigue, infections, and impaired learning. Hepcidin regulates iron absorption by inhibiting iron transport across the gut. Diseases related to iron include cardiovascular disease, hemochromatosis, and anemia.
Copper is an essential trace element found in all human tissues. It plays an important role in many processes including iron transport, collagen formation, antioxidant activity and enzyme function. The average adult contains around 100-150mg of copper stored primarily in the muscles, bones and liver. Dietary sources include meat, shellfish, nuts and cereals. The recommended daily allowance is 900mcg for adults. Copper absorption requires special mechanisms and can be inhibited by other minerals or vitamins taken in excess. A copper deficiency can result in issues like anemia, bone disorders and grey hair.
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Introduction of Zinc, Zinc Chemistry, Zinc functions, Zinc metabolism , Role in diarrhea , role in wound healing, immunity , hormones , catalytic zinc atom structure zinc atom , zinc enzyme, acrodermatitis enteropathica, toxicity
Zinc is a micronutrient that is essential for cellular metabolism and the function of over 100 enzymes. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues like the liver and blood cells. Zinc is lost from the body primarily through gastrointestinal excretion and helps control hormone release and nerve signaling. Zinc deficiency can cause growth retardation and skin disorders, while adequate zinc supports immune function and reduces the duration of diarrhea. Therapeutically, zinc treatment has proven highly effective for decreasing the occurrence of prolonged childhood diarrhea in developing countries.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
Iron is an essential trace element that plays many critical roles in the human body. It is required to produce red blood cells and hemoglobin, which transports oxygen throughout the body. A lack of iron can lead to iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Symptoms of iron deficiency include fatigue, dizziness, hair loss, and brittle nails. Good dietary sources of iron include red meat, poultry, lentils, beans, and leafy greens. Iron supplements are often used to treat iron deficiency. Maintaining adequate iron levels is important for health, but too much iron can promote bacterial growth.
Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in animal bodies and plays a key role in many biological processes. It is essential for bone and teeth formation, energy metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. Phosphorus deficiency can cause poor growth, bone abnormalities, and reduced fertility in livestock. It is found in many feed ingredients but often bound in phytates that animals cannot access. Supplementation or addition of phytase enzymes may be needed to meet phosphorus requirements, which vary by animal class and production stage. Both deficiency and excess can impact animal health, so balanced calcium and phosphorus levels must be maintained.
This document discusses human nutrition as it relates to iodine, fluoride, and magnesium. It provides information on the functions, sources, recommended daily amounts, and effects of deficiencies and toxicities for each mineral. Iodine is needed to make thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Sources include seafood, bread, and iodized salt. A deficiency can cause goiter or cretinism. Fluoride strengthens teeth and bones. It is found in drinking water and too much can cause dental or skeletal fluorosis. Magnesium is involved in many enzyme systems and is found in vegetables, grains, and dairy. Deficiencies or toxicities of any of these minerals can impact health.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of folateDomina Petric
The document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of folate in the human body. It discusses how folate is absorbed in the small intestine through hydrolysis, active transport, and diffusion. It is then transported through the bloodstream, mostly bound to albumin or as monoglutamate derivatives. Tissues take up folate via the same transport mechanisms as absorption. Within cells, folate is polyglutamated and methylated to form various metabolized folate compounds.
Folic acid is a B vitamin found in green leafy vegetables and whole grains. It is required for DNA synthesis and cell division. The biologically active form is tetrahydrofolate, which carries single carbon groups and is involved in reactions like purine synthesis. Deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia during pregnancy or infancy due to impaired DNA synthesis. It is also associated with increased homocysteine levels and neural tube defects if deficiency occurs during pregnancy. While folic acid supplements can treat deficiency, they should not be given to cancer patients as it may increase abnormal cell growth and division.
ALL ABOUT VITAMINS VITAMIN B6, B7, B12 AND FOLIC ACIDSKYFALL
Vitamins are nutrients which are required in micro grams.They are essential for normal function of the body.They act as cofactors and prosthetic groups for enzymes
This document summarizes information about zinc, including its dietary sources, recommended daily allowances, physiological functions, deficiency, and treatment. Some key points include:
- Zinc is an essential micronutrient found in high amounts in oysters, meat, and nuts. It plays roles in over 300 enzymes and 2000 transcription factors.
- Recommended daily zinc intake ranges from 2-11 mg per day depending on age. Pregnant and lactating women should have 11-12 mg.
- Zinc deficiency can cause impaired immunity, growth retardation, skin disorders, and is common in developing countries. It is diagnosed through blood tests.
- Treatment involves oral zinc supplementation, with doses ranging from 0.
This document provides information on B-complex vitamins, including their classification and properties. It then focuses on thiamine (B1) and riboflavin (B2), discussing their history, structures, roles as coenzymes, dietary sources, deficiencies, investigations and treatments. For thiamine and riboflavin, key details are provided on their specific coenzymes, metabolic reactions they participate in, risk factors for deficiency, clinical signs, recommended intake levels, and management approaches. The document synthesizes information from various biochemistry textbooks and references.
Water soluble vitamin pyridoxine (vitamin B6) introduction, Chemistry of vitamin B6, Biochemical role of vitamin B6, active form of vitamin B 6 (pyridoxal phosphate) synthesis and their role, Recommended dietary allowance of vitamin B6, Dietary sources of vitamin B 6, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B6.
This document summarizes disorders of mineral digestion and metabolism. It discusses the supply, absorption, and functions of important minerals like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, sulfur, and magnesium. It also outlines key disorders that can occur when there are deficiencies or excesses of these minerals, such as rickets, osteomalacia, milk fever, and hypomagnesaemic tetany. The document provides an overview of mineral metabolism and the impacts of imbalances.
A great presentation with regards to #iodine and #iodinedeficiency. Did you know that iodine is essential for many bod systems for optimal function and #health not just your #thyriod. Testing iodine levels is one of the basic tests I use in my clinic.
The document discusses a medical conference on ortho-iodo-supplementation and its safe and effective implementation in medical practice. It notes that iodine was discovered in 1811 and was once called "The Universal Medicine". While iodine deficiency was largely addressed by iodized salt in the 1930s, recent surveys show iodine levels have declined 50% in the US coinciding with increased rates of thyroid disease and cancers. The document argues the RDA for iodine is too low and that an estimated 95% of individuals are iodine deficient, linking this to higher cancer and autoimmune disorder rates.
Iodine is an essential element needed to make thyroid hormones. It is found naturally in seafood, seaweed, and iodized salt. While iodine deficiency can cause goiter, too much iodine intake from supplements can also be harmful. Iodine is used as an antiseptic and to treat iodine deficiency. Sources of iodine include seaweed, cod, yogurt, and iodized salt. The recommended daily intake is 150 mcg for adults.
The impact of maternal and fetal thyroid hormone deficiency: iodine deficienc...HealthXn
Thyroid hormone deficiency at critical periods of brain development may cause permanent mental and neurological disability and impairment. Iodine deficiency is the commonest preventable cause of mental disability
Iodine and the Thyroid: How the thyroid uniquely adapts to its environment to...HealthXn
This presentation describes how the thyroid actively traps iodine, a rare micronutrient, to produce thyroid hormones. Iodine is important for normal fetal and adult development.
Although the term "iodine-deficiency disorders" (!DD) is of
relatively recent provenance, having been introduced by Dr Basil Hetzel just two years ago, it is a term that very appropriately covers the tragic spectrum of mental and physical disability resulting from an inadequate dietary intake and supply of iodine to the developing brain of the foetus, infant and young child. At the benign end of the spectrum is the widely prevalent and largely cosmetic condition of goitre, while at the opposite end is the relatively uncommon syndrome of cretinism. Between these poles is a range of impaired mental and physical functions of varying severity.
This document provides an overview of iodine and its importance for thyroid health. Iodine is a key component of thyroid hormones and is necessary for proper metabolism and development. However, iodine levels are declining due to reduced intake from foods and use in food processing. Additionally, exposure to competing halides like bromine, fluoride, and perchlorate can interfere with iodine absorption and thyroid function. Maintaining sufficient iodine intake through diet and supplements, while limiting toxic halide exposure, is important for optimal health.
The document discusses the Hokey-Pokey Mineral Program and the importance of minerals for health. It notes that modern agricultural practices have depleted minerals from soils and that we consume only 30% of mineral levels from 1930. The program aims to put the right minerals back in soils, plants, and humans, and get toxins out. It provides examples of how mineral-rich soils can improve crop yields and animal health compared to commercial fertilizers. The overall message is that restoring mineral-rich, toxin-free environments through regenerative agriculture and positive eating can support health.
The document discusses iodine, a trace element that is essential for thyroid function. Iodine is needed to produce the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which regulate metabolism. Good food sources of iodine include seaweed, fish, iodized salt, dairy, and eggs. An iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism and goiter, while too much iodine can lead to thyroiditis or hyper/hypothyroidism. The body tightly regulates iodine levels as both a deficiency and excess can impact thyroid health and development.
Endemic goiter is a prevalent health condition characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is located in the neck. It is primarily caused by an insufficient intake of iodine, an essential mineral required for the production of thyroid hormones.
This PowerPoint presentation aims to provide a comprehensive overview of endemic goiter, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures.
Iodine is an essential trace element needed to synthesize thyroid hormones. Nearly 80% of iodine in the body is stored in the thyroid gland. Iodine is absorbed from dietary sources like iodized salt and is transported to the thyroid via sodium/iodide symporters, where it is used to produce thyroid hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and brain development. Iodine deficiency can cause a spectrum of disorders and remains a public health issue in many parts of the world including India, where programs aim to ensure adequate iodine intake through universal salt iodization and health education.
This document discusses iodine deficiency disorders and the importance of iodine for health. It notes that iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and proper development. Iodine deficiency can cause goiter, cretinism, lower IQ, and other developmental issues. The document advocates for universal salt iodization as a simple and low-cost strategy to eliminate iodine deficiency worldwide. It highlights India's policy from 1983 mandating iodization of all salt for human consumption.
Iodine is an essential nutrient that is important for thyroid function and metabolism. It is needed to produce thyroid hormones, which help regulate body temperature and metabolic rate. Nearly 20-30 mg of iodine is found in the adult human body, primarily in the thyroid gland. Important dietary sources of iodine include seaweed, seafood, dairy products, and iodized salt. Iodine deficiency can lead to thyroid disorders, cognitive issues, goiter and irreversible effects on growth and development. The recommended daily intake of iodine varies from 110-150 mcg depending on age.
Learning Objectives:
By the end of the session students will be able
To define iodine deficiency
To define goitrogens
To identify sources of iodine
To list Epidemiological assessment of iodine deficiency
To Name International Iodine Control Strategies
To name Iodine Control Program of Pakistan
The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. It is located in the neck and consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid follicles contain colloid made of thyroglobulin, which stores iodine and the hormones T3 and T4. Iodine is trapped from the blood by thyroid cells and oxidized, then incorporated into thyroglobulin to produce the hormones. Thyroglobulin containing T3 and T4 is endocytosed and the hormones are released into the bloodstream, regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland. Diseases can occur if the thyroid is overactive or underactive.
Iodine, iodolipids, Antioxidants, Cancer & Evolution.Maria Ave Magni
This document discusses the roles of iodine and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in evolution and health. It notes that iodine acts as an antioxidant and is important for brain development, metabolism, and preventing diseases like cancer and heart disease. The document also discusses how iodine and thyroid hormones are involved in amphibian metamorphosis and human evolution from aquatic to terrestrial environments. It provides examples of iodine's distribution and antioxidant functions in the body.
The document discusses protecting the thyroid from radiation. It notes that potassium iodide tablets were distributed in Japan after the Fukushima nuclear disaster to protect against radioactive iodine, which can cause thyroid cancer. The tablets work by saturating the thyroid with stable iodine to prevent uptake of the radioactive type. The document then discusses superfoods that can support thyroid health, such as coconut, kelp, and turkey. It also identifies foods to avoid that can suppress thyroid function, like broccoli and soy. Maintaining adequate copper and iron through diet is also important for thyroid health.
This document provides an overview of nutrition and classification of foods and nutrients. It discusses macronutrients like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates and micronutrients like vitamins and minerals. For proteins, fats, carbohydrates and several vitamins, it describes their sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, and assessment of nutritional status. Foods are classified by origin, chemical composition, and predominant function. The document provides details on protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin A, D, thiamine and their roles in the human body.
Chromatography: Principle, types, application.
A complete description of Chromatography along with all the types including HPLC, GAS, COLUMN, ION EXCHANGE, AFFINITY, COLUMN, PAPER, THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY - Techniques, Steps, principles, application.
Bacteria have a simple structure compared to eukaryotic cells, lacking organelles. Their small size allows rapid growth and inhabitation of diverse environments. Bacterial cells contain a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall. The cytoplasm holds the circular chromosome, ribosomes for protein production, and storage structures. Some bacteria have flagella for mobility or pili for attachment. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, while Gram-negatives have a thin wall and an outer membrane. This membrane structure contributes to differences in antibiotic susceptibility between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Flourine (the most electronegative element) 2Umesh Maskare
Fluorine was discovered in 1886 by Henri Moissan in France. It is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements. Fluorine has important benefits for dental health as it is essential for bone mineralization and enamel formation. However, too much fluoride consumption can lead to dental and skeletal fluorosis. Controlling fluoride intake through diet and dental hygiene is important for oral health.
Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by German chemist Hennig Brand from urine. It is generally colorless, odorless, and non-volatile. Phosphorus plays a major role in DNA, RNA, cellular energy transport via ATP, and as a structural component of cell membranes. It is found naturally in foods like milk, meat, eggs, and nuts. Phosphorus is absorbed through the small intestine with the help of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Both deficiency and excess of phosphorus can lead to health issues.
Potassium was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through electrolysis of molten potassium hydroxide. It is a soft, silvery-white metal that burns with a lilac color flame. Potassium plays an important role in the human body as a major electrolyte to help muscles and nerves function properly and is found in foods like beans, potatoes, bananas, and yogurt. Deficiency can cause weakness, numbness, nausea and irregular heartbeat while adequate intake through diet is important for overall health and organ function.
This document summarizes key information about Vitamin C, including its history, uses, sources, and effects on the body. It discusses how 17th century British sailor James Lind discovered that lemon juice prevented scurvy, a vitamin C deficiency disease. It also outlines that Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient needed for growth, immune function, and collagen production. Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, cabbage, broccoli and tomatoes. While deficiencies can cause scurvy, moderate daily intake through foods is sufficient for health.
This document discusses hypervitaminosis, a condition caused by excessive intake of vitamins. It lists some of the symptoms of hypervitaminosis as muscle weakness, fatigue, intestinal cramps, double vision, and poor balance. The document was submitted by Umesh Maskare, a first year student studying MSc in Food Science & Technology.
Meat : Structure, Composition and Characteristics.Umesh Maskare
Meat - General introduction about meat, production and consumption in all over the World, its Complete structure and Composition with data and Characteristic Properties.
Fish and Marine Foods : Quality of fishUmesh Maskare
Fish quality is influenced by species, season, catching method, and fishing grounds. Fresh fish has a shiny surface and flesh that is soft and flabby. As fish spoils, its structure loses brightness and slime thickens. To prevent spoilage, fish must be cleaned, gutted, chilled or frozen promptly. It should be stored at temperatures below 40°F and packaged to prevent freezer burn. Proper handling and storage help preserve fish quality and extend shelf life.
The document provides an introduction to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards for quality management and environmental management. ISO 9001 helps organizations implement quality management to ensure customer satisfaction, while ISO 14001 helps minimize environmental impacts and improve performance. Both are generic standards that can be applied to any organization regardless of size or industry.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
2. A Brief History of IodineA Brief History of Iodine
First discovered in 1811 by a French chemistFirst discovered in 1811 by a French chemist
Signaled the “birth” of Western medicineSignaled the “birth” of Western medicine
– The use of iodine for treating goiter was the first timeThe use of iodine for treating goiter was the first time
that a single element (iodine) was used to treat athat a single element (iodine) was used to treat a
specific illness (goiter)specific illness (goiter)
More than 100 years ago, iodine was calledMore than 100 years ago, iodine was called
““The Universal Medicine”The Universal Medicine”
The minimum daily dose was one drop whichThe minimum daily dose was one drop which
contained 5 mg of diatomic iodine---33 X the RDA!contained 5 mg of diatomic iodine---33 X the RDA!
3. More Recent HistoryMore Recent History
1930’s – Iodized salt was introduced & thyroidologists1930’s – Iodized salt was introduced & thyroidologists
began using thyroid hormones to treat iodine deficiencybegan using thyroid hormones to treat iodine deficiency
and simple goiter---The beginning of the “thyroid fixation”!and simple goiter---The beginning of the “thyroid fixation”!
1948 – Wolff-Chaikoff effect concluded that one must avoid1948 – Wolff-Chaikoff effect concluded that one must avoid
inorganic non-radioactive iodine “like leprosy”. Animalinorganic non-radioactive iodine “like leprosy”. Animal
studies on rats were never duplicated in humans! Dr.studies on rats were never duplicated in humans! Dr.
Abraham says,“The ensuing medical iodophobia may haveAbraham says,“The ensuing medical iodophobia may have
resulted in more suffering and death in the U.S. than bothresulted in more suffering and death in the U.S. than both
World Wars combined!”World Wars combined!”
1960’s – Antibiotics were replacing iodine use in infectious1960’s – Antibiotics were replacing iodine use in infectious
diseases; bronchodilators were used instead of iodine indiseases; bronchodilators were used instead of iodine in
lung patients; antihistamines replaced iodine for relief oflung patients; antihistamines replaced iodine for relief of
cold symptoms.cold symptoms.
4. The Pendulum is Beginning toThe Pendulum is Beginning to
Swing the Other Way!Swing the Other Way!
1993 – Dr. W.R. Ghent reported the1993 – Dr. W.R. Ghent reported the
beneficial effects of using 5 mg iodine forbeneficial effects of using 5 mg iodine for
Fibrocystic Breast Disease.Fibrocystic Breast Disease.
1997 – Dr. Guy Abraham became aware of1997 – Dr. Guy Abraham became aware of
Ghent’s work.Ghent’s work.
2000 – Dr. Abraham initiated “The Iodine2000 – Dr. Abraham initiated “The Iodine
Project” with Drs. Brownstein and Flechas.Project” with Drs. Brownstein and Flechas.
2007 – “If Dr. Abraham is correct, he2007 – “If Dr. Abraham is correct, he
deserves the Nobel Prize!”deserves the Nobel Prize!”
5. Why Do We Need Iodine?Why Do We Need Iodine?
Every cellEvery cell in the body contains and utilizesin the body contains and utilizes
iodineiodine
White blood cells cannot effectively guardWhite blood cells cannot effectively guard
against infection without adequate amountsagainst infection without adequate amounts
of iodineof iodine
Iodine is concentrated in the glandularIodine is concentrated in the glandular
systemsystem
– Thyroid, breasts, salivary glands, parotidThyroid, breasts, salivary glands, parotid
glands, pancreas, cerebrospinal fluid, brain,glands, pancreas, cerebrospinal fluid, brain,
stomach, skin, lacrimal glands, etc.stomach, skin, lacrimal glands, etc.
6. Where Does The Iodine Go?Where Does The Iodine Go?
Thyroid – 3% (50 mg)Thyroid – 3% (50 mg)
Fat (700 mg) andFat (700 mg) and MuscleMuscle (650 mg) – 70%(650 mg) – 70%
Skin – 20% (Helps you sweat!)Skin – 20% (Helps you sweat!)
The body can hold up to 1500 mgThe body can hold up to 1500 mg
The thyroid can only hold up to 50 mgThe thyroid can only hold up to 50 mg
Iodine is needed for much more than justIodine is needed for much more than just
prevention of goiter!prevention of goiter!
7. ““RDA” for IodineRDA” for Iodine
((RReallyeally DDumbumb AAdvice)dvice)
Adult maleAdult male 150 mcg/day150 mcg/day
Adult femaleAdult female 150 mcg/day150 mcg/day
PregnancyPregnancy 220 mcg/day220 mcg/day
LactationLactation 290 mcg/day290 mcg/day
““RDA doses of iodine are ineffective in preventing oxidativeRDA doses of iodine are ineffective in preventing oxidative
DNA damage and have no anti-cancer effect in the body.”DNA damage and have no anti-cancer effect in the body.”
Guy Abraham, MDGuy Abraham, MD
9. Why is Iodine So Beneficial?Why is Iodine So Beneficial?
Elevates pH (Iodine is an alkalinizing agent)Elevates pH (Iodine is an alkalinizing agent)
Necessary for the production of thyroidNecessary for the production of thyroid
hormoneshormones
Necessary for the production ofNecessary for the production of allall thethe
hormones of the body (adrenals, ovaries,hormones of the body (adrenals, ovaries,
testicles, etc.)testicles, etc.)
Responsible for the formation of the normalResponsible for the formation of the normal
architecture of the glandular tissue, e.g.architecture of the glandular tissue, e.g.
breast, thyroid, ovary, & prostatebreast, thyroid, ovary, & prostate
12. How Do You Ingest Iodine?How Do You Ingest Iodine?
Trace element; not common in most foodsTrace element; not common in most foods
Ocean foodsOcean foods
– Cod, bass, haddock, perchCod, bass, haddock, perch
– Sea vegetables such as seaweedSea vegetables such as seaweed
Can be found in food products if iodine is added toCan be found in food products if iodine is added to
animal feed or the food sourceanimal feed or the food source
Iodized SaltIodized Salt
– Cost effective way to prevent goiterCost effective way to prevent goiter
– Inadequate to provide the body’s need for iodineInadequate to provide the body’s need for iodine
13. Why Are People Deficient in Iodine?Why Are People Deficient in Iodine?
Stigma of using saltStigma of using salt
– HypertensionHypertension
– <50% of U.S. households use iodized salt<50% of U.S. households use iodized salt
Radioactive iodine use in medicineRadioactive iodine use in medicine
– Exacerbates an iodine deficient stateExacerbates an iodine deficient state
Chemical exposures: GoitrogensChemical exposures: Goitrogens
– Bromine, chlorine, fluorine (fluoride)Bromine, chlorine, fluorine (fluoride)
– Goitrogens competitively inhibit iodine binding as well asGoitrogens competitively inhibit iodine binding as well as
decrease iodine uptakedecrease iodine uptake
Declining mineral levelsDeclining mineral levels
– Soil erosion, poor farming techniques, etc.Soil erosion, poor farming techniques, etc.
Modern DietModern Diet
14. Why Is Our Modern-day DietWhy Is Our Modern-day Diet
Iodine Deficient?Iodine Deficient?
Many do not eat much ocean fish or seaMany do not eat much ocean fish or sea
vegetablesvegetables
Inadequate use of iodized saltInadequate use of iodized salt
Vegan and vegetarian dietsVegan and vegetarian diets
Bromine in food and drinkBromine in food and drink
– Gatorade, Mountain Dew, and other soft drinksGatorade, Mountain Dew, and other soft drinks
Bakery productsBakery products
– Bromine is now added to bread, pasta, cereal,Bromine is now added to bread, pasta, cereal,
etc.etc.
15. What Happened To BakeryWhat Happened To Bakery
Products in Recent History?Products in Recent History?
In the 1960’sIn the 1960’s iodineiodine was added to bakerywas added to bakery
products as an anti-caking agentproducts as an anti-caking agent
– 1 slice of bread contained the RDA for iodine1 slice of bread contained the RDA for iodine
In the 1980’s,In the 1980’s, brominebromine was substituted forwas substituted for
iodine due to misinformation about iodineiodine due to misinformation about iodine
What did this substitution do?What did this substitution do?
16. Bromine andBromine and
The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System
Rats fed a sodium bromide enriched diet for 4-12Rats fed a sodium bromide enriched diet for 4-12
weeksweeks
– Decreased spermatogenesis in highest groupDecreased spermatogenesis in highest group
– Decreased amount of thyroxine (T4) in thyroid glandDecreased amount of thyroxine (T4) in thyroid gland
– Decreased concentration of testosterone,Decreased concentration of testosterone, humanhuman
growth hormone and cortisol in bloodgrowth hormone and cortisol in blood ((deficienciesdeficiencies alsoalso
noted by Dr. St. Amand in patients with fibromyalgia)noted by Dr. St. Amand in patients with fibromyalgia)
– Pituitary gland was stimulated to release TSH, FSH,Pituitary gland was stimulated to release TSH, FSH,
ACTH and insulinACTH and insulin
“…“…bromide, at least in high doses, directly disturbsbromide, at least in high doses, directly disturbs
the function of the thyroid, testes, and thethe function of the thyroid, testes, and the
adrenals.adrenals.
17. Bromine SummaryBromine Summary
Bromine is aBromine is a toxic substancetoxic substance with no knownwith no known
value in the bodyvalue in the body
Part of the family of halidesPart of the family of halides
– Iodine, bromine, fluorine, chlorineIodine, bromine, fluorine, chlorine
All halides compete with one anotherAll halides compete with one another
– AbsorptionAbsorption
– Receptor bindingReceptor binding
Bromine interferes with iodine utilization in theBromine interferes with iodine utilization in the
thyroid as well as other areas of the body (breast,thyroid as well as other areas of the body (breast,
prostate, etc.)prostate, etc.)
18. Iodine & The Hormonal SystemIodine & The Hormonal System
It is impossible to balance the hormonalIt is impossible to balance the hormonal
system without iodine sufficiencysystem without iodine sufficiency
– ThyroidThyroid
– AdrenalsAdrenals
– Sex hormonesSex hormones
Whole body iodine sufficiency generallyWhole body iodine sufficiency generally
requires higher doses of iodine/iodiderequires higher doses of iodine/iodide
combinationscombinations
12.5 to 150 mg/day (per Dr. Brownstein)12.5 to 150 mg/day (per Dr. Brownstein)
19. Food For Thought:Food For Thought:
Iodine levels have fallen 50% in the last 30 yearsIodine levels have fallen 50% in the last 30 years
During this time, elevations in autoimmuneDuring this time, elevations in autoimmune
disorders, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, prostatedisorders, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, prostate
cancer, other cancers, and many other diseases,cancer, other cancers, and many other diseases,
including fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue, haveincluding fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue, have
occurredoccurred
““Discovery consists in seeing what everybody elseDiscovery consists in seeing what everybody else
has seen and thinking what nobody else hashas seen and thinking what nobody else has
thought.”thought.” (Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, M.D., Ph.D)(Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, M.D., Ph.D)
20. IODINE DEFICIENCY : Introduction
Iodine is essential for human health as it is a
constituent of thyroid hormones, which play an
important role in physical and mental
development.
Iodine is one of the leading causes of
preventable mental retardation and brain damage
in the world. Iodine deficiency not only leads to
goiter and cretinism but also to a much broad
spectrum of disorders.
21. Iodine deficiency is the single
most common cause of
preventable mental retardation
and brain damage in the world.
The deficiency has an immediate
effect on child learning capacity,
women's health, the qualities of
life in communities and economic
productivity.
The normal requirement of iodine
for human beings averages 150
μg per person per day.
22. When people consume diet
lacking sufficient iodine several
important health consequences
known as iodine deficiency
disorder (IDD) will result.
Iodine deficiency is a major
public health problem for
populations throughout the
world, particularly for the
pregnant women and young
children.
23. DefinitionDefinition
Iodine Deficiency DisordersIodine Deficiency Disorders refer torefer to
a spectrum of healtha spectrum of health
consequences resulting fromconsequences resulting from
inadequate intake of iodine.inadequate intake of iodine. TheThe
adverse consequences of iodineadverse consequences of iodine
deficiency lead to a wide spectrumdeficiency lead to a wide spectrum
of problems ranging from abortionof problems ranging from abortion
and still birth to mental andand still birth to mental and
physical retardation and deafness,physical retardation and deafness,
which collectively known aswhich collectively known as IodineIodine
Deficiency Disorders (IDDs).Deficiency Disorders (IDDs). 232306/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
25. Most important consequences of theMost important consequences of the
spectrum of IDD are:spectrum of IDD are:
•• GoiterGoiter
•• Mental retardationMental retardation
•• HypothyroidismHypothyroidism
•• CretinismCretinism
•• Increased morbidity and mortality of infantsIncreased morbidity and mortality of infants
and neonatesand neonates
252506/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
26. Risk factorsRisk factors
Following is a list of potential risk factorsFollowing is a list of potential risk factors
that may lead to iodine deficiency:that may lead to iodine deficiency:
Low dietary iodineLow dietary iodine
Selenium deficiencySelenium deficiency
PregnancyPregnancy
Exposure to radiationExposure to radiation
Increased intake/plasma levels ofIncreased intake/plasma levels of
goitrogens, such as calciumgoitrogens, such as calcium
262606/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
27. Sex (higher occurrence in women)Sex (higher occurrence in women)
Smoking tobaccoSmoking tobacco
Alcohol (reduced prevalence in users)Alcohol (reduced prevalence in users)
Oral contraceptives (reduced prevalenceOral contraceptives (reduced prevalence
in users)in users)
PerchloratesPerchlorates
ThiocyanatesThiocyanates
Age (for different types of iodine deficiencyAge (for different types of iodine deficiency
at different ages)at different ages)
272706/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
28. EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Iodine deficiencyIodine deficiency is the single mostis the single most
important cause of preventable mentalimportant cause of preventable mental
retardation. Globally more than two billionretardation. Globally more than two billion
(or over 38% of the population living in 130(or over 38% of the population living in 130
countries) are estimated to be at risk ofcountries) are estimated to be at risk of IDDIDD
and 260 million people in Africa are at riskand 260 million people in Africa are at risk
and 150,000 are affected by goiter.and 150,000 are affected by goiter.
Source: 2007Source: 2007
282806/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
29. Distribution of Iodine Deficiency inDistribution of Iodine Deficiency in
Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries
06/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder 2929
30. According toAccording to WHOWHO a goitre rate above 5%a goitre rate above 5%
constitutes a public health problem. A profileconstitutes a public health problem. A profile
analysis from different studies in differentanalysis from different studies in different
countries showed that from all babies born tocountries showed that from all babies born to
iodine deficient mothers, 3% will have severiodine deficient mothers, 3% will have sever
mental and physical damage, 10% showmental and physical damage, 10% show
moderate mental retardation and themoderate mental retardation and the
remaining 87% show some form of mildremaining 87% show some form of mild
intellectual disability.intellectual disability.
303006/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
31. Iodine deficiency world wide
WHO, UNICEF & International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders
WHO Regions
Proportion of
population
with UI < 100 g/L
(%)
Population
with UI < 100
g/L (in
millions)
Africa 47.6 48.342
The Americas 14.1 9.995
Eastern
Medierranen
55.4 40.224
Europe 59.9 42.206
South East
Asia
39.9 95.628
Western
Pacific
19.7 36.082
Total 36.9 272.438
32. ESTIMATED POPULATIONS AT RISK AND PREVALENCE OFESTIMATED POPULATIONS AT RISK AND PREVALENCE OF
ENDEMIC GOITRE IN EIGHT COUNTRIES OF THE WHO SOUTHEASTENDEMIC GOITRE IN EIGHT COUNTRIES OF THE WHO SOUTHEAST
ASIAN REGION (numbers in 1000)ASIAN REGION (numbers in 1000)Country Total POP. Population at risk (TGR > 10%) Endemic goitre prevalence
Number % Number %
Bangladesh 97 438 37 150 38.1 10 225 10.5
Bhutan 1 446 1 466 100. 946 65.4
Burma 39 920 14 545 36.5 5 694 14.3
India 746 010 149 588 20.0 7.3
Indonesia 161 003 29 773 18.5 9 759 6.1
Nepal 16 386 15 099 92.0 7 555 46.1
Sri Lanka 16 099 10 565 65.6 3 112 19.3
Thailand 52 709 20 439 38.8 7 740 14.7
TOTAL 1 131 011 278 605 24.6 99 349 8.8
3232
TGR = Total Goitre Rate (prevalence)
Percentages shown are percentages of total populationSource: Clugston and Bagchi (1985, p. 14) and for total
population data UN Demographic Yearbook 1981/1982
33. It is estimated that approximately 516 millionIt is estimated that approximately 516 million
people in Asia are at risk due topeople in Asia are at risk due to environmentalenvironmental
iodine deficiencyiodine deficiency, with about 176 million actually, with about 176 million actually
goitrous. In Nepal, about 14 million people are atgoitrous. In Nepal, about 14 million people are at
risk of which 8 million are goitrous.risk of which 8 million are goitrous.
Source: Tyabji, R: The use of iodated salt in the prevention of iodine deficiency disordersSource: Tyabji, R: The use of iodated salt in the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders
– a handbook of monitoring and quality control. UNICEF, ROSCA, New Delhi. January– a handbook of monitoring and quality control. UNICEF, ROSCA, New Delhi. January
1985.1985.
333306/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
34. Prevention and Control of IDDPrevention and Control of IDD
Iodine deficiencyIodine deficiency is a significantis a significant
environmental problem. Iodine is essential forenvironmental problem. Iodine is essential for
the synthesis of thyroid hormones and cannotthe synthesis of thyroid hormones and cannot
be synthesized by the body.be synthesized by the body.
Leaching of iodine from the soil due to erosionLeaching of iodine from the soil due to erosion
of heavy rain, deforestation, overgrazing andof heavy rain, deforestation, overgrazing and
clearing lead to loss of iodine from the soilclearing lead to loss of iodine from the soil
and water.and water.
343406/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
35. Subsequently theSubsequently the iodineiodine content would be lowcontent would be low
in water, animal and plant products originatedin water, animal and plant products originated
from suchfrom such iodine deficient soilsiodine deficient soils. Hence, an. Hence, an
iodine deficient environment requires theiodine deficient environment requires the
continued addition of iodine.continued addition of iodine.
353506/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
36. The following methods areThe following methods are
intended as a major strategy:intended as a major strategy:
1. Food fortification:1. Food fortification:
Fortification of foods with iodine isFortification of foods with iodine is
an effective means of long-terman effective means of long-term
prevention and control of manyprevention and control of many
iodine deficiencies, and one thatiodine deficiencies, and one that
has been shown to be costhas been shown to be cost
effective in many countries.effective in many countries.
363606/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
37. Universal salt iodizationUniversal salt iodization
- Iodization of salt for both human- Iodization of salt for both human
and livestock consumption isand livestock consumption is
requiredrequired
- Use- Use iodized saltiodized salt in the foodin the food
industry to the population on aindustry to the population on a
continuous and self sustainingcontinuous and self sustaining
basisbasis
373706/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
38. 2. Supplementation2. Supplementation
In areas with lack of transportationIn areas with lack of transportation
and small salt producers are availableand small salt producers are available
Administration of iodized oil capsuleAdministration of iodized oil capsule
Direct administration of iodineDirect administration of iodine
solution such as Lugol's iodine atsolution such as Lugol's iodine at
regular intervalsregular intervals
Iodization of water supplies byIodization of water supplies by
addition of iodine solutionaddition of iodine solution
383806/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
39. 3. Health education3. Health education
Create awareness about theCreate awareness about the
consequences ofconsequences of iodine deficiency disorderiodine deficiency disorder,,
specially for high risk groups (infants,specially for high risk groups (infants,
pregnant and lactating women)pregnant and lactating women)
Advise the people to use iodized salt forAdvise the people to use iodized salt for
household consumptionhousehold consumption
Educate the public to eatEducate the public to eat iodine rich foodiodine rich food
items like sea fish, kelp, etc and avoiditems like sea fish, kelp, etc and avoid
goiterogenic foods.goiterogenic foods.
393906/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
40. 4.4. Set surveillanceSet surveillance
techniquetechnique to monitorto monitor
the distribution ofthe distribution of
adequatelyadequately iodizediodized
saltsalt
in the community.in the community.
404006/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder
Severe IDD: a dwarfed cretin
woman with a barefoot doctor of the
same age from the Hetian district in
Sinkiang
42. RecommendationRecommendation
A monitoring system for IDD control andA monitoring system for IDD control and
quality control mechanisms must bequality control mechanisms must be
established.established.
All salt should be checked for its iodineAll salt should be checked for its iodine
content and monitoring procedures shouldcontent and monitoring procedures should
be carried out on an on-going basis as partbe carried out on an on-going basis as part
of routine health assessments.of routine health assessments.
Stability of Iodine in SaltStability of Iodine in Salt
National Nutrition Policy and Strategy shouldNational Nutrition Policy and Strategy should
be implemented properly.be implemented properly.
Quality assuranceQuality assurance06/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder 4242
43. THANK YOU !THANK YOU !
06/07/1706/07/17 Iodine Deficiency DisorderIodine Deficiency Disorder 4343
44. ANYANY QUESTIONSQUESTIONS OROR COMMENTCOMMENT
??????
IF NOIF NO
..….ANSWER MY QUESTION…..….ANSWER MY QUESTION…....
WHATWHAT YOUYOU LEARNLEARN FROMFROM THISTHIS
PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION ??????